The reaction quotient from the calculation is obtained as 12.3
What is the reaction quotient?
The reaction quotient, Q, is a mathematical expression used in chemistry to predict the direction a chemical reaction will proceed under non-standard conditions.
It is calculated in the same way as the equilibrium constant, K, but uses the concentrations (or partial pressures) of the reactants and products at any given moment during a reaction, rather than at equilibrium.
We already know that the reaction quotient would refer to the non equilibrium conditions. Thus we have that;
Q = [N₂04]/[NO₂]^2
Q = 0.00553/(0.0212)^2
Q = 12.3
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One day it is clear and sunny, but you notice that the pressure is less than it was the day before. What weather might be coming? Why?
Answer:
I believe your answer is
Explanation:
when the pressure is less I believe it means rain is coming
Please help, chemistry is hard
The formula of the hydrate, given that 10.00 g of the hydrated was heated and 7.342 g of solid, (NH₄)₃PO₄ was leftover is (NH₄)₃PO₄.3H₂O (option B)
How do i determine the formulaof the hydrate?First, we shall determine the mass of the water in the hydrate. Details below:
Mass of hydrate = 10.00 gMass of anhydrous, (NH₄)₃PO₄ = 7.342 gMass of water, H₂O = ?Mass of water, H₂O = Mass of hydrate - Mass of anhydrous
Mass of water, H₂O = 10 - 7.342
Mass of water, H₂O = 2.658
Finally, we shall determine the formula of the hydrate. Details below:
Mass of anhydrous, (NH₄)₃PO₄ = 7.342 gMass of water, H₂O = 2.658Formula of hydrate =?Divide by their molar mass
(NH₄)₃PO₄ = 7.342 / 149.09 = 0.049
H₂O = 2.658 / 18 = 0.148
Divide by the smallest
(NH₄)₃PO₄ = 0.049 / 0.049 = 1
H₂O = 0.148 / 0.049 = 3
Thus, the formula of the hydrate is (NH₄)₃PO₄.3H₂O (option B)
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How many moles of O2 are needed to combine with 6.2 moles of phosphorus
The number of moles of O₂ are needed to combine with 6.2 moles of phosphorus is 7.75 moles.
How to calculate number of moles?The number of moles of a substance can be calculated using stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products of a specific reaction or equation.
According to this question, phosphorus reacts with oxygen gas as follows:
4P + 5O₂ → 2P₂O5
Based on the above equation, 4 moles of phosphorus reacts with 5 moles of oxygen.
If 6.2 moles of P reacts, 7.75 moles of oxygen gas will be produced.
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what is empirical formula ?Meaning of empirical formula
Answer: empirical formula of any compound is the simplest proportion of elements in that compound (i.e. the composition of elements in compound is in simplest ratio ) .It does not provide actual formula of any compound.
molecular formula=n-factor * empirical formula
molecular formula - C6H12O6 (glucose)
empirical formula - CH2O
C6H12O6 * CH2O
Use the table of molar masses to answer the question.
Element Molar Mass (g/mol)
silicon
oxygen
28.09
O 6.022 x 1023
O2.049 × 1023
O 1.503 x 1023
O 1.251 x 1023
16.00
How many molecules of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) are there in a 15-gram sample?
(
The number of the Molecules by the use of the Avogadro's number is 1.503 x 10^23.
What is Avogadro's number?The Avogadro's number can be able to tell the number of molecvule sthat we have in one mole the subtance.
We have to use the Avogadro's number and apply it in the solution of the question that we have at hand here s we can see in the problem that follows;
Number of moles of SiO2 = 15 g/60 g/mol
= 0.25 moles
If 1 mole of the SiO2 contains 6.02 * 10^23 molecules
0.25 moles of SiO2 will contain 0.25 * 6.02 * 10^23/1
= 1.503 x 10^23
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If you mix 20.0 mL of 0.010 M MgCl2with 20.0 mL of 0.0020 M Na2CO3, will magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, precipitate out from the solution? Explain. Given: Ksp(MgCO3) = 4.0 × 10-5.
Which salt, copper(I) bromide [CuBr, Ksp = 4.2 × 10-8] or lead(II) iodide [PbI2, Ksp = 1.4 × 10-8], is more soluble in water in terms of molarity? Justify your answer.
