The short-run total cost curve is represented by the letters STC, and the long-run total cost curve is represented by the letters LTC.In economics, the short-run is a period during which only some of a company's factors of production are variable, and the rest are fixed.
The amount of time the firm needs to change its production level in response to a price change is determined by the length of the short-run period. As a result, the short-run cost curve of the company is defined by the different levels of output achievable with the set of fixed factors and different variable factors' costs. In the short run, there is always at least one fixed input, and so at least one cost is fixed. In a short run, the company can adjust the number of variable resources but cannot change the amount of fixed resources it has. As a result, the cost curve varies with the level of output produced. STC is an abbreviation for the short-run total cost curve.On the other hand, long-run is a period of time during which all factors of production are variable. As a result, in the long run, a firm can alter all inputs, allowing for a greater degree of flexibility in terms of cost savings. The long-run cost curve of a firm is the relationship between output and cost when all inputs are variable. The LTC is an abbreviation for the long-run total cost curve.In summary, STC stands for short-run total cost curve, and LTC stands for long-run total cost curve.
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Bank Debit Memo #CB-4732 Dated February 6, 2019 From Capital Bank: Cheque #454 for $588.50 from AIM International for invoice #3084 was returned as NSF. The bank charged $25.00 as an NSF fee. Create invoice #3120 to record the returned cheque and NSF charges. No taxes are charged on these amounts. Invoice total $613.50. Terms: Due on Receipt. Update customer record with new terms.
To record the returned cheque and NSF charges, an invoice numbered 3120 should be created. The invoice total should be $613.50, including the NSF fee of $25.00.
The terms for the invoice should be set as "Due on Receipt." Additionally, the customer's record should be updated to reflect the new terms. In response to Bank Debit Memo #CB-4732 dated February 6, 2019, from Capital Bank regarding the returned cheque #454 for $588.50 issued by AIM International for invoice #3084, an invoice #3120 should be generated to record the returned cheque and NSF charges. The invoice total should include the original amount of the cheque ($588.50) and the NSF fee ($25.00), totaling $613.50. As specified, no taxes are charged on these amounts. The terms for the invoice should be set as "Due on Receipt," indicating that payment is expected immediately upon receipt of the invoice. Furthermore, it is necessary to update the customer's record to reflect the new terms, ensuring accurate and up-to-date information is maintained for future transactions.
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WareHut is planning to construct a new warehouse of size 10,000 m². The initial plan is for the warehouse to be square in shape. The cost of construction is $1,500 per m². The warehouse should be able to handle 50,000 cases per month over a period of 15 years. The material handling cost is 5 cents per m per case. (a) Solve for the best length and width of the warehouse, and the total relevant cost if the loading/unloading dock is to be located at a corner. (12 marks) Would the above analysis still hold if a conveyor-based material handlin system is used instead? You need not recalculate the values. State your reasons. (3 marks)
Hence, the best length and width of the warehouse and the total relevant cost will be $15,450,000 when the dock is positioned in the corner. (b) When a conveyor-based material handling system is used instead of the manual handling system, the above analysis will still be valid because the cost of the conveyor will be constant and not depend on the shape of the warehouse. The conveyor cost would be constant regardless of where the dock is located, so there is no need to recalculate the costs. As a result, the above analysis is valid even if a conveyor-based material handling system is used instead of the manual handling system.
WareHut is planning to construct a new warehouse of size 10,000 m² that should be square in shape. The warehouse should be able to handle 50,000 cases per month for 15 years and cost $1,500 per m². The material handling cost is 5 cents per m per case. Find the best length and width of the warehouse, and the total relevant cost if the loading/unloading dock is to be located at a corner. The cost of constructing the warehouse is $1,500 per m². If the area of the square warehouse is A, then the cost of constructing it will be $1500A. Since the warehouse should handle 50,000 cases per month for 15 years, the volume of cases the warehouse will handle over its lifetime is 50,000 x 12 x 15 = 9,000,000 cases. In addition, the material handling cost is 5 cents per m per case. Therefore, the total material handling cost will be 9,000,000 x $0.05 = $450,000.The width and length of the warehouse are equal and can be represented as x. The area of the warehouse is 10,000 m², so x² = 10,000, hence, x = 100 m. When the loading and unloading dock is located at the corner of the warehouse, the dock's length and width are the same as the width and length of the warehouse. Therefore, the dock's area is x² = 100² = 10,000 m². As a result, the net area available for storage is 10,000 - 10,000 = 0 m². The total relevant cost, therefore, is the sum of the material handling and construction costs, which is $450,000 + $1500A = $450,000 + $1500(100²) = $15,450,000.
