The poly(a) tails are added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA for its transport and stabilization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. So, option B is the correct answer.
The poly(a) tail is added to the messenger RNA molecule during RNA processing to increase the stability of the molecule. It is a long chain of adenine nucleotides.
The 3' end of the transcript is cleaved to free a 3' hydroxyl and then an enzyme called poly-A polymerase adds adenine nucleotides to the RNA. This poly(a) tail prevents degradation and thus, makes the RNA more stable. It then sends the said molecule from the nucleus to get translated into a protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. So, option B is the answer.
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The ______________ function is used to compute the number of times a particular condition is satisfied within a given range of cells.
The COUNTIF function is used to determine how frequently a specific condition is met within a specified range of cells.
The statistical function COUNTIF is used to count the number of cells within a specified range that satisfy a given criterion. To determine how many cells in the worksheet contain a number higher than or less than the one specified, use the COUNTIF formula.
For example,
=COUNTIF(A2:A5, "apples") is used to find the number of apple-containing cells in cells A2 through A5 in the excel sheet. And the outcome is found to be 2.
Therefore, the blank can be filled with COUNTIF.
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A number of evolutionary studies show a strong phylogenetic link between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following is the best statement about the evolutionary origins of eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotes probably evolved from a lost prokaryotic lineage, which could not be placed among either the Archaea or Bacteria domains.
Eukaryotes shared a common ancestor with species in the domain Archaea.
Eukaryotes shared a common ancestor with species in the domain Bacteria.
Eukaryotic
solutes pumped through a membrane embedded protein from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration describes the use of a
Solutes pumped through a membrane embedded protein from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration describes the use of active transport.
Active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Active transport necessitates the use of cellular energy. Ion pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis are the three main active transport methods.
Primary active transport transports ions across a membrane and creates a charge difference across that membrane. The primary active transport system employs ATP to transport a substance, such as an ion, into the cell while also transporting a second substance out of the cell.
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List and describe the types of cellular transport
Types of cellular transport include active and passive transport.
What is cellular transport?
The passage of substances across the cell membrane is referred to as cell transport.
Types of cellular transport
Active transport is divided into pump and vesicle transport. Pump transport is of two types primary and secondary. Vesicle transport is divided into two exocytosis and endocytosis. Endocytosis is further divided into three : Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, Receptor mediated. Passive transport is divided into three types: Simple diffusion, Osmosis and Facilitated diffusion.
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Which of the following occurs first when voltage reaches the threshold level in a neuron plasma membrane? (a) voltageactivated Na + channels open (b) K+ channels open (c) the membrane hyperpolarizes (d) neurotransmitter is released
(e) K+ channels close
Voltageactivated Na + channels open is the following occurs first when voltage reaches the threshold level in a neuron plasma membrane.
What takes place when a neuron reaches its threshold?A substantial inflow of sodium ions results from the threshold potential opening voltage-gated sodium channels. Depolarization is the name given to this stage. Depolarization causes the inside of the cell to become increasingly electropositive as the voltage approaches the electrochemical equilibrium for sodium, which is +61 mV.
The plasma membrane of a neuron's threshold level?The threshold potential is typically a membrane potential between -50 and -55 mV, however it can change depending on a number of variables. Sodium and potassium ions can change a neuron's resting membrane potential (-70 mV) to change whether or not it will cross the threshold.
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cirque de soleil's shift from animals, candy and beverage concessionaires in the aisles, and feature performers to a live theater, operatic-style format exemplifies this type of value innovation: group of answer choices reduce create eliminate raise
Cirque de soleil's shift from animals, candy and beverage concessionaires in the aisles, and feature performers to a live theater, operatic-style format exemplifies this type of value innovation eliminate.
The ERRC or Eliminate, Reduce, Raise, Create Grid is an essential tool of blue ocean strategy. It is developed by Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne. It is a simple matrix-like tool that drives companies to focus on eliminating and reducing simultaneously, as well as on raising and creating while unlocking a new blue ocean. Innovation is creating a new process, service or product and also the action of improving. A main characteristic of an innovation is the differentiation from the preceding processes, services or products. Innovation is an important factor to improve the competitiveness of a country/company.
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suppose a mismatch is introduced during dna replication. is this considered a mutation? why or why not?
Yes this is considered as mutation
What is mutagenesis?
A mutation is a change in a small section of a genome's nucleotide sequence.
Any sort of mutation is possible, including point mutations where one nucleotide is swapped out for another.