0.85 is the molarity because of the number added too AgCl of each solution.
Thus, Chemists need to be able to express the concentration of solutions in a way that takes into consideration the quantity of reacting particles in a given chemical equation.
In general, percentage measurements are not helpful for chemical reactions because they are based on either mass or volume. It is recommended to use a concentration unit based on moles.
The number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution is known as the molarity (M) of a solution.
Thus, 0.85 is the molarity because of the number added too AgCl of each solution.
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Readiness Test: Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems
The structure of an ecosystem is characterized by the organization of both biotic and abiotic components. The reduction of the resources decrease the population of a species. The correct option is A.
An ecosystem is defined as the structural and functional unit of ecology in which the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment. The living components of the ecosystem are called biotic components and the non-living components are called abiotic components.
In short, raw material extraction can adversely affect the environment, biodiversity loss, damage to ecosystem functions and global warming.
Thus the correct option is A.
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If the volume of the original sample in Part A ( P1 = 262 torr , V1 = 21.0 L ) changes to 75.0 L , without a change in the temperature or moles of gas molecules, what is the new pressure, P2 ?
Answer:
The answer is 76.36 torr
Explanation:
using P1V1=P2V2
Since temperature did not change
P2=P1V1/V2
P2=262×21/75
P2=73.36 torr
What happens in a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction?
A proton transfer from one molecule or ion to another., hence option D is the correct answer.
What is a proton?The proton is an electrically charged subatomic particle. They can be present in every element's atomic nucleus. Protons are always accompanied by neutrons in practically every element.
The nucleus of the simplest element, hydrogen, is the sole exception. Hydrogen has only one proton and no neutrons.
A proton is commonly represented by the symbols p or p+. A proton is the nucleus of a hydrogen atom or an H+ ion.
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A chemistry student collected 0.032l of H2 gas at 1.1 atm pressure and 24C, using the following chemical reaction. How many grams of magnesium must have reacted?
Mg (s) + HCl 9 (aq) becomes H2 9g) + MgCl2 (aq)
We need more information to solve this problem. Specifically, we need to know the volume (or concentration) of HCl used to react with the Mg. Without that information, we cannot determine how many grams of Mg reacted.
A piece of iron mass equals 25.0 g at 398 Calvin is placed in a Styrofoam cup containing 25.0 mL of water at 298 K assuming that no heat is lost to the cup or the surroundings what will the final temperature of the water
Final Temperature = 308K
We can set this up as
-Q1 = Q2
Q1 = (iron mass)•(specific heat of iron)•(T2-T1)
[where T2 means final temperature and T1 means initial temperature of the iron]
Q2 = (water mass)•(specific heat of water)•(T2-T3)
[where T3 means inital temperature of the water]
Plug in what you know
Q1 = (25.0g)•(0.44J/g•K)•(T2-398K)
[The internet can tell us the specific heat of iron, and the temperature unit is Kelvin]
Q2 = (25.0g)•(4.18J/g•K)•(T2-298K)
[The internet can tell us the specific heat of water, and 1mL = 1g]
Multiply them all
Q1 = 11(T2) - 4378K
Q2 = 104.5(T2) - 31141K
Use these values in the first equation and solve
-Q1 = Q2
-(11(T2) - 4378K) = 104.5(T2) - 31141K
-11(T2) + 4378K = 104.5(T2) - 31141K
35519K = 115.5(T2)
T2 = 308K
[This is not exact since there was some rounding; but it will be very close]
Determine whether each of the following will increase or decrease the rate of a chemical reaction
Lowering the temperature slows down the motion of molecules, leading to fewer effective collisions between reactant molecules, thus decreasing the rate of the reaction.
Decreasing the volume of the system or increasing the pressure of the system can increase the frequency of collisions between reactant molecules, thus increasing the rate of the reaction. This is because a decrease in volume or an increase in pressure leads to an increase in the concentration of reactants in the system.
Decreasing the surface area of the reactants decreases the number of collision sites available, leading to a decrease in the rate of the reaction.
Adding a catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to take place, leading to an increase in the rate of the reaction.
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3 What does this model show?
AECO
A.A single type of atom bonded together
B.An element because all the particles are the same
C.A molecule because there is more than one type of atom
D.An element because there is more than one type of atom
The model shows a molecule because there is more than one type of atom (option C).