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Cornerstone Exercise 3-19 (Algorithmic) Deferred Revenue Adjusting Entries Olney Cleaning Company had the following items that require adjustment at year end. a. For one cleaning contract, $11,100 cash was received in advance. The cash was credited to Unearned Service Revenue upon receipt. At year end, $1,990 of the service revenue was still unearned. b. For another cleaning contract, $8,300 cash was received in advance and credited to Unearned Service Revenue upon receipt. At year end, $2,850 of the services had been provided. Required: 1. Prepare the adjusting journal entries needed at December 31. Dec. 31 (Record earned revenue) Dec. 31 (Record earned revenue) 2. What is the balance in Unearned Service Revenue at December 31 related to the two cleaning contracts?
Debit Unearned Service Revenue for $1,990. Credit Service Revenue for $1,990. Debit Unearned Service Revenue for $5,450 ($8,300 - $2,850)
Credit Service Revenue for $5,450. The balance indicates the liability of the company to provide services or fulfill obligations to the customers in the upcoming periods.
Adjusting journal entries needed at December 31:
a. Debit Unearned Service Revenue for $1,990
Credit Service Revenue for $1,990
b. Debit Unearned Service Revenue for $5,450 ($8,300 - $2,850)
Credit Service Revenue for $5,450
The balance in Unearned Service Revenue at December 31 related to the two cleaning contracts is the sum of the unearned amounts for each contract. In this case, the balance would be $1,990 + $2,850 = $4,840. This represents the portion of the cash received in advance that still needs to be recognized as revenue in the future periods. The balance indicates the liability of the company to provide services or fulfill obligations to the customers in the upcoming periods.
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China is a large country as an importer of Australian wine. The Chinese domestic supply function of wine is QS = 10 + 40P and the Chinese domestic demand function is QD = 4800 - 40P. The Australian export supply function is QS =-120 + 20P. Suppose China imposes a specific tariff of $5 on wine. The Chinese government revenue from the tariff is:
The Chinese government revenue from the tariff can be calculated by multiplying the tariff amount by the quantity of wine imported.
Effects of the Tariff:
With the tariff imposed, the effective price faced by Chinese consumers (PC) increases by the amount of the tariff (T). Therefore, the new Chinese domestic demand function becomes:
QD = 4800 - 40(PC + T)
The Australian export supply function remains the same:
QS = -120 + 20P
Equilibrium Quantity:
To find the equilibrium quantity, we set the Chinese domestic demand equal to the Australian export supply and solve for P:
4800 - 40(PC + T) = -120 + 20P
Simplifying the equation:
4800 - 40PC - 40T = -120 + 20P
40P + 20P = 40PC + 40T + 4800 + 120
60P = 40PC + 40T + 4920
60P - 40PC = 40T + 4920
20P(3 - 2C) = 40T + 4920
20P = (40T + 4920)/(3 - 2C)
P = (2T + 246)/(3 - 2C)
Quantity of Imported Wine:
Substituting the price back into the Australian export supply function, we can find the quantity of imported wine (QI):
QS = -120 + 20[(2T + 246)/(3 - 2C)]
QI = -120 + (40T + 4920)/(3 - 2C)
Chinese Government Revenue:
The Chinese government revenue from the tariff is given by the product of the tariff (T) and the quantity of imported wine (QI):
Government Revenue = T * QI
Government Revenue = T * [-120 + (40T + 4920)/(3 - 2C)]
The Chinese government revenue from the $5 tariff on wine can be calculated by substituting the appropriate values of T and C into the equation for government revenue.
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Independent Practice: (revising a complaint letter) -- The following complaint letter does not abide by complaint letter writing guidelines. Rewrite it fully, applying proper complaint letter format and content requirements. Hey you! It is very unfortunate that I had to write this letter to complain about the laptop I bought from your computer retail sTore last week. The laptop is not working, NOT EVEN SWITCHING ON and has me problems, as I could not turn in my assignments on time!! What a loss of the money: $2000!!! I guess you and he are going to regret as I will take this further to the court to sue you. Simply put, from the end, either return me the money or give me another laptop No regards, Angry Mike SUBMISSION DUE DATE: SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 2021
To resolve this issue, I request that you either return the money I spent on the laptop or provide me with a new laptop. I am confident that you will resolve this issue promptly and satisfactorily.
Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to complain about a laptop I purchased from your computer retail store last week. Unfortunately, the laptop is not functioning properly, and it is not even switching on. This has caused me many problems, and I have been unable to submit my assignments on time. It is frustrating that I spent $2000 on a laptop that is not working correctly. If you fail to do so, I will have no choice but to take legal action against you. I hope we can resolve this matter quickly and efficiently. Thank you for your time and attention to this matter. Sincerely, [Your Name].
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The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve does each of the following except: sit on the Federal Open market Committee. serve on the Board at the pleasure of the President, who can make individual governors resign at any time. carry out monetary policy. O raise and lower reserve requirements.
The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve does each of the following except: "serve on the Board at pleasure of President, who can make individual governors resign at any time." So correct option is (a).
The Federal Reserve, often referred to as the Fed, is the central banking system of the United States. It is an independent entity established by the U.S. Congress in 1913 to promote stability, flexibility, and strength in the country's monetary and financial systems. The Federal Reserve's primary responsibilities include conducting monetary policy, supervising and regulating banks and financial institutions, maintaining the stability of the financial system, and providing certain financial services to banks and the government. It plays a crucial role in influencing interest rates, managing inflation, and promoting economic stability.
