Answer:
Explanation:Key points:
Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.
Transcription is performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to form an RNA strand (using a DNA strand as a template).
Transcription has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
In eukaryotes, RNA molecules must be processed after transcription: they are spliced and have a 5' cap and poly-A tail put on their ends.
Transcription is controlled separately for each gene in your genome.
Introduction
Have you ever had to transcribe something? Maybe someone left a message on your voicemail, and you had to write it down on paper. Or maybe you took notes in class, then rewrote them neatly to help you review.
As these examples show, transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. Transcription is something we do in our everyday lives, and it's also something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. In biology, transcription is the process of copying out the DNA sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of RNA.
Overview of transcription
Transcription is the first step in gene expression, in which information from a gene is used to construct a functional product such as a protein. The goal of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. For a protein-coding gene, the RNA copy, or transcript, carries the information needed to build a polypeptide (protein or protein subunit). Eukaryotic transcripts need to go through some processing steps before translation into proteins.
In transcription, a region of DNA opens up. One strand, the template strand, serves as a template for synthesis of a complementary RNA transcript. The other strand, the coding strand, is identical to the RNA transcript in sequence, except that it has uracil (U) bases in place of thymine (T) bases.
Example:
Coding strand: 5'-ATGATCTCGTAA-3'
Template strand: 3'-TACTAGAGCATT-5'
RNA transcript: 5'-AUGAUCUCGUAA-3'
For a protein-coding gene, the RNA transcript contains the information needed to synthesize a polypeptide (protein or protein subunit) with a particular amino acid sequence. In this case:
RNA transcript (acting as messenger RNA): 5'-AUGAUCUCGUAA-3'
Polypeptide: Met-Ile-Ser-STOP
In transcription, a region of DNA opens up. One strand, the template strand, serves as a template for synthesis of a complementary RNA transcript. The other strand, the coding strand, is identical to the RNA transcript in sequence, except that it has uracil (U) bases in place of thymine (T) bases.
Example:
Coding strand: 5'-ATGATCTCGTAA-3' Template strand: 3'-TACTAGAGCATT-5' RNA transcript: 5'-AUGAUCUCGUAA-3'
For a protein-coding gene, the RNA transcript contains the information needed to synthesize a polypeptide (protein or protein subunit) with a particular amino acid sequence. In this case:
RNA transcript (acting as messenger RNA): 5'-AUGAUCUCGUAA-3' Polypeptide: Met-Ile-Ser-STOP
RNA polymerase
The main enzyme involved in transcription is RNA polymerase, which uses a single-stranded DNA template to synthesize a complementary strand of RNA. Specifically, RNA polymerase builds an RNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction, adding each new nucleotide to the 3' end of the strand.
RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA strand complementary to a template DNA strand. It synthesizes the RNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction, while reading the template DNA strand in the 3' to 5' direction. The template DNA strand and RNA strand are antiparallel.
RNA transcript: 5'-UGGUAGU...-3' (dots indicate where nucleotides are still being added at 3' end)
DNA template: 3'-ACCATCAGTC-5'
RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA strand complementary to a template DNA strand. It synthesizes the RNA strand in the 5' to 3' direction, while reading the template DNA strand in the 3' to 5' direction. The template DNA strand and RNA strand are antiparallel.
RNA transcript: 5'-UGGUAGU...-3' (dots indicate where nucleotides are still being added at 3' end) DNA template: 3'-ACCATCAGTC-5'
Stages of transcription
Transcription of a gene takes place in three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Here, we will briefly see how these steps happen in bacteria. You can learn more about the details of each stage (and about how eukaryotic transcription is different) in the stages of transcription article.
Initiation. RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter, found near the beginning of a gene. Each gene (or group of co-transcribed genes, in bacteria) has its own promoter. Once bound, RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands, providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription.
plz help. what makes the theory of evolution different from a creation myth?
Answer:
it states that we we...evolved from smaller organisms as apposed to being created from a higher being
Explanation:
can't you believe in both tho?
Explain the connection between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the use of
fertilizer.
Answer:
They contain symbiotic rhizobia bacteria within nodules in their root systems, producing nitrogen compounds that help the plant to grow and compete with other plants. When the plant dies, the fixed nitrogen is released, making it available to other plants; this helps to fertilize the soil
Story #1
Once upon a time, there lived a population of mountain people whose members all had wings but different
types-either bat wings or bird wings. 40% of the population had bat wings and 60% of the population had bird
wings. One day, a storm hit that lasted for several weeks. Those with bat wings were able to fly around and
find food because their wings were water resistant, while those with bird wings were not able to get food
because their feathers were not water resistant and got soaked through. Many of the bird-winged people starved
and did not survive, so their alleles decreased in the gene pool, lowering the frequency of the bird wings in
future generations. Over many generations, the environment had more and more long periods of rain and the
genetic makeup of the population shifted to 10% with bird wings and 90% with bat wings.
