To study the maximum amount of genomic diversity in humans using SNP variation
Human diversity can be seen through physiological analysis, namely through the genetic material in each person which gives different characteristics. Genetic material will be sequenced through a sequencing process and then mapped to the human genome database. Many factors cause human diversity such as climate and region.
SNP variation is a genetic variation indicated by a single nucleotide difference. This variation is one of the most common forms of human genetic variation. By using SNP variations we can study the differences in members of a biological species from one another.
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explain the relationship between chlorophyll absorption and wavelength. justify the claim that photosynthetic organisms that live more than 75 feet below the surface of the ocean need phycoerythrin to survive. provide reasoning that explains this claim.
The most abundant pigment in plants is chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a primarily absorbs light with wavelengths of 430nm (blue) and 662nm (red). Because it reflects green light, we see it as green.
Phycoerythrin is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family found in red algae and cryptophytes that functions as an accessory to the main chlorophyll pigments responsible for photosynthesis. The red pigment is due to phycoerythrobilin, a prosthetic group that gives phycoerythrin its red color.
The visible light spectrum has absorption peaks at 495 and 545/566 nm, depending on the chromophores bound and the organism under consideration. At 575 ± 10 nm, there is a strong emission peak. (Phycoerythrin absorbs light that is slightly blue-green/yellowish and emits light that is slightly orange-yellow.)
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Which two statements are scientific claims?
there is 2 answer please help me
Science is the methodical examination of the world we live in via experimentation and observation.
What is Science?
Scientists gather information, examine it, and draw conclusions about how the universe functions.
The concept behind science is that it offers a reliable method for learning about the world while minimizing bias. When it comes to understanding what they see, humans are incredibly untrustworthy.
A scientific claim is often one that is supported by methodical observation and data. It is intended to be much more trustworthy than any other assertion you may make.
Therefore, Science is the methodical examination of the world we live in via experimentation and observation.
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how do changes in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels affect plant life? select the two correct answers.
Atmospheric changes from the burning of fossil fuels that affect plant life are Increases in ozone levels slow plant growth and acid rain removes nutrients from the soil.
How does acid rain affect plants?Acidic water that touches plants can erode epidermal tissue, especially in the chloroplasts of leaves so that the photosynthetic ability of plants is reduced. This erosion of epidermal tissue makes plants more susceptible to drought and is also attacked by various kinds of pests and diseases and insects
Excessive UV-B radiation can inhibit plant metabolism so that growth grows slower and becomes stunted. The impact of exposure to UV-B rays in aquatic ecosystems hurts the distribution of phytoplankton which forms the basis of the food chain in the waters.
Burning fossil fuels releases various air pollutants such as toxic gases and particulate molecules.
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insulin works by binding to an insulin receptor on the cell and accumulates, with glucose being absorbed into the cell. if a type 1 diabetic patient did not take insulin as prescribed by a doctor, what would happen?
If a type 1 diabetic patient did not take insulin as prescribed by a doctor, several significant consequences occur Hyperglycemia, Ketoacidosis, and Long-term complications.
1) Hyperglycemia: Without insulin, glucose uptake into cells is impaired, leading to elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream (hyperglycemia).
2) Ketoacidosis: In the absence of insulin, the body cannot properly utilize glucose for energy, so it starts breaking down fats as an alternative energy source.
3) Long-term complications: Prolonged uncontrolled hyperglycemia can lead to serious long-term complications, including damage to blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
Therefore, A type 1 diabetic patient may experience hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, and long-term issues if they do not take their insulin as directed by their doctor.
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which of the following statements are correct regarding viruses? a) all viruses have nucleic acid b) all viruses have proteins c) all viruses have lipid envelopes
RNA polymerase enzymes in general do not have proofreading functions. In contrast, DNA polymerase enzymes often do have proofreading functions. Using this information, compare the following types of viruses and indicate which would you could reasonably predict to have the LOWEST mutation rate.
a) Group 2
b) Group 3
c) Group 4
d) Group 5
It is generally agreed that RNA pol. does not require proofreading because RNA molecules are functioning copies that can tolerate minor errors. Option (d) is the right response, thus.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA), a polymeric molecule, is involved in the coding, decoding, control, and expression of genes, among other biological processes. RNA and DNA are the two different forms of nucleic acids. Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are the four primary macromolecules necessary for all recognized forms of life. RNA and DNA both contain nucleotides as its building components, however unlike DNA, RNA exists in nature as a single strand folded over on itself. Cellular organisms convey genetic information through messenger RNA (mRNA), which uses the nitrogenous bases guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine.