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If Opening Stock is 10,000, Net 70,000, Wages Purchases 2,500, Carriage inward 500 and Closing Stock 15,000, what is the Manufacturing Cost? (A) 65,000 (B) 83,000 (C) 68,000 (D) 73,000
The manufacturing cost, we need to calculate the total cost incurred for producing the goods during the given period.
The manufacturing cost includes the cost of opening stock, purchases, wages, carriage inward, and closing stock. By subtracting the closing stock value from the sum of the opening stock, purchases, wages, and carriage inward, we can calculate the manufacturing cost.
The manufacturing cost can be calculated as follows:
Opening Stock: 10,000
Purchases: 2,500
Wages: 70,000
Carriage Inward: 500
Closing Stock: 15,000
Manufacturing Cost = (Opening Stock + Purchases + Wages + Carriage Inward) - Closing Stock
= (10,000 + 2,500 + 70,000 + 500) - 15,000
= 82,000 - 15,000
= 67,000
Therefore, the manufacturing cost is RM67,000.
Among the given options, none of them match the calculated manufacturing cost of RM67,000. Therefore, the correct answer is not provided in the options given.
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Question The following information is taken from the financial press concerning the euro spot and forward rates: Currency Spot One Month Forward Three Months Forward Canada $ 1.4630-1.4640 0.30-0.20c
The information provided in the financial press indicates the following spot and forward rates for the euro against the Canadian dollar:
Currency:
Euro (EUR)
Spot Rate:
1 Euro = $1.4630 - $1.4640 Canadian dollars
One Month Forward Rate:
1 Euro = $0.30 - $0.20 Canadian dollars
Three Months Forward Rate:
1 Euro = C (not specified in the question)
It's important to note that the three-month forward rate for the euro against the Canadian dollar is not provided in the given information.
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2- COVID-19 pandemic has stricken the globe with a major negative impact on world’s economy, global health and overall wellbeing of human population. Nations across the globe more or less strived to take strict measures to control the spread of this pandemic. Consequently, global states had to inflict some restrictive strategies in the
form of travel restrictions and national crisis management programs which affected the lives of millions of people. What international health laws/ acts/ concepts warrant these regional and international control mechanisms making these apparently restrictive measures fairly legitimate for the sake of protecting global health and
overall wellbeing? (Minimum 1500 words- 35 Marks)
COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted global economy, health, and overall human wellbeing. Therefore, nations have implemented stringent measures to control the spread of the pandemic, including travel restrictions and national crisis management programs, affecting millions of people.
However, these measures are justifiable under international health laws, acts, and concepts.The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for creating and implementing international health regulations to control and prevent the spread of pandemics. The International Health Regulations (IHR) of 2005 obligate countries to report certain diseases to the WHO. By doing so, countries can receive technical assistance from WHO, which may prevent a pandemic from occurring. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the IHR helped countries collaborate and coordinate their responses.The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) is another program established to prevent infectious disease threats, such as COVID-19. The GHSA focuses on preventing and containing the spread of infectious diseases through partnerships and multi-sectoral collaboration. The GHSA aims to strengthen health systems, surveillance, and laboratory capacities, among other things.Furthermore, there are national health laws, acts, and concepts that countries have used to control the spread of the pandemic. The United States, for example, has implemented the Public Health Service Act, which grants the Secretary of Health and Human Services the power to implement quarantine measures to control the spread of infectious diseases. The Act also empowers the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to monitor and prevent the spread of diseases in the United States.In conclusion, international health laws and acts, such as the IHR and GHSA, and national health laws, such as the Public Health Service Act, justify the implementation of travel restrictions and national crisis management programs to protect global health and overall wellbeing. Through cooperation and collaboration, countries can prevent and control infectious disease threats like COVID-19.
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Bernanke warns against meddling with Fed Testifying on Capitol Hill, Fed chairman Bernanke warned that if Congress limits the Fed's independence, financial markets will send interest rates higher. Source: The Independent, July 22, 2009 How might limiting the Fed's independence make interest rates rise? Limiting the Fed's independence could result in O A. a Congressional bias toward greater government debt, which increases the demand for loanable funds and raises the real interest rate O B. a decrease in personal saving, which decreases the supply of loanable funds and raises the real interest rate OC. a Congressional bias toward persistently increasing money growth to increase real GDP growth, resulting in higher inflation and higher interest rates in the long run OD. greater business investment, which increases the demand for loanable funds and raises the real interest rate
Limiting the Fed's independence could result in a Congressional bias toward greater government debt, which increases the demand for loanable funds and raises the real interest rate.
When the Fed's independence is limited, Congress may have more influence over monetary policy decisions. In such a scenario, there could be a tendency for Congress to prioritize policies that result in greater government spending and higher levels of debt. This increased government borrowing leads to an increased demand for loanable funds from the financial markets.