What is a molecule?A molecule is the smallest particle of a specific element or compound that retains the chemical properties of that element or compound.
A molecule is made up of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
According to this question, a model AECO is given. Each alphabet represents a different element, hence, indicating that four different atoms are bonded together to form a molecule.
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Why might particles collide, but a chemical reaction not occur?
The collision did not occur with enough energy to form the activated complex
The collision occurred at the wrong angle
Particles will react every time they collide
A catalyst was present
The temperature is too high, so particles aren't moving fast enough
Answer:
A reaction will not take place unless the particles collide with a certain minimum energy called the activation energy of the reaction.
Na2CO3 + CaCl2 -> 2NaCl + CaCO3
138g of CaCl2 react
how many moles of NaCl are made
According to the balanced chemical equation:
Na₂CO₃ + CaCl₂ → 2NaCl + CaCO₃, 2.4892 moles of NaCl are produced, as this is a stoichiometry problem that involves a chemical reaction between two reactants and products.
For every one mole of CaCl₂, two moles of NaCl are produced. So, first the number of moles of CaCl₂ is calculated in 138 g of CaCl₂,
Molar mass of CaCl₂ = 40.08 g/mol + 2(35.45 g/mol) = 110.98 g/mol
Number of moles of CaCl₂= 138 g / 110.98 g/mol = 1.2446 mol
Since the mole ratio of CaCl₂ to NaCl is 1:2, it is known that twice as many moles of NaCl are produced as moles of CaCl₂ used.
Therefore, the number of moles of NaCl produced is:
Number of moles of NaCl = 2 x 1.2446 mol = 2.4892 mol
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Help quick with number 17
The partial pressure of O₂ is 0.954 atm
The moles O₂ that formed is 0.000859 moles
The mass of NaNO₃ that reacted is 0.146 g.
What is Dalton's law of partial pressures?The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is given below:
2 NaNO₃ (s) → 2 NaNO2 (s) + O₂(g)Mole ratio of NaNO₃ to O₂ is 2 : 1
From Dalton's Law of partial pressures:
The partial pressure of O₂ = Total pressure - Partial pressure of water vapor
The partial pressure of O₂ = (0.98 - 0.026) atm
The partial pressure of O₂ is 0.954 atm
b. From the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
where;
P is pressure = 0.954 atmV is volume = 0.0230 Ln is the number of molesR is molar gas constant = 0.0821 L.atm/mol/KT is the temperature in Kelvin = 295.15 KSolving for n
n = PV/RT
n = (0.954 * 0.0230)/(0.0821 * 295.15)
n = 0.000859 moles
Moles of O₂ formed = 0.000859 moles
c. The mass of NaNO₃ that reacted is calculated using the formula below:
mass NaNO₃ = moles NaNO₃ x molar mass NaNO₃molar mass NaNO = 84.99 g/mol
moles of NaNO₃ = 0.000859 moles * 2
moles of NaNO₃ = 0.001718 moles
Solving for the mass NaNO₃ that reacted;
mass NaNO₃ that reacted = 0.001718 * 84.99
mass NaNO₃ that reacted = 0.146 g
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5.1 g sodium carbonate solution was dissolved in water to make 500cm³ of solution.20cm³ of this solution was tirated against 20.45 cm³ of 0.04M hydrochloric acid . Calculate the % of purity of the sodium carbonate solid
Answer:
We know that, Va= 20.45 cm³, Vs= 20 cm³, Ma= 0.04M . But molar mass of Na₂CO₃ = 106. So, concentration (g/dm³) = 0.02045 × 106 = 2.1677 g/dm³. Hence, The percentage purity of the sodium carbonate solid is 21.25%.
Assign the oxidation numbers of each element given bold in the following chemical species: HCI, NH3, NO3, K₂Cr₂O7, Hg₂Cl2, HgCl2, Al(OH)3, Na3PO4
Answer:
HCI: H has an oxidation number of +1 and Cl has an oxidation number of -1.
NH3: N has an oxidation number of -3 and each H has an oxidation number of +1.
NO3: N has an oxidation number of +5 and each O has an oxidation number of -2.
K₂Cr₂O7: K has an oxidation number of +1, Cr has an oxidation number of +6, and each O has an oxidation number of -2.