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shakira is a volunteer at the local community garden. she has been asked by the garden director to raise some gerber daisies for the garden to sell in order to help fund the seeds needed for the next vegetable crop. shakira thinks red and yellow would be the best colors, but she also knows from her biology class that yellow is a recessive trait in gerber daisies. if she cross pollinates a yellow daisy with a known homozygous red daisy, what are the odds she will end up with a yellow daisy plant? complete a punnet square for the cross, upload it to this answer text box and calculate the odds. red is dominant (r) yellow is recessive (r)
Answer:
Shakira would end up with 0 yellow daisies if she cross pollinate a yellow daisy with a known homozygous dominant red daisy.
All possible offspring will be red.
Explanation:
ok so Shakira cross pollinates a homozygous dominant red daisy with a homozygous recessive yellow daisy.
(We know that the yellow daisy is homozygous since the trait is recessive hence it would only be shown in the absence of the dominant red gene.)
Homozygous means that both alleles for the gene are same while heterozygous means both alleles are not the same for a specific gene.
Denoting:
R as dominant red gene
r as recessive yellow gene
Parental phenotype: Red daisy 》 yellow daisy
parental genotype: RR 》 rr
parental gametes: (R) (R) 》 (r) (r)
Random fertilization: punnet square
R R
r Rr Rr
r Rr Rr
F1 generation phenotype: Red daisy 》 yellow daisy
F1 generation genotype: Rr, Rr, Rr, Rr 》 -
Ratio: 1 : 0
Percentage: 100% red 》 0% yellow
Among irregular galaxies, what makes the large and small magellanic cloud especially useful for astronomers?.
They are (for galaxies) very close to us, so they are easy to study.
The Magellanic Clouds are two irregular dwarf galaxies in the celestial hemisphere's southern hemisphere. These satellite galaxies are members of the Local Group and orbit the Milky Way galaxy. Because they both have a bar structure, they are frequently reclassified as Magellanic spiral galaxies.
Although the Large Magellanic Cloud is classified as an irregular galaxy, it has some characteristics in common with spiral galaxies, such as a clearly visible bar and a single spiral-arm-like structure. The LMC is thought to be a small spiral galaxy bent out of shape by the Milky Way.
The LMC is a small Milky Way companion galaxy visible only from Earth's southern hemisphere. It was named after Ferdinand Magellan, who was one of the first Europeans to explore the world's southern regions.
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Respiration is a form of oxidation that causes what
Respiration is a form of oxidation that causes the electron donor to be oxidized and oxygen to be reduced.
What is Respiration?This is referred to as the movement of air or dissolved gases into and out of the lungs. It is also the process in which energy is produced from oxidation of organic substances through the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.
In this scenario, the central organ of respiratory activities is referred to as the lungs and the electron donor is oxidized while the oxygen is reduced during the process thereby making it the correct choice.
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Identify the type of point mutation depicted. Glycine (G G C) i tranformed to Glycine (G G A). Glycine Glycine
miene mutation
nonene mutation
ilent mutation
Lyine (A A G) i tranformed to top codon (T A G). Lyine Stop
miene mutation
nonene mutation
ilent mutation
Point mutations are defined as a single modification or alteration in the nucleotide base of the cell's genetic code. It might be a single nucleotide base that is deleted, added, or inverted.
The mutations that took place are 1. C and 2. B in the list below.
How can the mutation be accounted for?
A single base's triplet codon experiences a silent mutation, but the changes are neutral and do not affect the base's ability to function. They have no impact on how the protein works. Therefore, the silent mutation from glycine to glycine.
When a single nucleotide base change results in the stop codon being formed, this is known as a non-sense mutation.
As a result, the lysine to stop codon mutation is nonsensical.