As the government competes with other borrowers for funds, the increased demand for loanable funds puts upward pressure on interest rates. This is because lenders demand higher interest rates to compensate for the perceived risk associated with lending to the government. Therefore, limiting the Fed's independence and allowing greater influence from Congress may result in higher interest rates.
Option A correctly captures this relationship by highlighting the potential Congressional bias toward greater government debt, which increases the demand for loanable funds and raises the real interest rate. The other options (B, C, and D) are not directly related to the impact of limiting the Fed's independence on interest rates.
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When it comes to measuring exercise motivation, there is an exercise motivation inventory that is comprised of ______ sources of exercise motivation
a.6
b. 8 c. 10
d. 12
In the Stages of Change Theory, which stage is defined as "after a period of 6 months, there is now less risk that people will quit the new behavior. a. Termination b. Action
c. Maintenance
d. Preparation
The exercise motivation inventory is comprised of 10 sources of exercise motivation. In the Stages of Change Theory, the stage defined as "after a period of 6 months, there is now less risk that people will quit the new behavior" is the Maintenance stage.
The exercise motivation inventory is a tool used to measure the various sources of motivation individuals may have when it comes to exercise. These sources can include intrinsic factors such as enjoyment, satisfaction, and personal challenge, as well as extrinsic factors like social recognition, weight management, and health improvement. The inventory helps to assess the relative importance of these different sources in motivating individuals to engage in regular exercise. Therefore, the correct answer is option c. 10 sources. The Stages of Change Theory, also known as the Transtheoretical Model, describes the process individuals go through when making behavioral changes. It consists of several stages: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance. The Maintenance stage is reached after a period of 6 months, during which individuals have successfully adopted the new behavior and are working to sustain it in the long term. At this stage, the risk of relapse decreases, and individuals have integrated the behavior change into their lifestyle. Thus, the correct answer is option c. Maintenance.
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"A consumer is a private individual who acquires goods of some sorts and may include natural persons and artificial Human beings." How do you understand this statement?
This statement defines a consumer as an individual or artificial human being who acquires goods.
How is a consumer defined?This statement suggests that a consumer refers to a person or entity that purchases or obtains goods. It further suggests that consumers can be either natural persons, meaning individual human beings, or artificial human beings, which could potentially refer to entities like artificial intelligence systems or robots. In essence, this statement broadens the definition of consumers to include both human individuals and non-human entities that acquire goods.
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discuss below 3 types of suppliers
1. Local suppliers
2. National suppliers
3.International suppliers
In the business environment, there are three types of suppliers: local suppliers, national suppliers, and international suppliers.
Local suppliers: Local suppliers are suppliers that operate within a specified area, typically within the same state, region, or city where the business operates. These suppliers are often preferred since they provide immediate deliveries and can even respond to urgent orders. They help to establish a healthy working relationship with companies within the community and provide opportunities for small business growth. Local suppliers have an advantage over national or international suppliers because they have a better understanding of the local market and can provide specialized products and services at a lower cost.
National supplier: National suppliers operate within the borders of a country or nation. They offer goods or services to businesses throughout the country, even in different states or regions. They usually have more extensive delivery networks, which means they can fulfill orders promptly. National suppliers are ideal for companies that require a more comprehensive range of products or services or have operations in several locations. They offer consistent products or services at a lower cost than international suppliers because they don't have to deal with international shipping fees and import taxes.
International suppliers: International suppliers are suppliers that operate beyond national borders and offer products or services to businesses in different countries. They are known for their extensive product range and can provide specialized products or services. However, international suppliers have longer delivery times due to longer shipping distances, increased transportation costs, and customs procedures. Although their prices may be lower, international suppliers can be more expensive due to import tariffs and exchange rates.
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What is the future value of a 5-year ordinary annuity with annual payments of $ 1,102. evaluated at a 14.86 percent interest rate? Enter your answer to the nearest $.01. Do not use $ or, signs in your answer. Enter your answer as a positive number.
The future value of the annuity is approximately $7,227.36.
The future value of a 5-year ordinary annuity with annual payments of $1,102, evaluated at a 14.86 percent interest rate, can be calculated using the future value of an ordinary annuity formula:
Future Value = Payment x [(1 + Interest Rate)^Number of Periods - 1] / Interest Rate
Plugging in the values:
Payment = $1,102
Interest Rate = 14.86% = 0.1486
Number of Periods = 5
Future Value = $1,102 x [(1 + 0.1486)^5 - 1] / 0.1486 ≈ $7,227.36
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what do you think would happen to the expected return on the u.s. equity market index if investors perceive a decrease in the volatility of stock returns?
If investors perceive a decrease in the volatility of stock returns, the expected return on the U.S. equity market index will decrease as well. The equity market is one of the most critical segments of the financial market.