What is the trait being described?
What are the variations that exist in this population?
3. How did the event lead to the change in allele frequency?
Alleles?
4. What type of evolutionary mechanism did this story show?
5. Was there an adaptation in this story? If so, identify it.
6. Did the change make the population more or less similar to other populations?
7. Would this increase or decrease reproductive isolation?
Increase or decrease speciation?
8. Did the new population change for the better, worse, or have no effect? Why?
Answer:
The trait being described is the ability to fly in rainy season.
Explanation:
The trait being described is the ability to fly in rainy season. The people with bat wings and people with bird wings are present in the population. The event lead to the change in allele frequency because the population of people with bird wings die due to starvation. Yes, the bat wings were adapted to that environment so they are able to survive. The change make the population less similar to other populations because population of people with bat wings increases as compared to other population. Yes, the new population change for the better of the ecosystem because the population is able to controls the population of other species in the ecosystem.
What relationship exist between amino acid and protein?
Explanation:
When connected together by series of peptide bonds, amino acids form a polypeptide, another word for protein. The polypeptide will then fold into a specific conformation depending on other interactions (dashed lines) between its amino acid side chains.
Amino acids are the subunits or monomers of proteins i.e. proteins are made up of amino acids.
WHAT ARE PROTEINS?
Proteins are one of the four major biological molecules in nature. Proteins are polymeric compounds made up of long chains of structures called AMINO ACIDS. Amino acids come together in a chemical reaction called CONDENSATION REACTION to form complex protein molecules. Each amino acid is linked to one another by a covalent bond called PEPTIDE BOND. Peptide bond is a kind of covalent bond that links two amino acids together. It forms between the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid and carboxyl group (-COO) of anotherHence, amino acids are monomeric units of protein molecules.
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2. What is the name of the moist "ball" of saliva and food that results from the start of digestion in the mouth?
A. epiglottis
B. Ochyme
C. bolus
D. bile
plz help me with this problem need help filling this in.
The heavily muscled men and straining poses of Rubens's Elevation of the Cross are evidence of Rubens's emulation of which Renaissance master?
The thumbs of humans can grasp things because they are ___.
a) upright
b) opposable
c) unjointed
d) thin
Answer: b. is the correct answer opposable
Explanation:
opposable: (of the thumb of a primate) capable of moving toward and touching the other digits on the same hand.
How many sperm cells are formed from an original cell in a Drosophila fruit fly at the conclusion of meiosis?
O A. two haploid sperm cells
O
B. two diploid sperm cells
O C. four haploid sperm cells
D. four diploid sperm cells
Answer:
Answer: Four sperm cells.
Explanation:
Explanation: Meiosis is is a cell division process that generates four haploid cells (gametes) from a single diploid germline cell.
In the drosophila fruit fly, four haploid sperm cells are produced from a single original parent cell. The germ cells undergo meiosis to form gametes. Thus, the correct option is C.
What is Meiosis?Meiosis is the reductional division through which four daughter cells are produced from a single parent cell. The gametes are produced from meiosis. The gametes produced from a diploid cell are haploid in the number of chromosomes in cells. Both male and female gametes undergo fertilization to form diploid zygote.
Meiosis is divided into two parts- Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Both the parts comprises of four phases- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. The chromatids undergo crossing over with non-sister chromatids to form recombination in cells.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
Learn more about Meiosis here:
https://brainly.com/question/10621150
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At which latitudes do we find Earth's major deserts?
Answer: Around 30-50 degrees of latitude. This is roughly right above and below the equator.
A pathogenic RNA molecule is called a...
capsid
Virion
Virold
prion
what are ionic bonds?
Why should surrogacy be legal in Norway?
Answer:
Norway has strict regulations on artificial insemination, and surrogacy is illegal, but life seems to find its way. One estimate is that more than 150 Norwegian children have been born by surrogacy, in countries such as India and the United States
Explanation:
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is typical of aerobic respiration?
decreases a plant’s weight
contains two stages, glycolysis and fermentation
produces methane as a byproduct
produces little energy
Answer:
decreases a plant’s weight
Explanation:
Aerobic respiration is a process of respiration in which oxygen is required and the byproducts of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water and energy.
Plants undergo aerobic respiration and it is a catabolic process in which complex compounds in plants turns into simpler compounds. This process reduces the dry weight of the plants.
Glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration so it is not a typical aerobic respiration.
Hence, the correct answer is "decreases a plant’s weight".
Which of the following environmental factors would positively influence the survival and reproduction of only light peppered moths?
A.
A forest fire that burns down the trees.
B.
Laws that improve air quality and restrict pollution.
C.
Increasing the number of factories that burn coal into the air.
D.
A disease that infects the light peppered moths and not the dark.
Answer:
The correct answer is - option B. laws that improve air quality and restrict pollution.
Explanation:
The dark peppered moths were the adaption of the light peppered moths due to the change in the environmental condition of increased pollution that made tree bark dark in color and allows birds to easily prey on the light peppered moths.
This leads to natural selection and light moths become dark but the after Clean Air Act was that there was less pollution then there is less soot in the air, so trees were less black which result in the Light-colored moths would increase, and dark-colored moths would decrease.
Please do let me know if the image is too blurry to be read. Do also double click on the image as this sometimes resolves the issue.
Answer:
its too blurry
Explanation:
. The nitrogen that exists on Earth was created by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. True or False
Answer:
Verdadero
Explanation:
What is natural selection and what are its effects on allele frequencies? (Due at 11:59)
Why does sexual reproduction result in offspring with genetic variation? Use the examples that you studied to support your answer.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction results in offsrping with genetic variation due to the multiplication brings about limitless prospects of hereditary variety. The examples, that can be studied to support this would be at the end of the day, sexual generation brings about posterity that are hereditarily extraordinary. They vary from the two guardians and furthermore from one another. This happens for various reasons.
Explanation:
PLEASE MARK ME AS BRAINLIEST
There is a history of global temperatures changing, but why is this change different? (1 point)
O The Earth is getting cooler everywhere instead of warmer.
There are more species on the planet this time.
O This shift in temperature is happening more quickly.
O It is not different; this is a regular shift in temperature.
Answer:
1) high water temperatures and water acidity cause coral polyps to expel algae, causing them to turn white in color
2) acidic carbon dioxide dissolves in water, lowering the water's pH
3) the shift in temperature is happening more quickly
4) to protect itself from the sun
5) the biodiversity of the water
Explanation:
should be 100% on the quick check if you put those answers
There are different ranges in temperature. Why is this change different is because this shift in temperature is happening more quickly.
Why are temperature around the world different?There are a lot of factors affecting temperature such has latitude. Most times, the places closer to the Earth's equator are said to be far warmer than those near to the poles.
The recent rise in temperature is said to be due to a new forcing. here, the greenhouse gas emissions from human activity, is said to have driven atmospheric CO2 to its highest level.
learn more about temperature from
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How are rivers made ?
Answer:
Rivers usually begin in upland areas, when rain falls on high ground and begins to flow downhill. They always flow downhill because of gravity. They then flow across the land - meandering - or going around objects such as hills or large rocks.
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
Answer:
A river is created when water moves from higher elevation to lower elevation. It usually goes downhill, and can join with other rivers. The river ends when it flows into an ocean.
I hope this helps!
• What does the Human Genome Project decode?
• How is that code represented?
• What has the project revealed about the differences between humans and bananas?
• What questions does the Human Genome Project raise for you?
• What are outliers, and what is their value in understanding disease?
• How can a genetic mutation be advantageous?
• How is the knowledge of mutations being used to combat the HIV virus?
In this activity, students learn about the Human Genome Project. They do an interactive Web activity which simulates the process scientists use to determine the sequence of chromosomal DNA bases. Then they learn how two teams of scientists raced to decode the human genome. Next they explore a stretch of sequenced DNA on the Web to learn about the function of different sections of DNA code. They learn how knowledge of the human genome is being applied to medicine. They also learn about genetic variation among humans and between humans and other species. Finally, they assess what they have learned about the Human Genome Project by playing a game of Jeopardy.
Objectives
Learn about the purpose and work of the Human Genome Project
Describe the process of sequencing human DNA
Understand the functions of different stretches of code on a chromosome
Recognize the similarity in the genetic code among humans and between humans and other species
Learn how the Human Genome Project can contribute to curing diseases
Suggested Time
1-2 class periods
Multimedia Resources
Human Genome Project QuickTime Video
Sequence for Yourself Flash Interactive
The Sequencing Race Begins QuickTime Video
Explore a Stretch of Code Shockwave Interactive
HIV Immunity QuickTime Video
Genetic Variation QuickTime Video
Genome Facts HTML Document
Jeopardy Game Show PDF Document
Extract Human DNA from Cheek Cells HTML Document
Use these resources to create a simple assessment or video-based assignment with the Lesson Builder tool on PBS LearningMedia.