Hg₂Cl2: Each Hg has an oxidation number of +1 and each Cl has an oxidation number of -1.
HgCl2: Hg has an oxidation number of +2 and each Cl has an oxidation number of -1.
Al(OH)3: Al has an oxidation number of +3, each O has an oxidation number of -2, and each H has an oxidation number of +1.
Na3PO4: Na has an oxidation number of +1, P has an oxidation number of +5, and each O has an oxidation number of -2.
What molality of nonvolatile solute is needed to lower the melting point of camphor by 1.050°C? (K-39.70°C/m)
______m
The molality of nonvolatile solute needed to lower the melting point of camphor by 1.050°C is 0.0264 m.
Given:
The freezing point depression (ΔTf) = 1.050°C
The freezing point depression constant (Kf) = 39.70°C/m
Use the formula of freezing point depression:
ΔTf = Kf × m
where ΔTf is the freezing point depression, Kf is the freezing point depression constant, and m is the molality of the solute.
m = ΔTf / Kf
Substitute the given values in the equation,
m = 1.050°C / 39.70°C/m
m = 0.0264 m
Thus, 0.0264 m is the molality of nonvolatile solute needed to lower the melting point of camphor by 1.050°C.
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Write a K expression for
[CoCl4]2-(aq)(blue) + 6H2O(l) ⇌ [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq)(pink) + 4Cl-(aq)
The relationship between a reaction's products and reactants with regard to a certain unit is expressed by the equilibrium constant, K.
Thus, When a reaction is homogeneous, all of the products' and reactions' states of matter are the same (the prefix "homo" means "same"). The solvent typically controls the reaction's overall state of matter.
When a reaction is in chemical equilibrium, the concentrations of the reactants and products do not significantly fluctuate over time. A double arrow between the reactants and products denotes these reversible reactions.
As described, this reaction is endothermic, therefore when heat is added, the equilibrium constant moves to the right. In turn, this turns the solution blue. Cl- is drawn out of solution by the addition of AgNO3.
Thus, The relationship between a reaction's products and reactants with regard to a certain unit is expressed by the equilibrium constant, K.
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Balance this
CaF2 +
Li2SO4 →
CaSO4 +
LiF
Answer:
CaF2 + Li2SO4 -> CaSO4 + 2LiF
Explanation:
When balancing equations that are not in acidic or basic solutions, you can not add extra compounds or elements to make both sides equal. In order to balance you need to change how many moles that are in the equation. Since the number of mols is equivalent to the amount of atoms that are present. Think of 3/4 being the same as 6/8 but looking at 3/4 is easier to understand.
In this chemical equation there is the same amount of Ca, S atoms, and Oxygen atoms. (You will learn later that SO4 is a polyatomic ion but that doesn’t matter in this equation). The only difference is that there is two Flourine (F) and two Lithiums (Li). This problem makes it easier because the Lithium and Flourine separate from their reactant compounds and form together as a product so you only need to focus on that compound in the products. Multiplying the entire compound by two will mean that it is the same number of Flourine atoms on both sides and the same number of Lithium atoms.
I hope this helps!
I am trying to utilize an acid-base neutralization reaction to remove limescale (CaCO3) from my faucet using hydrochloric acid (HCl). Which would help make this reaction go faster?
There is no way to speed up the reaction
Use less concentrated HCl solution
Using something abrasive to grind the limescale into smaller pieces
Cooling down the faucet by running cold water
Using a more concentrated HCl solution would help make the acid-base neutralization reaction go faster in removing limescale (CaCO₃) from your faucet.
What would help make this reaction go faster?
The rate of the reaction generally increases with the concentration of the reactants, so a more concentrated HCl solution will react more quickly with the limescale than a less concentrated one.
Using something abrasive to grind the limescale into smaller pieces might help expose more surface area of the limescale to the acid, but it would not directly affect the rate of the acid-base neutralization reaction.
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A muffi n recipe calls for cream of tartar, or potassium
hydrogen tartrate, KHC4H4O6(s). Th e amount of
cream of tartar that is required contains 2.56 × 1023
atoms of carbon. What amount in moles of
potassium hydrogen tartrate is required?