Investors look to make returns by buying and selling shares of companies that are traded on public stock exchanges. However, investing in the equity market is accompanied by the risk of losing money due to market volatility. In times of economic and political uncertainty, investors tend to be more cautious and reduce their investment in the equity market. The expected return on the U.S. equity market index is directly proportional to the risk involved. Therefore, as the volatility of stock returns increases, the expected return on the U.S. equity market index also increases. However, if investors perceive a decrease in the volatility of stock returns, they become more confident about their investments. As a result, the demand for stocks increases, which leads to a decrease in the expected return on the U.S. equity market index. In other words, the decrease in volatility is an indicator of stability and predictability, which reduces the risk premium required by investors to invest in the equity market.
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: A company working at 90% capacity is producing 13,500 units per year. It follows flexible budget method. The following figures are taken from its budget. Particulars 90% 100% Sales 15,00,000 16,00,000 Fixed 3,00,500 3,00,600 Semi-fixed costs 97,500 1,00,500 variable costs 1,45,000 1,49,500 Number of units 13,500 15,000 The cost of Material and labour is fixed per unit. Margin of profit 10%. From the above particulars suggest: (a) the differential cost when production is 1500 units and the capacity is increased to 100% and (b) the export price of 1500 units assuming that the foreign prices are very low when compared to domestic prices.
To calculate the differential cost when production is increased to 100% capacity (15,000 units), we need to consider the difference in costs between operating at 90% and 100% capacity.
The differential costs can be calculated as follows: Fixed Costs: Differential fixed costs = 100% fixed costs - 90% fixed costs Differential fixed costs = Rs. 3,00,600 - Rs. 3,00,500 Differential fixed costs = Rs. 100Therefore, the differential cost when production is increased to 100% capacity is the sum of the differential fixed costs, differential semi-fixed costs, and differential variable costs: Differential cost = Rs. 100 + Rs. 3,000 + Rs. 4,500 Differential cost = Rs. 7,600.
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Economic Order Quantity
Annual Demand
200000
Ordering Cost
45
Annual Inventory Holding Rate %
25
Cost per Unit
10
Working Days per Year
365
Lead Time (Days)
7
To calculate the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), which determines the optimal order quantity for a product, you'll need the following information:
Annual Demand: The total number of units demanded over a year. In this case, it is 200,000 units.
Ordering Cost: The cost incurred for placing an order. Here, it is $45 per order.
Annual Inventory Holding Rate %: The cost of holding inventory as a percentage of the unit cost. It is given as 25%.
Cost per Unit: The cost of each unit. It is $10 per unit.
Working Days per Year: The number of business days in a year. Assuming 365 working days.
Lead Time (Days): The time it takes to receive an order after it is placed. In this case, it is 7 days.
EOQ = √[(2 × Annual Demand × Ordering Cost) / (Annual Inventory Holding Rate % × Cost per Unit)]
EOQ = √[(2 × 200,000 × 45) / (25% × 10)]
EOQ = √[(2 × 200,000 × 45) / (0.25 × 10)]
EOQ = √[(18,000,000) / (2.5)]
EOQ = √7,200,000
EOQ ≈ 2,683.28 (rounded to the nearest whole number)
Therefore, the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) for this scenario is approximately 2,683 units. This represents the optimal order quantity that minimizes the total cost of ordering and holding inventory.
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Need help for this question and please tell me which criminology theory applies to your explanation. Your answer should look like you asked it from someone else (in short interview question). Please do not forget to support your answer with proper theory.
Q : What do you think could change people from involvement in crime ?
your answer should belong to one of these theories ( Rational choice, Social disorganization, Strain, Social learning, Social control or labeling or biology theory)
Interviewer: What do you think could change people from involvement in crime.
Interviewee: According to social control theory, if an individual has strong bonds with society, they are less likely to engage in criminal behavior. Social control theory states that individuals follow the law because of their social bonds with others, institutions, and society as a whole. The stronger these bonds are, the less likely an individual is to commit crimes.Among the elements of social control theory are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. Attachment refers to the emotional ties people have with family, friends, and community. Commitment refers to an individual's involvement in socially acceptable activities, such as education and employment. Involvement refers to the individual's active participation in activities that don't involve criminal behavior. Belief refers to an individual's acceptance of societal norms and values. Individuals who strongly believe in the law are less likely to break it. Therefore, social control theory believes that individuals with strong social bonds are less likely to engage in criminal behavior.
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Explain impact of capital adequacy ratio on the safety of a
bank. Analyse why Basel 2 did not prevent widespread bankruptcies
in the 2008-2009 recession.
[25 Marks]
The capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is a measure of a bank's capital in relation to its risk-weighted assets.
It is designed to ensure that banks maintain sufficient capital to absorb potential losses and protect depositors and creditors. A higher CAR indicates a stronger financial position and enhances the safety of a bank.
The impact of the capital adequacy ratio on the safety of a bank is significant. A higher CAR provides a cushion against unexpected losses and reduces the risk of insolvency. It ensures that a bank has enough capital to cover its liabilities and absorb potential losses from risky assets or adverse economic conditions. A strong CAR also enhances confidence among depositors and creditors, as it indicates the bank's ability to meet its obligations.
