The process of gelatinisation occurs when starch granules are heated in a liquid, causing them to swell and burst, which results in the liquid thickening. [Note that gelatinisation is different from gelation which is the removal of heat, such as ice cream is set when it is frozen.]
The disorganization of the starch granule's molecular arrangement is known as starch gelatinization. As a result, the granules enlarge, crystallites melt, birefringence is lost, viscosity is developed, and solubilization occurs. To investigate starch gelatinization, several analytical methods have been used.Long, interconnected strands of sugar molecules provide the structure of starch. Plants use starch primarily to aid with energy storage. Starch is a source of sugar in an animal's diet. Animals employ the amylase enzyme, which is found in saliva and the pancreas and breaks down starch for energy.
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in the laboratory, choice and preference are investigated by arranging schedules of reinforcement.
In the laboratory, choice, and preference are investigated by arranging concurrent schedules of reinforcement.
Concurrent schedules of reinforcement are set up in the lab to examine choice and preference. This enables scientists to investigate how and when animals make decisions between various options. We can learn more about animal behavior and environmental adaptation by comprehending how animals make decisions.
This is accomplished by offering the subject two or more options and tracking their decision-making process over time. The findings of these studies inspired Michael Murray-Slavkin, a forerunner in the field of preference testing, to formulate a theory known as "the Principles of Choice."
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if glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and the citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, how do the products of glycolysis get inside the mitochondrial matrix?
Pyruvate is created in the cytoplasm via glycolysis, but it is oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix (in eukaryotes).
Pyruvate must enter the mitochondrion, penetrate its inner membrane, and reach the matrix before the chemical processes can commence.
The citric acid cycle occurs within the mitochondrion in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative metabolism happens at the internal folded mitochondrial membranes (cristae).
The citric acid cycle liberates stored energy by increasing acetyl-CoA oxidation. For eukaryotes, the process occurs within the mitochondrial matrix, while for prokaryotes, it occurs in the cytosol. The citric acid cycle generates three products: 1ATP, decreased FADH2 and NADH, and two molecules of CO2.
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a new strand of dna is made. write the name of the process and the main enzyme involved. process is called : enzyme that adds new nucleotides is called:
Replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. DNA replication involves DNA polymerase enzyme to add new nucleotides.
Our genome contains approximately 333 billion base pairs of DNA, all of which must be precisely duplicated each time one of your trillions of cells divides.
Semiconservatism applies to DNA replication. The double helix's individual strands serve as templates for the creation of new, complimentary strands. DNA polymerases, which require a template and a primer (beginning) and synthesis DNA in the 5' to 3' orientation, are the enzymes responsible for creating new DNA. One new strand of DNA is created as a single continuous unit during DNA replication. The other is composed of tiny fragments. DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA ligase, and topoisomerase are other enzymes necessary for DNA replication in addition to DNA polymerase.
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the frequency of a recessive allele in a population is 50%. what is the frequency of the dominant allele?
The frequency of a dominant allele in a population is 0.75. If the frequency of a recessive allele in a population is 50%.
Given
Frequency of recessive allele in percent q² = 50%
q = 0.5
From Hardy Weinberg principle
if no unfavorable factors exist, genetic variation in a population will remain stable from one generation to the next.
p + q = 1
p = 1-0.5
p = 0.5
Frequency of dominant allele
p² + 2pq =
(0.5)2 +2 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.75
Hence, frequency of dominant allele is 0.75.
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when using the crispr-cas9 system to make a mutation in a cell, the guide rna will contain which sequences (or complementary versions of the sequence):
While using the crispr-cas9 system to make a mutation the sequence required is 20 bases sequence.
In an ordinary CRISPR study, an sgRNA is designed to have a manual collection domain (specific as gRNA in our study) on the 5′ end, that is complementary to the goal collection.
The rationally designed sgRNA is then used to manual the Cas9 protein to precise webweb sites withinside the genome for centered cleavage.Better concentrated on of CRISPR-Cas9In maximum instances the manual RNA includes a particular collection of 20 bases. These are complementary to the goal collection withinside the gene to be edited. However, now no longer all 20 bases want to suit for the manual RNA as a way to bind.
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which term best matches the type of stimulation of a muscle may receive which does not produce noticeable contraction?
Stimulation is the promotion of growth or, more broadly, the cause of activity.As an illustration, "The press stimulates political conversation."Regardless of how it affects the senses physically, an interesting or enjoyable activity can be referred to as "stimulating".
Which two kind of stimulation are there?Stimuli might be internal or external.One example of an external stimulus is how a drug impacts your body.Changes in your vital signs brought on by a shift in your body is an example of an internal stimulus.
What are the four stimuli for the touch sense?The four fundamental sensations of pressure, heat, cold, and pain are reacted to by various combinations of the many nerve endings that are implanted in our skin.Only pressure, however, has unique receptors of its own.Our capacity to perceive the locations and motions of various body parts is known as proprioception.