Materials
Jeopardy Game Show (PDF) review
Before the Lesson
Review the concepts of and relationships between DNA, genes, proteins, chromosomes, and traits.
After the Lesson
Do a wet lab in which students extract their own DNA from a cheek cell (see Extract Human DNA from Cheek Cells activity).
The Lesson
Part I
1. Show the Human Genome Project video. Discuss the following:
What does the Human Genome Project decode?
How is that code represented?
What has the project revealed about the differences between humans and bananas?
What questions does the Human Genome Project raise for you?
2. Now have students explore the DNA sequencing process by doing the Web activity Sequence for Yourself. Use the following questions to elicit student responses, either in writing or as part of a whole-class discussion:
Why does the DNA have to be cut into pieces? How is this done?
How are DNA copies made in the lab?
How do primers and special fluorescent nucleotides help determine the DNA sequences?
How does the overlapping of DNA segments allow the entire sequence of a DNA molecule to be read?
3. Show video The Sequencing Race Begins. Ask:
What is the process for sequencing the human genome?
How has the way scientists read the genetic code changed in recent years?
Why is the map of the human genome considered only the beginning of the Human Genome Project?
4. Have students Explore a Stretch of Code and take notes as they do it. Then ask the following and discuss as a class:
What does the majority of the DNA in chromosomes code for?
What is the role of gene promoters like TATA boxes?
How does the "machinery" of the cell know where to begin reading the gene?
What are exons, and what is their function in the chromosomes?
What are introns, and what do they do? What happens to them when DNA is transcribed into mRNA?
What are the roles of "hitchhiking" and ancient code in human DNA, and where did they come from?
How alike is the DNA from two different humans?
What is a gene, and what role do genes play in the human body?
5. Show the video HIV Immunity to examine some of the benefits of mapping the human genome. Ask:
What are outliers, and what is their value in understanding disease?
How can a genetic mutation be advantageous?
How is the knowledge of mutations being used to combat the HIV virus?
6. Show the video Genetic Variation and discuss the following:
Whose genes are being sequenced in the two human genome projects?
Are these genes representative of the human species? Why or why not?
What is the percentage of genetic difference between any two humans?
What does the similarity of basic functions between different organisms indicate?
7. Finally, have students read the Genome Facts document. Have students use these facts and what they have learned about the Human Genome Project to create a series of answers and questions for a Jeopardy quiz show. (
A boy is anchored to the ocean floor a large wave approaches the boy how will the boy move as the wave goes by
Answer:
The buoy will move because the wave will push it.
Explanation:
CELLS
Question
Answer
1.A cell is "the smallest unit of life".
Explain what that means in your own
words.
2. What does Unicellular mean?
3. What does Multicellular mean?
4. Give 3 examples of different cell types
(look at the pictures)
Answer:
1.its microscopic and it is the building block to every organism
2. unicellular means 1 cell or type of cell
3. Multicellular means multiple cells or types of cells
4. prokaryotic, eukaryotic?
suggest one advantage of the police keeping a DNA database? (1 mark)
Answer:
To confirm DNA found at crime sites to help predict the true identity of the true perpetrator so that an innocent person is not charged
Explanation:
Hii..
Plzz answer..
Note the relationship between the first two words and suggest the suitable word(s) for the fourth place.
Ques. - Axons : Nerve :: Cytons : .......
Which statement best describes the relationship between the bending of a ray of light and a black hole?
When light disappears, it causes a black hole to come into existence.
A ray of light has gravity that will cause a black hole to move toward it.
Gravity from a black hole will pull a ray of light and cause its path to change.
A black hole’s gravity can cause a ray of light to gain gravity and attract objects.
Answer:
number 2
Explanation:
Answer:
second option
Explanation:
Please help me I can’t fail please fast
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Spores are single-celled and seeds have multiple cells
WIll MARK BRAINLIST PLZZ HELPN DUE IN 20 min Which are the two ways that scientists investigate the impact of limiting factors on a population? (Choose 2)
Group of answer choices
researching climate change
scientific experiments
learning about molecular bonds
observational studies
5. Speed is a __________ but has no direction whereas, velocity is a ______________ which includes direction. A vector has ____________ and _______________.
Speed is a scalar quantity but has no direction whereas, velocity is a magnitude which includes direction. A vector has magnitude and direction.
Answer:
. Speed is a ____scalar quantity______ but has no direction whereas, velocity is a ______vector quantity________ which includes direction. A vector has __magnitude__ and __direction___.