As a result, nonsense and silent mutations are the best choices.
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Eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants are classified in a catch-all category called.
Eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants are classified in a catch-all category called protists.
In the field of biology, protists can be described as organisms that are eukaryotic and do not belong to any of the fungus, animal or plant domains,
The protist have similarities with all the other three domains such as fungi, animals and plants yet have extremely different characteristics too due to which they are given a separate domain of their own.
Due to their similarities with fungi, animals and plants, it is believed that there might be common ancestors for protists to each of these domains.
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Drag and drop each scenario to the corresponding mechanism used by animals to alter the rate of heat exchange with the environment Constriction of blood vessels at the body surface of a seal as divos to cooler depths in the ocean The heating of tuna core muscles through the conduction of cooler arterial blood from the gills with warmer blood coming from Ted muscle Birds ruling their fathers and raising their wings on a hot day A snake warming up on a hot road near the end of the day 11 points oBook Curling up into a ball in a cold environment to limit heat loss by radiation and conduction Adog or cat panting A person pering Hint References Evaporative heat loss Skin blood flow Countercurrent exchange Behavioral adaptation A person perspiring Construction of blood vessels at the body surface of a seal as a dives to cooler depths in the ocean The heating of tuna core muscles through the conduction of cooler arteriole blood from the gils with warmer blood coming from red muscle Birds ruffling their fathers and raising their wings on a hot day A dog or cat panting < Prev 14 of 18 Me GA MUR Next >
The mechanism used by animals to alter the rate of heat exchange with the environment and corresponding scenario are evaporative heat loss – option F and G, skin blood flow – option A, countercurrent exchange – option B, and behavioral adaptation – option C, D and E.
Animals uses mechanism associated with body structures and physiological responses that control how much heat they exchange with the environment.
Evaporative heat loss refers to water evaporation from skin such as a dog or cat panting and a person perspiring. Skin blood flow refers to vasoconstriction—shrinking—and vasodilation expansion of blood vessels to the skin to alter an animal’s exchange of heat with the environment such as constriction of blood vessels at the body surface of a seal as divos to cooler depths in the ocean. Countercurrent exchange refers to maximizing the amount of time an animal’s blood is exposed to water that has a higher oxygen level, even as the blood takes on more oxygen such as the heating of tuna core muscles through the conduction of cooler arterial blood from the gills with warmer blood coming from red muscle. Behavioral adaptation refers to a behavior an animal adopts in response to external stimulus in order to survive such as birds ruling their fathers and raising their wings on a hot day, curling up into a ball in a cold environment to limit heat loss by radiation and conduction and a snake warming up on a hot road near the end of the day.Note: The question is vague. The complete question probably is: Drag and drop each scenario to the corresponding mechanism used by animals to alter the rate of heat exchange with the environment. Scenario: A) Constriction of blood vessels at the body surface of a seal as divos to cooler depths in the ocean. B) The heating of tuna core muscles through the conduction of cooler arterial blood from the gills with warmer blood coming from red muscle. C) Birds ruling their fathers and raising their wings on a hot day. D) A snake warming up on a hot road near the end of the day. E) Curling up into a ball in a cold environment to limit heat loss by radiation and conduction. F) A dog or cat panting G) A person perspiring. Corresponding mechanism: Evaporative heat loss, Skin blood flow, Countercurrent exchange, Behavioral adaptation.
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chemoreceptors for blood ph are located in the brain stem and the lungs. group of answer choices true false
Chemoreceptors for blood pH are located in the brain stem and the lungs.
This sentence is False.
Chemoreceptors for blood pH are located in the brain stem, in the carotid arteries, and in the aorta.
A chemoreceptor, also called a chemosensor, is a type of sensory receptor that converts an endogenous or induced chemical substance into a biological signal.
If the chemoreceptor is a neuron, the signal may take the form of an action potential; if it is a specialized cell, such as taste receptors, or an internal peripheral chemoreceptor, such as the carotid bodies, the signal may take the form of a neurotransmitter that can activate a nerve fiber.
So, now we state that the given statement is Not true.