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Location Four: Select two events that you predict will be observed. If I explore two oceanic plates at a convergent boundary, then I will observe:
earthquakes
faults
ocean formation
mountains
volcanoes
island chains
seafloor spreading
which of the choices below determines the direction of gases moving across the respiratory membrane? group of answer choices the temperature partial pressure gradient molecular weight and size of the gas molecule solubility in water
Partial pressure determines the direction of gases moving across the respiratory membrane.
A gas will circulate from a place in which its partial strain is better to a place in which its partial strain is lower. In addition, the extra the partial strain distinction among the 2 areas, the greater speedy is the motion of gases.
There are also other factors such as membrane thickness, membrane surface areas, diffusion coefficient and many others.
Out of the given options, partial pressure is the correct choice as it determines the direction of gases.
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PLEASE HELP ME 65 POINTS
How many valence electrons are in the alkaline earth metal family? do they form cations or anions?.
There are 2 valence electrons in the alkaline earth metal family. They form cations.
Alkaline earth metals have two valence electrons. This means that when it reacts with other elements, it loses two electrons instead of gaining them, making it a cation or cation.
A valence electron is an electron withinside the outermost shell or strength degree of an atom. For example, oxygen has six valence electrons, withinside the 2s subshell and 4 withinside the 2p subshell.
A cation is a positively charged ion. Anions are negatively charged ions. Ions are charged atoms or molecules. When a balanced atom loses one or more electrons, it becomes a positively charged cation. When a balanced atom gains one or more electrons, it becomes a negatively charged anion.
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Which of the following occurs during anaphase?
chromosomes condense and become visible
cell membrane divides
chromatids pull towards opposite poles of the cell
nuclear membrane forms
Students are comparing the functions of carbohydrates and lipids. Which cellular function would be shared between carbohydrates and lipids?.
A cellular function that is shared between carbohydrates and lipids is energy production.
Carbohydrates like glucose will be oxidized to pyruvic acid in glycolysis which gets transported to mitochondria where it gets converted to acetyl co-a. Acetyl co-a then enters Kreb's cycle in which Nadh and Fadh molecules are formed these molecules are oxidized in the electron transport chain to form ATP which is an energy currency of a cell. Lipids are oxidized through the beta-oxidation pathway to form acetyl co-a which enters the Krebs cycle to form Nadh and Fadh molecules which are oxidized in the electron transport chain to form ATP. This explains how carbohydrates and lipids share the same function which is energy production.
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discuss the glycoproteins and glycolipids that have terminal sialic acids on their oligosaccharide chains.
Sialic acids (Sias) are nine-carbon atom sugars that are typically found on the cell surface as terminal residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids or secreted. They play crucial roles in cellular communication as well as in pathogen infection and survival.
The glycoconjugates (glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans) on surface membranes help maintain water at the surface of cells because they contain sialic acid-rich oligosaccharides.The majority of sialic acids are found in the terminal ends of glycoproteins and glycolipids, in tissue and capsular polysialic acids, and in bacterial lipooligosaccharides/polysaccharides. Sialic acids also exist in many forms that determine their function in biology.Sialic acids are essential parts of the majority of the selectin family of cell adhesion molecules' ligands, which mediate interactions between immune cells and/or involve platelets as well as leukocyte rolling along endothelium.Sialic acids (Sias) are nine-carbon atom sugars that are typically found on the cell surface as terminal residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids or secreted. They play crucial roles in pathogen infection and survival as well as cellular communication.
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would you expect a plant living in a very dry environment (desert) to have leaves with a high surface area to volume ratio or a low surface area to volume ratio? to retain heat would an organisms more likely have a high surface area to volume ratio or a low surface area to volume ratio? how about for respiration?
Low surface area to volume ratio in a dry atmosphere . Low surface area to volume ratio to retain heat for respiration, organisms with a high surface area to volume ratio are more likely.
Photosynthesis benefits heterotrophs in a number of ways. They rely on the process for producing oxygen, which is created as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Furthermore, photosynthesis supports the autotrophs on which heterotrophs rely for survival.
Because many species have comparable genes regardless of the habitat they are in, gene flow among populations decreases the opportunity for local adaptation within each group.
The plant's large surface area allows it to absorb as much sunlight as possible, which is essential for photosynthesis to produce food for the plant.
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vesicle formation is driven by the binding of clathrin or cop proteins. select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a true b false
It is true that vesicle formation is driven by the binding of clathrin or COP proteins.
Vesicle formation is used to recycle membrane components and allow extracellular substances to enter the cell. Thus, endocytosis and a variety of cellular functions are linked to vesicle formation.
The majority of transport vesicles originate in specialized, membrane-coated regions. They emerge as coated vesicles with a distinct cytosolic surface cage of proteins.