However, Basel II, which introduced a more risk-sensitive approach to capital requirements, did not prevent widespread bankruptcies during the 2008-2009 recession. There were several factors contributing to this:
Inadequate Risk Assessment: Basel II relied on internal risk models of banks, which proved to be flawed and underestimated the true risks associated with complex financial products, such as mortgage-backed securities and derivatives. This led to banks holding inadequate capital against these risky assets.
Procyclicality: Basel II did not effectively address the issue of procyclicality, where banks tend to reduce capital during periods of economic expansion and increase it during downturns. This exacerbates the impact of economic downturns and weakens the resilience of the banking system.
Systemic Risks: The financial crisis of 2008-2009 was characterized by interconnectedness and systemic risks. Basel II did not adequately address these systemic risks arising from the interdependencies among financial institutions and the contagion effect of their failures.
Regulatory Arbitrage: Some banks exploited loopholes and engaged in regulatory arbitrage to reduce their capital requirements, undermining the effectiveness of Basel II.
Overall, the weaknesses in risk assessment, procyclicality, inadequate consideration of systemic risks, and regulatory arbitrage undermined the ability of Basel II to prevent widespread bankruptcies during the 2008-2009 recession. Subsequent revisions, such as Basel III, aimed to address these shortcomings and strengthen the resilience of the banking system by introducing more robust capital and liquidity requirements.
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3 points Save Answer A retailer buys an article from the wholesaler at $80 and the wholesaler charges a VAT at the prescribed rate of 5%. The retailer fixes the price at $ 100 and charges VAT at the s
In this scenario, a retailer purchases an article from a wholesaler for $80 and incurs a value-added tax (VAT) at a rate of 5%. The retailer then sets the selling price at $100 and charges the same VAT rate.
To calculate the VAT paid by the retailer, we need to find 5% of the purchase price, which is $80. The VAT paid is $80 * 0.05 = $4.
Next, to determine the VAT collected from the customer, we calculate 5% of the selling price, which is $100. The VAT collected is $100 * 0.05 = $5.
Therefore, the retailer pays $4 in VAT to the wholesaler and collects $5 in VAT from the customer. The difference between the VAT collected and the VAT paid is the retailer's VAT liability, which is $5 - $4 = $1. The retailer will remit this $1 to the tax authorities.
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WHY DO ACTIVISTS BELIEVE THE ECONOMY'S SELF CORRECTING MECHANISM
IS SLOW? 20 marks.
Activists believe that the economy's self-correcting mechanism is slow due to factors such as rigidities, market failures, and inadequate policy responses.
The slow self-correcting mechanism of the economy is a view held by activists who argue that market forces alone are insufficient to ensure a swift recovery from economic downturns or to address structural issues. They point out that various factors contribute to this sluggishness. For instance, rigidities in labor markets, such as minimum wage laws or high levels of employment protection, can impede quick adjustments in employment and wages, delaying the restoration of equilibrium. Additionally, market failures, such as imperfect information or externalities, can disrupt the efficient functioning of markets and hinder self-correction. Moreover, activists argue that inadequate policy responses can further prolong the self-correction process. In their view, policy interventions, such as austerity measures or insufficient fiscal stimulus during recessions, can exacerbate economic downturns and hinder recovery. They advocate for proactive government policies, including fiscal stimulus, targeted regulations, and social safety nets, to address market failures, reduce inequalities, and promote a more efficient and equitable self-correction mechanism.
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Why
business consider redundancy?
1 Reason (Explain with examples)
Redundancy is the process where an employer discharges or reduces the jobs of one or more workers due to the reduction of production in the company, a change in the direction of the business, or a merger or acquisition.
Redundancy in the workplace is an option for businesses to cut back on staff in times of economic uncertainty and a decline in business activity. Here are some of the reasons why business considers redundancy: Redundancy can save the business money in the short term by reducing employee expenses such as salaries, pensions, and bonuses. Redundancy enables the business to stay operational in the long term by making tough choices to ensure that it can weather the economic storms that come along.
For example, companies in the retail sector like BHS and Toys R Us closed their doors and laid off thousands of workers because they were unable to keep up with online competitors. Redundancy provides companies with the opportunity to remove underperforming employees who may be holding the business back or to restructure the workforce in a way that aligns with the current objectives of the company, for example, by increasing the number of technical staff in the business.
In conclusion, redundancy is a tough decision that most companies must face at some point in their lifespan. Although it can be emotionally difficult for employees, it can be the best course of action for businesses to stay afloat.
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) A consumer lives for two periods. His current income is Y₁ = 100, and his income next period is Yt+1 = 121. Suppose the real interest rate is 10%. Assume he has the log utility function. Assume he has the log utility function and B = 1. U = log Ct + Blog Ct+1 a) Suppose the consumer faces a no-borrowing constraint. That is, he can only save. Under the no-borrowing constraint, what is the Euler equation, the optimal consumption Ct, Ct+1? Plot your solution on the new intertemporal budget constraint along with the no-borrowing constraint
Under the no-borrowing constraint, the consumer can only save, meaning he cannot consume more than his current income.