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After circulating through the pulmonary circulation, blood returns to the heart at the
Answer:
In the lungs, the blood receives oxygen then leaves through the pulmonary veins. It returns to the heart and enters the left atrium
Explanation:
in which area of the spinal cord can the axons of upper motor neurons that supply lower motor neurons for skilled movements be found?
In lateral white matter area the spinal cord can the axons of upper motor neurons that supply lower motor neurons for skilled movements be found.
The spinal cord is a lengthy, tissue-filled tube. It links your brain and lower back. From your brain to your body and the other way around, your spinal cord transports nerve information. You can move your body and feel sensations thanks to these nerve transmissions. Your movement or function may be impacted by spinal cord injury. Your body's central nervous system is made up of your brain and spinal cord.
The signal from the higher motor neuron must travel through the lower motor neuron to the effector muscle in order for the muscle to move. Lower motor neurons can be divided into three categories: somatic motor neurons, specific visceral efferent motor neurons, and general visceral motor neurons. Muscle rigidity and excessive reflexes can result from the lower motor neurons' inability to accept signals from the upper motor neurons.
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hypovolemia and dehydration are both examples of fluid deficiency. how do they differ? multiple choice question. in hypovolemia only water is lost, and in dehydration both water and electrolytes are lost. in dehydration water is lost, and in hypovolemia both water and electrolytes are lost. they differ only in the amount of fluid lost. in dehydration only water is lost, and in hypovolemia only electrolytes are lost.
In dehydration water is lost, and in hypovolemia both water and electrolytes are lost.
Hypovolemia v/s Dehydration:
The main distinction between dehydration and hypovolemia is that the latter occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in. Hypovolemia is characterized by a low extracellular fluid volume, which is typically caused by combined salt and water loss.Dehydration and hypovolemia are two medical diseases that result from a lack of salt and water and can happen simultaneously or separately. These two words are frequently used in the same sentence. They do, however, signify various pathophysiologic disorders that frequently coexist.While dehydration results in fluid loss from both the intracellular and extracellular compartments, hypovolemia results in fluid loss from the extracellular compartment.Dehydration occurs when the body loses more fluid than it takes in, whereas hypovolemia is a state marked by low extracellular fluid volume that is typically brought on by coupled salt and water loss. The main distinction between hypovolemia and dehydration is this. Additionally, fluid loss from the extracellular compartment occurs in hypovolemia, whereas fluid loss from both the intracellular and extracellular compartments occurs in dehydration.Hence, In dehydration water is lost, and in hypovolemia both water and electrolytes are lost.
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hen a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later? when a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later? helper t cells
The amount of circulating antibodies against a particular antigen rises after vaccination. B cells are a particular type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) that make antibodies. One unique epitope is the only one against which a B cell may make antibodies.
A type of white blood cell called a lymphocyte is a component of the immune system. B cells and T cells are the two primary subtypes of lymphocytes. Antibodies made by B cells are utilised to combat foreign bacteria, viruses, and poisons. The body's own cells that have contracted viruses or developed malignancy are destroyed by the T cells. The immune system is made up of lymphocytes, which are blood-circulating immune system cells. The two primary categories of lymphocytes are T cells and B cells.
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If you were traveling from Monterey on the California Coast to visit Yosemite National Park, on the eastern side of the state, what three major land forms would you pass through? (in order)
A) The Klamath Mountains, the Cascade Range and the Modoc Plateau.
B) The Transverse Ranges, the Mojave Desert and the Great Basin.
C) The Coast Ranges, the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevadas.
D) The Central Valley, the Sierra Nevadas and the Great Basin.
The Sierra Nevada and Coast Mountain Ranges fall and elevate by a few millimeters each year. As a result of winter rains and summer groundwater pumping in California's Central Valley. Thus, option C is correct.
What three major land forms in California?According to calculations by a group of geophysicists, gradual depletion of the Central Valley aquifer caused by groundwater pumping also raises these mountain ranges by a comparable amount each year.
Roughly the thickness of a dime—with a cumulative rise over the past 150 years of up to 15 centimeters (ca. 6 inch).
Therefore, The Coast Ranges, the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevadas. putting stress on the state's faults and raising the possibility of an earthquake.