Mismatches that occur during DNA replication fundamentally alter the information, which is subsequently passed on to subsequent generations.
Therefore, this mismatching is regarded as.
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the kern river oil field has gone through periods of boom and bust, starting with the tar mined by the yokut people to the more recent extraction of millions of barrels of crude oil annually. each period of decline in oil production was revived by .
each period of decline in oil production was revived by new innovations, increased demand, and rising oil prices.
Although the terms innovation and invention have some semantic overlap, they are actually extremely different.
A deception, a discovery, a musical composition, or anything else created out of one's mind can all be considered inventions. The definition of invention that is most frequently mistaken for innovation is "a device, contrivance, or process originated after study and experiment," which typically refers to something that has never been done before.
For its part, innovation can refer to a brand-new item or a modification made to an already-existing concept, product, or industry. The first telephone was undoubtedly an invention, the first cell phone was either an invention or an innovation, and the first smartphone was undoubtedly an advancement.
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3. which colors are reflected and absorbed when you look through the different filter papers. which color is reflected by chlorophyll?
The colors you see on an object's surface are reflected by chlorophyll, while all other visible spectrum colors are absorbed by green when you look through the different filter papers.
Supplement makers claim that chlorophyll is full of enthusiasm entirety, boosts cardinal ancestry containers, helps with burden misfortune, cures broken skin, counteracts poisons, cuts redness, and averts malignancy. It's an influential list, but few of the claims are supported by controlled evidence.
Filter paper is a semi-penetrable paper impediment established standing to a liquid or airflow. It is used to separate fine dimensional pieces from fluids or smoke. Filter paper is too consistently named chromatography paper. Chromatography paper is clean white. Filter paper has many various types: synthetic study clean paper, qualitative drain paper, ashless winnow paper, air permeate paper, transformer lubricate penetrate paper, fuel filter paper, etc.
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What happens to the chemistry of the seawater as more co2 is absorbed into the oceans?.
The concentration of hydrogen ions increases as a result of a series of chemical reactions that take place when CO2 is absorbed by saltwater.
As more CO2 is absorbed by the seas, what happens to the chemistry of the seawater?More carbon dioxide is evaporating into the ocean as a result of human-driven increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Currently, the ocean has an average pH of 8.1, which is basic (or alkaline), but when more CO2 is absorbed, the pH drops and the ocean turns more acidic.
What happens to seawater that has absorbed CO2?Rapid oceanic absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) results in ocean acidification. It creates carbonic acid by a reaction with water molecules (H2O) (H2CO3). After that, this molecule decomposes into bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion (H+) (HCO3-). These hydrogen ions lower the pH of the ocean.
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Repeated, wavelike smooth muscle contractions in the gi tract that move food through the tract are called.
Repeated, wavelike smooth muscle contractions in the gastrointestinal tract that move food through the tract are called peristalsis.
Peristalsis is the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract which propels food(also called a bolus). This process involves the relaxation of smooth muscles and contraction of smooth muscles behind the bolus.
There are three types of peristalsis primary, secondary and tertiary peristalsis. Primary peristalsis occurs when the bolus enters the esophagus. Primary peristalsis forces the bolus to reach the stomach. Secondary peristalsis occurs when the bolus in the esophagus moves slowly or gets stuck in the esophagus.
The peristalsis process is controlled by the medulla oblongata of the brain.
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Red blood cells contain a higher concentration of potassium than the surrounding.
Red blood cells Active transport is the term used to describe the movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of lower concentration to a region of higher , potassium concentration
Active transport requires in Red blood cells some cellular energy to operate. Through the active transport mechanism, potassium concentration in red blood cells is kept constant.One can observe that the bars representing the concentration of potassium ions clearly show the difference between the two zones from the graphical depiction of the concentration of various ions within and outside of the animal cell.The longer grey bar on the graph, which shows the concentration of the ion inside the animal cell, is potassium. The other bar, which is much smaller, shows the potassium ion concentration outside of the animal cell.As a result, the concentration of potassium ions inside the animal cell is substantially higher than outside.
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Because ammonia is very toxic, it is kept atlow levels in the body by being: (Select allthat apply.)A)eliminated.B)converted to urea.C)stored away from body tissues.D)converted to uric acid.E)converted to amino acids.
Because ammonia is very toxic, it is kept at low levels in the body by being eliminated as well as converted to uric acid and to urea.
So, the correct options are A, B, and D.