To find the optimal consumption levels, we can use the Euler equation, which equates the marginal utility of consumption in the current period to the discounted marginal utility of consumption in the next period.
Given the log utility function U = log(Ct) + B log(Ct+1) and the no-borrowing constraint, the Euler equation can be expressed as:
1/Ct = (1 + r) * 1/Ct+1
where r is the real interest rate.
Substituting the given values, the equation becomes:
1/Ct = (1 + 0.10) * 1/Ct+1
Simplifying further, we get:
Ct+1 = (1.10) * Ct
Now, let's solve for optimal consumption levels Ct and Ct+1. Since the consumer cannot borrow, he can only consume his current income in the first period (Ct = Y₁ = 100). Using the equation Ct+1 = (1.10) * Ct, we can calculate the optimal consumption in the second period:
Ct+1 = (1.10) * 100 = 110
Plotting this on the intertemporal budget constraint, we see that the consumer's consumption in the first period is 100, and in the second period is 110, given the no-borrowing constraint. The budget constraint represents the combinations of current and future consumption that the consumer can afford, and the no-borrowing constraint restricts the consumer's choices to points on or below the 45-degree line. The optimal consumption point lies on the budget constraint line and is determined by the Euler equation and the given interest rate.
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Under a confirmed letter of credit, the beneficiary will get paid:
Under a confirmed letter of credit, the beneficiary will get paid by the confirming bank upon meeting the specified conditions of the letter of credit.
Under a confirmed letter of credit, the beneficiary will get paid by the confirming bank.
A confirmed letter of credit is a guarantee of payment issued by a bank (the issuing bank) on behalf of a buyer (the applicant) to a seller (the beneficiary). In this type of letter of credit, the confirming bank adds its own guarantee to the letter of credit, providing an additional level of assurance to the beneficiary.
Once the beneficiary fulfills the conditions stated in the letter of credit, such as presenting the required documents and meeting the terms and conditions of the agreement, the confirming bank is obligated to make payment to the beneficiary. The confirming bank's payment is independent of the payment obligation of the issuing bank, meaning that the beneficiary can receive payment from the confirming bank even if the issuing bank fails to fulfill its payment obligation.
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mrs. stewart came in to your retail pharmacy and wants to know what aisle your acid reflux medications are? you should:
If Mrs. Stewart came to the retail pharmacy and wants to know what aisle your acid reflux medications are, the pharmacist should guide her to the relevant aisle where the medication is available.
A retail pharmacy is a pharmacy that operates in a retail store. This type of pharmacy is intended to serve customers directly. Retail pharmacies are usually located in drugstores, grocery stores, and big-box stores like Walmart and Target.
Acid reflux medication is a medicine that is used to alleviate the symptoms of acid reflux. It is available over the counter or by prescription and works by reducing the amount of acid in the stomach.
When Mrs. Stewart came in to the retail pharmacy and asked where the acid reflux medication is available, the pharmacist should guide her to the relevant aisle where the medication is available. Also, the pharmacist can ask Mrs. Stewart if she needs help choosing a specific medication for acid reflux symptoms, and the pharmacist can also provide additional information about the medication, including its potential side effects, proper dosage, and how to take it.
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LOGISTIC MANAGEMENT
Question 1 (a)
You are selected to be part of the team in the Raju’s Hill Strawberry Farm located in Cameron Highlands.
(a) Examine the logistics activities throughout the supply chain from raw materials to end user.
[25 marks]
Logistics activities are an essential part of the supply chain. This refers to the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption to meet customer requirements.
Logistics activities are an essential part of the supply chain. This refers to the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption to meet customer requirements. As a member of the team at Raju’s Hill Strawberry Farm, it is important to examine the logistics activities throughout the supply chain from raw materials to end-user.Raw Materials:In the case of Raju’s Hill Strawberry Farm, raw materials would include seeds, fertilizers, equipment, and other supplies needed to cultivate the strawberries. Proper planning and coordination would be required to ensure that these materials are available when needed and are of good quality. This will help to ensure that the strawberries produced are of high quality and meet customer expectations.Production:In the production stage, it is important to ensure that the necessary equipment and labor are available and utilized efficiently. Proper planning is essential to ensure that the strawberries are produced in a timely and cost-effective manner.Storage:Once the strawberries are harvested, proper storage facilities must be available to keep them fresh until they are transported to the end-user. Proper storage facilities should be designed and equipped to maintain the required temperature, humidity, and ventilation.Transportation:Transportation is a critical part of the supply chain. The strawberries must be transported from the farm to the end-user in a safe and efficient manner. Proper transportation planning will help to ensure that the strawberries arrive at their destination in good condition and on time.Distribution:Finally, the distribution of the strawberries must be coordinated to ensure that they reach the end-user in a timely and cost-effective manner. This will require proper planning and coordination to ensure that the strawberries are delivered to the right location at the right time and in the right quantity.In conclusion, efficient logistics activities throughout the supply chain are essential for the success of Raju’s Hill Strawberry Farm. Proper planning, coordination, and execution of logistics activities from raw materials to end-user are necessary to ensure that the strawberries produced are of high quality, meet customer expectations, and are delivered in a timely and cost-effective manner.