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atapuerca, dated to approximately 300,000 years ago, has yielded a sample representing about twenty-eight premodern homo sapiens individuals.
The site which has yielded a sample is A)Atapuerca which is representing about twenty-eight premodern homo sapiens individuals. So, correct option is A.
Atapuerca, site of a few limestone caves close to Burgos in northern Spain, known for the bountiful human (sort Homo) stays found there starting in 1976. The site called Sima del Elefante ("Pit of the Elephant") contains the earliest proof of people in western Europe — parts of a jawbone and teeth date to 1.1-1.2 quite a while back.
The close by site of Gran Dolina contains human remaining parts dating to around quite a while back and probably the earliest devices tracked down in western Europe.
Paleoanthropologists who previously portrayed the fossils credited them to another species, H. antecessor, which they proposed as the progenitor of present day people (H. sapiens) attributable to specific particularly current facial highlights. Different scientists, nonetheless, wonder whether or not to acknowledge this declaration and gathering the fossils with comparable remaining parts named H. heidelbergensis.
Hence, correct option is A.
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(Complete question) is:
Which of the following sites, dated to approximately 300,000 years ago, has yielded a sample representing about twenty-eight premodern homo sapiens individuals?
a. Atapuerca
b.Ehringsdorf
c. Steinheim
d. Swanscombe
e. Petralona
Many prokaryotes that are easily cultured in the lab are human or animal pathogens. Why would these species be more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes?.
Prokaryotes that are pathogenic are more resilient than those that are not. Supplements are more important for non-pathogenic prokaryotes' growth media. For pathogenic prokaryotes, the majority of the essential culture conditions might be assumed.
Why is prokaryotes difficult to culture?Because they are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot grow outside of a host cell, some bacteria cannot be cultured. Other times, culturable organisms that were previously culturable under stressful circumstances become culturable again.
Why are prokaryotes able to change their habitats so quickly?Binary fission cycles for some species can occur very quickly, on the scale of minutes. Prokaryotes have rapidly evolved due to their short generation times and mechanisms of genetic recombination, which enable them to adapt to environmental changes.
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what is the hwe model and what are its assumptions? what does it tell us when a gene in a population is (or isn’t) in hwe? how does this relate to genetic resistance?
There are five basic HWE assumptions: no mutations, random mating, no gene flow, unlimited population size, and no selection. If a population is not in HWE, one or more of the five assumptions are violated. When a population is in HWE equilibrium for a gene, it does not evolve and the allele frequencies will remain the same across generations.
HWE is an abbreviation of the Hardy–Weinberg name, they are researchers in the field of genetics. Hardy–Weinberg, states that alleles and genotype frequencies in a population will remain the same/constant from generation to generation without any other evolutionary influences.
Conditions for the application of Hardy-Weinberg's law: 1) each gene has the same viability and fertility, 2) mating occurs randomly, 3) no gene mutations occur, or the frequency of mutations is the same, 4) no migration occurs, and 5) the number of individuals from a population is always large.
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Who knows 10 good facts and 15 bad facts about Little Shop of Horrors?
10 good facts about Little Shop of Horrors includes:
Most of the props were sourced from New York thrift shopsBill Murray essentially improvised all his linesThe puppet’s lip-syncing had to be shot in slow motion then sped up later to make it look like Audrey II was singingThe film had its own tie-in board game called Feed Me!The biggest plant puppet had to be operated by 60 techniciansCyndi Lauper and Madonna were considered for the role of AudreyA bizarre dream sequence was cut from the final movieIt contains the first R-rated Oscar songVincent Gardenia says Frank Oz only cast him because he liked his name It got a spin-off Saturday morning cartoon15 bad facts about Little Shop of Horrors include the following:
Rick Moranis and Vincent Gardenia kept ruining shots with their giggling The film almost starred Rodney Dangerfield Two of Jim Henson’s children worked on the movieThe dentist’s equipment was used again in Burton’s 1989 Batman It marked the final movie appearance of Bertice Reading The Greek Chorus members are all named after girl bandsIt was Ellen Greene who decided Audrey should be blonde Mushnik’s phone conversation is a tribute to the original filmJim Belushi was only cast when the original Patrick Martin actor wasn’t available for reshoots.Somewhere That’s Green heavily influenced a Little Mermaid song At one point gunfire came through the wall from the neighbouring Aliens setSteve Martin injured himself when he accidentally punched his fist through a door filming one sceneThe actors had to shoot the Suddenly Seymour number with ice cubes in their mouthsEveryone died in the original endingThe original film was only made because of a betLittle Shop of Horrors?Little Shop of Horrors is described as a 1986 American horror comedy musical film directed by Frank Oz which is an adaptation of the 1982 off-Broadway musical.