A high blood ammonia level can be reduced using the following treatments: For newborns, limit their protein intake by The coma-causing metabolic inborn causes of hyperammonemia in newborns may be treated by reducing their protein intake. Hemodialysis: The process of cleansing the blood using a dialysis machine and a device referred to as an artificial kidney. In addition, it is produced in the human gut as a result of various bacterial enzymatic processes. Ammonia is quickly converted into urea in the liver by the urea cycle and eliminated by the kidneys, but this is due to the fact that ammonia is highly toxic.
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imagine a species that develops the ability to repair its dna perfectly, so that there are never any mistakes in replication. what would be the effects of this?
that replication always results in perfect copies.results from that There would be no change in genotype.
The type of variant present at a specific locus (i.e., region) in the genome is scored by what is known as a genotype. Symbols can be used to symbolise it. For illustration, BB, Bb, and bb could be used to denote a certain gene variant. The actual DNA sequence, such as CC, CT, or TT, can also serve as a representation of a genotype. In a single experiment, the genotypes at millions of locations in a genome can be determined using DNA sequencing and other techniques. Some genotypes influence a person's phenotype, or observable traits, in some ways.
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which are the main stages of the cell cycle?
Answer:
The cell cycle is composed of interphase (G₁, S, and G₂ phases), followed by the mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), and G₀ phase.
Explanation:
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is an encapsulated gram-positive bacterium. What is the function of capsule in disease pathogenesis?.
In pathogenic bacteria, capsules serve as a major barrier between the bacterial surface and immune system components, delaying opsonophagocytosis or, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, complement-mediated lysis.
What purpose does a capsule serve?The ability of capsules to mediate adhesion to surfaces, control access of certain molecules to the cell membrane, and improve desiccation resistance is crucial. Additionally, many pathogenic bacteria's capsules hinder phagocytosis and lessen complement-mediated death (22, 29, 30).
Do capsules have the potential to be pathogenic?Certain bacteria are enclosed in a thick covering of sugar and protein called a capsule. Because they make it simpler for the germs to make you sick, capsules are regarded as pathogenicity factors.
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how is the structure of an arteriole different from that of an artery
the structure of an arteriole different from an artery is that Arteries are composed of thicker muscular walls whereas Arterioles are composed of comparatively thinner muscular walls.
what is an arteriole?
Arterioles are tiny blood veins that branch off of arteries. Arterioles have a smaller diameter than arteries. This diameter is changed to control blood flow. The wall thickness is likewise smaller than that of arteries.
what is an artery?
Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart. The heart uses pressure to pump blood. As a result, arteries contain high-pressure blood so arteries are composed of thick muscular walls to tolerate the pressure. Arteries have a comparatively higher diameter than arterioles.
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(5 pts.) woodrats are medium sized rodents with lots of interesting behaviors. you may know of them as packrats. let's assume that the trait of bringing home shiny objects (h) is dominant to the trait of carrying home only dull objects (h). suppose two heterozygous individuals are crossed. what will be the genotypic ratio of the offspring? what will be the phenotypic ratio?
The children will have a 3:1 genotypic ratio and a 1:1 phenotypic ratio.
H is a dominant attribute, therefore
recessive trait h as
Heterozygous denotes that the alleles on the gene encoding a particular trait are different. Both of the parents in this situation had the tendency to bring both shiny and dull objects home, but because bringing shiny objects home is the dominating trait, it is the only one that would cause them to take action.
shiny objects are the parental trait of shiny objects.
the genotype of the parents: Hh 》 Hh
Gametes from the parents: (H) (h) 》(H) (h)
fertilization at random: punnet square
[tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccc}H&h&\\H&HH&Hh\\h&Hh&hh\end{array}\right][/tex]
F1 generation trait= Shiny objects 》 dull objects
the genotype of the first generation: HH, Hh, Hh 》hh
Genotypic ratio = 3 children for every 1 offspring, with 75% bright and 25% boring items.
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which character has an old dog that he has with him all the time? what is important about this situation in mice and men
Lennie and George are introduced to the others in the bunkhouse and meet Candy and his old dog when they go to the ranch. This is Candy's dog.
which character has an old dog that he has with him all the time? what is important about this situation in mice and men?The bond between Candy and his dog is comparable to that of George and Lennie. Lennie is dependent on George to look after him and teach him what to do, just like Candy's dog is. Candy, like George, stands out from the other ranch hands because he always has his dog at his side, a faithful and devoted friend.