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suppose you write one texas instruments august 80 call contract quoted at $6. if, at expiration, the price of a share of texas instruments stock is $79, your profit would be _________.
If you write one Texas Instruments August 80 call contract quoted at $6, the profit made at the expiration when the price of a share of Texas Instruments stock is $79 is $5.
If you write one Texas Instruments August 80 call contract quoted at $6, the profit made at the expiration when the price of a share of Texas Instruments stock is $79 is $5. The call option is a financial agreement between two parties where the holder has the right but not the obligation to purchase the underlying asset at a predetermined price at a specific period while the writer of the contract is obligated to sell the asset when the holder wants to exercise the contract.An option is referred to as an in-the-money option if the underlying asset's price is above the strike price at the expiration of the option. Also, the option is an out-of-the-money option if the underlying asset's price is below the strike price at the expiration of the option.Suppose an investor sells (writes) one Texas Instruments August 80 call contract quoted at $6. It means that the investor will earn a premium of $6 per share sold, with the strike price of $80 and an expiration in August. The investor is bearish about the Texas Instruments stock and hopes that the share price will drop before the expiration date.The potential profit that can be made depends on the stock's closing price at the expiration date. If the share price is above the strike price of $80, the option is referred to as being in-the-money. On the other hand, if the stock price is below the strike price, the option is referred to as out-of-the-money.Using the example, suppose the price of a share of Texas Instruments stock is $79 at expiration. The option is considered to be out-of-the-money since it is below the strike price of $80. Therefore, the option is worthless, and the writer will keep the premium received from selling the option, which is $6. Hence, the profit made from the transaction is $6 (premium). Therefore, the profit made at the expiration when the price of a share of Texas Instruments stock is $79 is $5.
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A ________ is a separate company created and owned by two or more independent entities to achieve a common business objective.
A) wholly owned subsidiary
B) joint venture
C) strategic alliance
D) turnkey project
B) Joint venture is a separate company created and owned by two or more independent entities to achieve a common business objective.
A joint venture is a separate company that is created and owned by two or more independent entities (companies or individuals) to achieve a common business objective. It involves the pooling of resources, expertise, and capital to pursue a specific project or venture. Joint ventures are often established when two or more parties believe that they can accomplish more together than individually. The entities involved in a joint venture typically share both the risks and rewards associated with the venture. Joint ventures can be formed for various purposes, such as entering new markets, developing new products, or sharing research and development costs. They allow the participating entities to leverage each other's strengths and mitigate risks through collaboration and shared responsibilities.
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Chris contracts to buy 40 acres of land from Dee. If Dee breaches the contract, Chris normal remedy would be
Damages
Specific performance
Quasi contract
Reformation
D). Quasi contract and reformation are not likely to be relevant in this situation. Specific performance is a legal remedy in which a court orders the breaching party to perform their contractual obligation as promised.
Damages may also be available to Chris as a remedy, but it is not typically the first option in a contract dispute involving the sale of land. Damages refer to monetary compensation that the non-breaching party can seek to recover for any losses or harm suffered as a result of the breach.
Quasi contract is a legal theory in which a court can impose an obligation on a party to prevent unjust enrichment, even in the absence of an actual contract. Reformation, on the other hand, is a remedy in which a court can modify a contract to correct a mistake or error made by the parties.
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42. Please describe, in your own words, how the unemployment rate, inflation rate and GDP growth rate give us an overall perspective on the health of the economy. 43. Please share in a few words, why
Unemployment rate, inflation rate, and GDP growth rate are some of the most important indicators of economic health. These indicators help economists, policymakers, and investors understand the health of the economy.
Let's take a look at each one of these indicators:
Unemployment rate: The unemployment rate measures the percentage of people who are unemployed and actively looking for work. A high unemployment rate indicates that there is a shortage of jobs and that the economy is struggling. On the other hand, a low unemployment rate indicates that there are plenty of jobs available, and the economy is doing well.
Inflation rate: The inflation rate measures the rate at which prices are rising in an economy. A high inflation rate means that the prices of goods and services are increasing rapidly, which can lead to decreased purchasing power for consumers. A low inflation rate indicates that prices are stable, which is generally considered a positive sign for the economy.
GDP growth rate: The GDP growth rate measures the rate at which the economy is growing. A high GDP growth rate indicates that the economy is expanding, which can lead to increased job opportunities and higher wages. On the other hand, a low GDP growth rate can indicate that the economy is contracting, which can lead to job losses and lower wages.
In conclusion, these indicators are crucial for understanding the overall health of the economy. By analyzing these indicators, economists and policymakers can make informed decisions that can help improve the economy.
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