The facts good and bad facts based on popular opinion has been highlighted.
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A few examples include nucleus and chloroplasts (plant cells), and golgi bodies and mitochondria (animal cells).
A few examples include nucleus and chloroplasts (plant cells), and golgi bodies and mitochondria (animal cells).
Other eukaryotes lack a number of features that are present in plant cells. In particular, organelles called chloroplasts enable plants to store solar energy in molecules with high energy, while cell walls enable plants to have a variety of hard structures, such as woody trunks and flexible leaves, and vacuoles enable plant cells to enlarge and contract. What Caused Chloroplasts to Form? Chloroplasts, like mitochondria, probably started out as a symbiotic relationship between a nucleated cell and a photosynthetic prokaryote. Chloroplasts do, in fact, resemble contemporary cyanobacteria, which are still related to those that existed 3 million years ago. The origin of photosynthesis, however, may be traced back to the earliest cells that developed the capacity to absorb light energy and utilise it to create molecules rich in energy.
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what is true about the two-point threshold test? what is true about the two-point threshold test? the location where the subject detects two points at their smallest distance apart contains the greatest density of touch receptors. the area of the greatest density of touch receptors has the least ability to detect touch. the location where the subject detects two points at their smallest distance apart contains the least density of touch receptors, and the area of the greatest density of touch receptors has the least ability to detect touch. the location where the subject detects two points at their smallest distance apart contains the least density of touch receptors.
The location where the subject detects two points at their smallest distance apart contains the greatest density of touch receptors.
Define touch receptors.
Skin-based touch receptors are a subtype of sensory neuron that respond to mechanical stimulus. They have specific ends. Touch receptors therefore communicate with the central nervous system about tactile inputs as a component of the somatosensory system.
Being able to distinguish between two different places of stimulation on the skin at the same time is known as two-point discrimination. For instance, when a two-pronged fork is used to poke someone, the person will be able to distinguish that there are two different prongs touching their skin as opposed to thinking there is only one prong.
By presenting two simultaneous stimuli to the skin simultaneously at two different points that are spaced apart by a specific amount, it is possible to measure a person's threshold for two-point discrimination. Then, until the person is unable to distinguish the two stimuli as two distinct points, the two stimuli are repeatedly presented at progressively closer distances. A two-point instrument that exerts pressure on the skin is typically used to accomplish this. It is possible to adjust the instrument to change the distance between the two points. In order to avoid skewing the results of the test, the area of the subject's skin that is being examined is typically kept hidden.
The patient's two point threshold is defined as the shortest distance between pressure points that the person can perceive.
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Why does it make sense that acetyl-coa stimulates the activity of pyuruvate carboxylase?.
Acetyl-CoA indicates that the conversion of fat to carbs is necessary. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase accumulation indicates a lack of citrate. NADH is produced for energy when pyruvate carboxylase is activated by acetyl-CoA.
Why is it logical that acetyl-CoA would cause pyruvate carboxylase to be activated?Acetyl-CoA selectively activates pyruvate carboxylase. When acetyl-CoA concentrations are high, organisms use pyruvate carboxylase to divert pyruvate from the TCA cycle because acetyl-CoA is a crucial metabolite in the TCA cycle that generates a lot of energy.
How does pyruvate carboxylase become activated by acetyl-CoA?The production of more oxaloacetate is triggered by an excess of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA. When lipolysis is induced, for instance, intramitochondrial acetyl-CoA levels rise, allosterically activating pyruvate carboxylase to produce more oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis.