Coated vesicles can be broken down into three distinct categories based on the coat proteins they contain:clathrin-covered, COPI-covered, and COPII-covered vesicles. In the cell, different transport steps rely on each type.
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Thermogenesis has been studied the plants in the genus Arum, including skunk cabbage and the corpse flower. In these plants, what hypotheses have been provided to explain the reason behind thermogenesis? Select ALL that apply
a) protection from frost damage
b) leaf production and photosynthesis.
c) seed germination.
d) heat source for pollinators
c) pollinator attraction.
Answer:
a,b,c
Explanation:
Protection from frost damage, leaf production and photosynthesis along with seed germination explain the reason behind thermogenesis.
What is thermogenesis?
The process through which organisms produce heat is known as thermogenesis. All warm-blooded creatures experience it, and a few thermogenic plant species including the Eastern skunk cabbage, the Voodoo lily, and the huge water lilies of the genus Victoria also experience it.
One of the primary purposes of transpiration, which serves as the upper terminal mover of the water circulation in plant systems, is thermoregulation. It establishes a constant water flow from the plant's root system to its leaves and other vegetative organs, uniting them into one whole.
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A chemist, during the course of an analysis, runs across a chemical that he determines to be composed of a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is probably
A-An ATP molecule
B-An amino acid
C-A fatty acid
D-A monosaccharide
Compare antibacterial spectrum of amoxicillin (Amoxil) to amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin). Adding a beta-lactamase inhibitor, like clavulanate, increases coverage against:A. Gram negative and anaerobic pathogensB. Gram positive pathogensC. MRSA
Augmentin (amoxicillin / clavulanate) is an antibiotic that contains both amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate. It is used to treat several bacterial illnesses. Amoxil (amoxicillin) is a penicillin antibiotic that is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections.
Augmentin can cure the same germs as amoxicillin, but it is also effective against other more difficult-to-treat diseases, such as: Infections of the sinuses. Infections of the ears. Bacterial infections linked to COPD.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as doxycycline, azithromycin, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, mupirocin, and fluoroquinolones, target a broad range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, whereas narrow-spectrum antibiotics, such as vancomycin, fidaxomicin, and sarecycline, target a narrow range of clinically important bacteria.
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quasars emit significant amounts of radiation from the lyman-alpha transition. when the spectrum is observed on earth, it is found that the lyman-alpha line is accompanied by many absorption lines, called the lyman-alpha forest. what is the origin of these lines?
The Lyman-alpha absorption strains withinside the quasar spectra end result from intergalactic gas by which the galaxy or quasar's mild has traveled.
Infalling gas found, star-forming galaxies probable number one electricity supply of Lyman-alpha radiation emitted from big H₂ gas blobs. Billions of lightyears away, big clouds of hydrogen gas produce a unique sort of radiation, a form of ultraviolet mild referred to as Lyman-alpha emissions. The Lyman-alpha absorption strains withinside the quasar spectra end result from intergalactic gas by which the galaxy or quasar's mild has traveled.
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Most repressor proteins are allosteric. Which of the following binds with the repressor to alter its conformation?
A) inducer
B) promoter
C) RNA polymerase
D) transcription factor
E) cAMP
Inducer binds with the repressor to alter its conformation.
What is a Repressor?
In genomics, a repressor is a protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes. The repressor protein inhibits messenger RNA production by binding to the promoter region of the gene(s) (mRNA). Repressor proteins are required for gene expression regulation in cells.
Repressors are proteins that inhibit or reduce gene expression, as evidenced by decreased messenger RNA production from the affected gene. Repressor proteins typically work by binding to and blocking critical DNA sequences in the gene, such as the promoter, which initiates mRNA transcription. In bacteria, repressors and activators of gene expression are distinct.
However, in higher eukaryotic cells, a DNA binding protein can act as an activator or repressor of gene expression, depending on its interactions with other proteins in the cell or other cellular context. Other molecules, such as non-coding RNA, may also act as repressors.
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In relation to their position in a food chain, what do plants and photosynthetic algae have in common?.
Plants and photosynthetic algae both are producers in relation to their position in a food chain.
Producers also termed as autotrophs, they make their own food. They are on the first position of every food chain. Plants and photosynthetic algae are the organism that can produce their own food by using the materials from organic sources, like- sunlight, carbon dioxide etc. Therefore, they can be called as producers or autotrophs in relation to their position in a food chain. They formed the base of an energy pyramid of ecosystem.
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osteocytes are surrounded by a dense, bony matrix. how do they get the nutrients they need to survive?
Osteocytes can enter blood vessels and deliver nutrients to the bone. On the other hand, osteoclasts degrade the matrix and release the resulting products into the blood.