A muffi n recipe calls for cream of tartar, or potassium hydrogen tartrate. The amount of cream of tartar that is required contains 2.56 ×10²³atoms of carbon. 0.42moles of potassium hydrogen tartrate is required
In the Global System of Units (SI), the mole represents the unit of material quantity. How many fundamental entities of a particular substance are present within an object a sample is determined by the quantity of that material. An elementary entity can be a single atom, a molecular structure, an ion, a charged particle pair, or a particle that is subatomic like a proton depending on the makeup of the substance.
For instance, despite the fact that the two substances have different volumes and masses, 10 moles of water because 10 moles of the chemical element mercury both contain the same quantity of stuff, because the mercury comprises exactly one particle for each molecule of water.
mole = 2.56 ×10²³/ 6.022×10²³
= 0.42moles
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The total number of atoms in 3.75 mol of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3 , is
The total number of atoms in 3.75 mol of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, is equal to the Avogadro's number, which is 6.022 x 10^23, times the number of moles, which is 3.75 in this case.
Thus, the total number of atoms in 3.75 mol of ammonium nitrate is equal to 2.26 x 10^24 atoms.
This number can be further broken down into the number of atoms of each element present in the compound. Ammonium nitrate is composed of two elements, nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H). For each mole of ammonium nitrate, there are 4 moles of hydrogen atoms and 2 moles of nitrogen atoms.
Therefore, in 3.75 moles of ammonium nitrate, there are 15 moles of hydrogen atoms and 7.5 moles of nitrogen atoms, which is equal to 9 x 10^24 hydrogen atoms and 4.05 x 10^24 nitrogen atoms.
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I WILL GIVE 35 POINTS TO THOSE WHO ANSWER THIS QUESTION RIGHT NOOOO SCAMS PLEASE
The number of mole of Ba₃(PO₄)₂ produced from 3.54 L of 0.373 M BaCl₂ is 0.44 mole
How do i determine the mole of Ba₃(PO₄)₂ produced?We'll begin our calculation by obtaining the mole of BaCl₂ in 3.54 L of 0.373 M BaCl₂. This is shown below:
Volume = 3.54 LMolarity = 0.373 MMole of BaCl₂ =?Mole = molarity × volume
Mole of BaCl₂ = 0.373 × 3.54
Mole of BaCl₂ = 1.32 mole
Finally, we can determine the number of mole of Ba₃(PO₄)₂ produced from the reaction. This is illustrated below:
Balanced equation for the reaction:
3BaCl₂ + 2H₃PO₄ -> Ba₃(PO₄)₂ + 6HCl
From the balanced equation above,
3 moles of BaCl₂ reacted to produce 1 mole of Ba₃(PO₄)₂
Therefore,
1.32 mole of BaCl₂ will react to produce = 1.32 / 3 = 0.44 mole of Ba₃(PO₄)₂
Thus, we can conclude from the calculation made above that the number of mole of Ba₃(PO₄)₂ produced is 0.44 mole
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How many moles argon gas are found when 2.3 L are isolated from a sample of air at STP? How many grams of argon are in the container?
In the above case, there are 0.103 moles of argon gas as well as 4.12 grams of argon within the holder.
What is the STP?At STP (standard temperature and pressure), 1 mole of any gas involves 22.4 L. Also, the number of moles of argon gas in 2.3 L at STP can be calculated as:
n = V/ V_m
n = 2.3 L / 22.4 L/mol
n = 0.103 moles
To know the mass of argon, we need to make use of its molar mass. Note that the molar mass of argon is said to be 39.95 g/mol. Also , the mass of argon:
m = n × M
m = 0.103 moles × 39.95 g/mol
m = 4.12 g
So, 0.103 moles of argon gas as well as 4.12 grams of argon inside the holder.