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1) all of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except a) tracheids and vessels. b) root hairs. c) cuticle. d) the calvin cycle of photosynthesis. e) collenchyma.
all of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except d) the calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
The Calvin cycle is likewise referred to as the C3 cycle. It is the cycle of chemical reactions that fixes carbon from the carbon cycle to sugars. It is observed withinside the chloroplasts of plant cells.
The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma of plant cells. The stroma is the colorless liquid surrounding the chloroplast grana where the first steps of photosynthesis occur.
The Calvin cycle is the process by which plants and algae convert airborne carbon dioxide into sugars required for the growth of food autotrophs. All life on earth depends on the Calvin cycle. Plants rely on the Calvin cycle for strength and food.
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Structures that have no apparent function but had a function in ancestral species are.
Vestigial structures are those that seem to be leftover pieces from a previous ancestor but have no discernible function. Vestigial structures include things like the human appendix and a snake's pelvic bone.
Why are some characteristics regarded as vestigial?Certain characteristics are regarded as vestigial because they reduce biological fitness. Why did Darwin catalog and explain vestiges of traits? The presence of vestiges suggests that species change over time. The theory of special creation is incompatible with this significant pattern element of the theory of evolution.
What does the term "vestigial structure" mean?Vestigial structures are those that seem to be leftover pieces from a previous ancestor but have no discernible function.
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what are the two most important abiotic factors in determining the productivity or amount of life in different aeras of the ocean
Biotic factors include plants, animals, and microbes Important abiotic factors include the amount of sunlight in the ecosystem, the amount of oxygen and dissolved nutrients in the water, proximity to land, depth, and temperature.
Sunlight is one of the most important abiotic factors for marine ecosystems. The two most important abiotic factors that produce the primary productivity of plants in an ecosystem are temperature and humidity. Abiotic factors that influence aquatic biomes include light availability, depth, stratification, temperature, currents, and tides. The most important abiotic factors include water, sunlight, oxygen, soil, and temperature. Water (H2O) is a very important abiotic factor, it is often said that “water is life”. All living organisms need water. In fact, water makes up at least 50% of almost all living things. Biotic factors include animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, and protists. Some examples of abiotic factors are water, soil, air, sunlight, temperature, and minerals.
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How would you expect the rate of speciation of an allopatric case to compare to the rate of speciation of a sympatric case involving formation of allopolyploid offspring?.
The allopatric case would occur at a much slower rate than the sympatric case involving allopolyploid offspring.
Allopatric speciation occurs when groups from an ancestral population divide into different species over time due to a period of geographic isolation. In sympatric speciation, populations from the same ancestral population split into different species until they are physically isolated from one another, rendering them incapable of interbreeding. Because of allopatric speciation, the emergence of new species takes a very long period.
The null model of allopatric speciation is therefore ignored in favor of non-allopatric speciation when a certain sympatric species pair rate is too high to be explained by any conceivable combination of allopatric and secondary contact phases.
And hence, among the quickest rates in allopatric and sympatric species pairs, sympatric rates are between 2 and 5 times faster than allopatric rates. Variation is expected even within these rates since species pairings may vary in terms of particular evolutionary processes, population sizes, and genetic variety for RI.
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genetically engineered mice were bred to express fewer of these receptors to provide an animal model of the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia:
The genetically engineered mice were bred to express fewer of these receptors to provide an animal model of the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia was triggered by NMDA receptors.
What is gene?
Parent to child transmission of the fundamental component of heredity. The chromosomes in the nucleus of cells contain specific locations where the DNA sequences that make up genes are arranged in a logical order, one after another.
What is schizophrenia?
Chronic recurrent psychotic illness schizophrenia typically first manifests in adolescence and lasts a lifetime. 1,2. Cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms are examples of prodromal symptoms, which frequently occur before acute psychosis.
The clinical/behavioral finding that NMDA receptor antagonists can cause psychosis in humans and abnormal behavior with symptoms similar to those of schizophrenia in animals led to the development of the glutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. Initial theories highlighted NMDA receptor hypofunction as a potential pathogenetic mechanism.
Therefore, genetically engineered mice were bred to express fewer of these receptors to provide an animal model of the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia was triggered by NMDA receptors.
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