What happens to the old dog in Of Mice and Men?The dog is shot because it has served its purpose and is no longer useful to anyone; it is no longer worth maintaining alive. The dog has reached the end of its working life.
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the form of the peppered moth biston betularia with light colored wings was dominant in europe during what time period(s)?
In the case of the peppered moth (Biston betularia), the black color form became dominant over the light color form in England during the industrial revolution.
What was rare in 1848 became common for the next fifty years. By 1900, peppered moth populations in areas around English cities were up to 98% dark moths. Scientists were curious as to why this was happening. Scientists have discovered the specific mutation that caused moths to turn black during the Industrial Revolution. In an iconic evolutionary case study, a black form of the peppered moth quickly took over industrial areas of the UK during the 19th century, when soot blackened the tree trunks and walls of its habitat. have salt and pepper coloring. But as the years passed, black versions of the moth began to prevail. These days, dark variants are the most common, and geneticists have long speculated that the Industrial Revolution is to blame. . The frequency of dark-colored moths increased at this time, an example of industrial melanism.
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A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department with cellulitis of his left leg. He is being treated with vancomycin. Ten minutes after the infusion is initiated, he complains of intense pruritus and lightheadedness. Erythema is noted on his face and neck. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?
A Administer intramuscular epinephrine and decrease the rate of the infusion
B Administer intramuscular epinephrine and suspend the infusion
C Administer intravenous diphenhydramine and decrease the rate of the infusion
D Administer intravenous diphenhydramine and suspend the infusion
Option D, When administered intravenously or intramuscularly, diphenhydramine injection is administered as a solution (liquid) (into a vein). Your illness and how you react to therapy will determine how often you should take a medication.
When administered intravenously or intramuscularly, diphenhydramine injection is administered as a solution (liquid) (into a vein). Your medication illness and diphenhydramine how you react to therapy will determine how often you should take a medication. It's possible to have constipation, dry mouth, dry nose, and throat, as well as drowsiness, dizziness, headache, irritability, stomach trouble, and visual disturbances (such blurred vision).
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what is the phenotypic ratio for the f1 generation that results from a test cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a heterozygous individual
The phenotypic ratio will be 1:1.
A phenotypic ratio is a quantitative relation among phenotypes displaying the quantity of instances the frequency of 1 phenotype correlates with another. When a researcher would really like to reap the gene expression for generations of an organism, they use the phenotypic ratio received from a check cross.
When a test cross is performed between an individual with heterozygous phenotype and an individual with homozygous recessive phenotype, the resulting ratio will be 1:1 of the dominant to recessive phenotype.
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The ascending portion of the loop of Henle is a. permeable to water and impermeable to sodium. b. permeable to water and permeable to sodium. c. impermeable to water and permeable to sodium d. impermeable to water and impermeable to sodium. e. the site of active transport of water.
C. impermeable to water and permeable to sodium.
Anatomy of Loop of Henle -
The loop of henle is a tubular extension of proximal convulated tubule. It is hair pin like structure consisting of a descending and an ascending loop. The loop of henle lies in close proximity to the peritubular network called vasa recta. The ascending and descending loop are themselves divided into a thick segment and thin segment. Majority of the loops of henle lie in the medullary region of the kidney.
Physiology of Urine formation in Loop of Henle -
Different segments of loop of henle have different permeability to sodium and water. As the tubular contents pass through descending loop the urine becomes hypertonic dur to selective absorption of water. While passing through the ascending segment the loop of henle selectively allows absorption of sodium due to its permeability. It leads to more and more absorption of sodium without absorption of water leading to hypotonicity of the urine. This permeability difference is favored by the counter current mechanism between the tubular flow and blood flow in vasa recta.
So the ascending portion of loop of henle is impermeable to water and permeable to sodium.
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Tai grows plants in a container called a terrarium, as shown below. He keeps the terrarium on a sunny windowsill. The terrarium is closed, so Tai cannot add water to the plants. However, the plants have enough water to grow. Which of these statements best explains why the plants always have enough water?
a The air cannot hold all of the water vapor.
b Water is unable to evaporate from the soil.
c The plants take up water and store it in their stems and leaves.
d Energy from the sun cycles water through the soil, the plants, and the air.
the correct answer is D
type a individuals, as compared to type b individuals, were found to be 7 times more likely to develop heart disease because:
Type a individuals, as compared to type b individuals, were found to be 7 times more likely to develop heart disease because of their ambitious and competitive nature
What is Type a and Type b personality tests?