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04.05 Ecological Tolerance Lab Worksheet Student Name: Annalise Clark Time Estimate: 60 minutes Pre-Activity Questions: Use information from the lesson to answer these questions. Answer in complete sentences. What conditions can impact the ecological tolerance of a species? How does island biogeography decrease ecological tolerance? Data: Trial Blue Island Red Island Green Island Yellow island 1 2 3 4 5 Calculations: Calculate the mean value for each island and record it in the data table. To calculate mean, add all the values of the trials and divide the value by the number of trials, which is five. Please show your work. Example: Trial One: 3 beans Trial Two: 4 beans Trial Three: 5 beans Trial Four: 7 beans Trial Five: 2 beans Mean = 3 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 2 = 21/5 = 4.2 Blue Island Red Island Green Island Yellow Island Unless Otherwise Noted All Content © 2021 Florida Virtual School Mean Making Connections: Use your lesson and the results of your activity to answer the questions. Answer questions in complete sentences. Which islands had the most successful migrations? Explain why. How does a successful immigration rate impact the biodiversity of an island? How would the migration of generalist species onto the green island affect specialist species living on the island? Based on your data, which islands would you select as wildlife refuges? Explain your reasoning. Did the lab activity follow the island biogeography model? Why or why not?
The islands with the most successful migration were the blue island and the yellow island with mean values of 4.6 and 4.4. A successful rate of immigration affects the island's biodiversity by introducing new species into the environment, which increases the diversity of organisms living on the island.
Migration of generalist species to a green island would affect specialized species living on the island by competing for resources, as generalist species are better adapted to different environments.
Based on the data, the blue and yellow islands would be the best choice for wildlife refuges because they had the highest mean values and would be more likely to have higher immigration success.
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Balance the following formula equations using the tally method and show your work:
*I have provided the answers for these equations, all you need to do is show your work using the tally method!*
_____ Zn3(PO4)2 + ___2__ AlCl3 → ___3__ ZnCl2 + ___2__ Al(PO4)
___2__ Cr(OH)3 → _____ Cr2O3 + ___3__ H2O
___3__ Na(OH) + _____ H3(PO4) → _____ Na3(PO4) + ___3__ H2O
___2__ Li + ___2__ H2O → ___2__ Li(OH) + ______ H2
The balanced chemical equations using suitable coefficients are Zn₃(PO₄)₂+ 2 AlCl₃ → 3 ZnCl₂ + 2 Al(PO₄),2 Cr(OH)₃ → Cr₂O₃ +3 H₂O,3 NaOH+ H₃PO₄ → Na₃PO₄+ 3 H₂O,2 Li + 2 H₂O → 2 LiOH+ H₂.
Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
A plus sign is present between reactants and products if they are more than one in any case and an arrow is present pointing towards the product side which indicates the direction of the reaction .There are coefficients present next to the chemical symbols and formulas .
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In a chemical reaction, a catalyst changes the ______.
Select one:
a.
heat of reaction
b.
activation energy of the reaction
c.
potential energy of the products
d.
potential energy of the reactants
Answer:
The Correct answer is B
activation energy of the reaction
or
speeds up the reaction
What is the minimum concentration of fluoride ions necessary to precipitate CaF2 from a 5.25 x 10-3 M solution of Ca(NO3)2? Ksp of CaF2 = 3.9 x 10-11
The minimum concentration of fluoride ions necessary to precipitate CaF₂ from a 5.25 x 10⁻³ M solution of Ca(NO₃)₂ is 2.02 x 10⁻⁶ M.
Balanced equation for the precipitation of CaF₂ from Ca(NO₃)₂ is:
Ca(NO₃)₂ + 2NaF → CaF₂ + 2NaNO₃
The solubility product expression for CaF₂ is;
Ksp = [Ca²⁺][F⁻]2
We can assume that all of the Ca(NO₃)₂ will dissolve in water since it is a highly soluble salt. Therefore, we need to determine the minimum concentration of fluoride ions ([F⁻]) necessary to exceed the solubility product constant (Ksp) and precipitate CaF₂.
Let x be the concentration of fluoride ions that will react with the calcium ions from the Ca(NO₃)₂ solution to form CaF₂.
According to stoichiometry, the [Ca²⁺] concentration will be equal to the initial concentration of Ca(NO₃)₂, which is 5.25 x 10⁻³ M.
The [F⁻] concentration will be equal to 2x, since two fluoride ions are required for each Ca²⁺ ion to form CaF₂.
Using the Ksp expression, we can write;
Ksp = [Ca²⁺][F⁻]2
Substituting the known values, we get:
3.9 x 10⁻¹¹ = (5.25 x 10⁻³)(2x)²
Solving for x, we get;
x = 2.02 x 10⁻⁶ M
Therefore, the minimum concentration of fluoride ions necessary is 2.02 x 10⁻⁶ M.
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