Two different personality types are described by the type A and type B personality theory. According to this theory, Type A personalities are those who are more competitive, well-organized, ambitious, impatient, very time-conscious, or aggressive, whereas Type B personalities are more relaxed, "receptive," less "neurotic," and "frantic."
The characteristics of the type A personality include a constant sense of being pressed for time and a fierce sense of competition. The common traits of Type A personalities include higher levels of stress, a disdain for failure, and a difficult time stopping work even after achieving goals.
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from the data shown in figure 2, which statement best explains the relationship between stra6 and holo-rbp concentration in retinol release
As the ratio of holo-RBP to STRA6 increases, less retinol is released.
Fluorescence is binding, not release, which is why there is more fluorescence. As the molar ratio of holo-RBP to STRA6 decreases, retinol release increases. You can see that 0.5uM holo-RBP had more retinol release, so less relative retinol fluorescence, than 4uM holo-RBP, so a lower molar ratio of holo-RBP is related to an increase in retinol release. Retinol fluorescence was similar under STRA6 alone and STRA6/LRAT conditions when the holo-RBP to STRA6 molar ratio was low (0.5 μM holo-RBP). When the membranes were incubated with 4 μM holo-RBP, the fluorescence of retinol in the STRA6 condition alone was higher than that in the STRA6/LRAT condition, indicating that as the molar ratio of holo-RBP to STRA6 increases, STRA6 becomes more dependent on LRAT for retinol release.
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Lashley found that when he removed parts of the brain ____.
a. only the removal of frontal lobe tissue disrupted performance
b. only the removal of parietal lobe tissue disrupted performance
c. the amount of tissue removed was more important than its location
d. he found no loss of memories at all
Lashley found that when he removed parts of the brain, the amount of tissue removed was more important than its location.
The correct option is C.
What is the brain?The brain is the organ of the body that is responsible for the coordination and control of all the other organ functions in the body.
The brain is the most crucial organ in the body as it is the seat of the thought process and decision-making.
The brain is divided into three basic units, namely
the forebrain,the midbrain, and the hindbrain.Several parts of the brain control actions such as feelings and emotions as well as rational thinking.
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which solution would be most similar in concentration to the normal internal environment of the human circulatory system?
The solution whose concentration is most similar to the normal internal environment of the human circulatory system is solution B, only.
(This question is accompanied by a picture)
After B cells experience a balance not broken or shriveled, this condition is needed by the human circulatory system. This is known as the state of osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is the process of regulating fluid concentration by balancing the intake and output of body fluids by living cells or organisms.
If an animal cell is immersed in a hypotonic solution, the solution outside the animal cell will enter the cell so that the animal cell will rupture or lyse. This can be seen in solution A.
If an animal cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, the solution inside the animal cell will come out of the cell so that the animal cell will shrink or be creased. This can be seen in solution C
So, a good solution for human red blood cells is described as solution B.
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Dogs have 39 chromosome pairs. Based on this information, determine which of the following is not true.
Select one:
a. the haploid number for dogs is 39
b. at the end of mitosis, a cell would have 78 chromosomes
c. meiosis doesn't occur in dogs
d. the diploid number for dogs is 78
Based on this information, the statement which is not true is: meiosis doesn't occur in dogs.
What is meiosis?
Meiosis is the process through which cells divide to produce gametes (egg and sperm).
In canine species, the early stages of development follow a fairly distinct pattern. The meiotic cycle resumes in the oviduct after oocytes are fertilized at the germinal vesicle stage.
Eukaryotic is the term used to describe mammalian cells, including those found in canines. A dog is also considered to be a multicellular organism.
Therefore, Option C is correct.
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unlike most eukaryotes, prokaryotes make polycistronic mrnas. these polycistronic mrnas encode more than one protein. in order to properly synthesize all of the encoded proteins, these prokaryotic polycistronic mrnas must duplicate which mrna components? choose one or more:
Shine Dalgarno sequence because it is prokaryotic ribosome.
Shine-Dalgarno motif is present in front of prokaryotic start codons, and is complementary to the 3' end of the 16S ribosomal RNA. Hybridization between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the anti-Shine-Dalgarno region of the16S rRNA ( CCUCCU ) helps the ribosome to the start AUG of the mRNA for translation.
Shine Dalgarno sequence is a ribosomal binding site usually present in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG. The RNA sequence also facilitate ribosome to the messenger RNA to start protein synthesis by providing the ribosome with the start codon.
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