Osteocytes receive nutrients through their dendrites, which are tentacle-like structures that extend through tiny structures called canaliculi. Because they make up 95% of the cells in adult bones and aid in the formation of bone, osteoclasts require nutrients.
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What is the difference between a musculoskeletal disease and a musculoskeletal disorder.
Answer:
A disease is an illness that is suddenly acquired, and a disorder is present at birth.
Explanation:
Musculoskeletal discomfort has a wide range of reasons. The wear and tear of daily activities can cause muscle tissue injury.
Musculoskeletal discomfort can also be caused by trauma to a region.
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about 12,000 years ago climate conditions were changing and humans spent more time fishing and collecting plant foods. the big game animals were less numerous and hunting became more a solitary activity. this new way of life marks the beginning of the:
Hunting and other new ways of life mark the mesolithic age.
Give a brief description of the mesolithic age.
Between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic is the Old World archaeological period known as the Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age. Particularly outside of northern Europe and for the equivalent time in the Levant and Caucasus, the word "Epipaleolithic" is frequently used synonymously.
Smaller chipped stone tools replaced larger chipped stone stools as the preferred seating option (microliths). Hunting big herds of animals in packs gave way to a more hunter-gatherer way of life. As the Mesolithic Age came to a conclusion, people started cultivating crops and engaging in animal husbandry, which is the controlled raising of domestic animals for food and other purposes. The Mesolithic Age saw the production of a variety of pottery in some parts of the world. The dogs were domesticated during the Mesolithic Age.
Hence, the answer is the mesolithic age.
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Classify the carbohydrate tagatose by both the carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms.
Ketohexoses the carbohydrate tagatose by both the carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms.
Class of naturally occurring substances and derivatives created from them known as carbohydrates. Early in the 19th century, it was discovered that materials like wood, starch, and linen were primarily made of molecules with the general formula C6H12O6, which contained atoms of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).
Six-carbon monosaccharides known as ketohexoses include fructose, psicose, sorbose, and tagatose. Due to their thermolability, these compounds have been studied utilising our LA-CP-FTMW spectrometer, which requires the use of a laser ablation source to convert solid samples into gaseous forms.
Despite having a linear structure, ketohexoses quickly cyclize in aqueous solutions to produce combinations of pyranose and furanose forms [106]. The two enantiomers and are produced when the cyclization reaction changes the C2 in chiral carbon.
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Which action is one role of RNA polymerase during transcription
A. To break down an already existing protein
B. To produce a start sequence
C. To switch uracil with thymine on the exposed gene
D. To build a molecule of mRNA
Answer:
D) To build a molecule of mRNA
Explanation:
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jessie has elevated levels of triacylglycerides and fatty acids and normal levels of cholesterol. however, there is no evidence of ketone body formation. which statement best explains jessie's test results?
The statement which best explains Jessie's test results is b)She has elevated levels of triglycerides and fatty acids, because she recently ate a large meal. So, option b is correct.
A fatty substance (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester gotten from glycerol and three unsaturated fats (from tri-and glyceride).[1] Fatty oils are the fundamental constituents of muscle versus fat in people and different vertebrates, as well as vegetable fat. They are likewise present in the blood to empower the bidirectional transaction of fat and blood glucose from the liver, and are a significant part of human skin oils.
Many kinds of fatty substances exist. One explicit grouping centers around soaked and unsaturated sorts. Immersed fats have no C=C gatherings; unsaturated fats highlight at least one C=C gatherings. Unsaturated fats will generally have a lower melting point than immersed analogs; subsequently, they are in many cases fluid at room temperature.
Hence, option b is correct.
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(Complete question) is:
Jessie has elevated levels of triacylglycerides and fatty acids and normal levels of cholesterol. However, there is no evidence of ketone body formation. Which statement best explains Jessie's test results?
a)She has elevated levels of triglycerides and fatty acids, because she is obese.
b) She has elevated levels of triglycerides and fatty acids, because she recently ate a large meal.
c)She does not produce ketone bodies due to her athleticism
d)She does not produce ketone bodies because of her vegan diet.
e) She does not produce ketone bodies due to a metabolic impairment. MacBook Air
a defective na /k atpase pump is isolated from a plasma membrane and studied. careful measurements in the laboratory determine that the pump is able to hydrolyze atp and transports 3 na ions across the plasma membrane. the pump is also able to bind 2 k with high affinity. however, the pump is unable to shuttle k ions across the plasma membrane. based on these observations, what is the most likely cause of the defect in this pump?
It is impossible for the damaged Na+/K+ ATPase to dephosphorylate itself.
The phosphorylated form of the Na+/K+ ATPase has a high affinity for K+ ions and a low affinity for Na+ ions, and it is one of the two forms that the Na+/K+ ATPase pump alternates between. The pump releases the bound 3 Na+ ions outside the cell and binds to the 2 K+ ions from the surroundings as a result of the release of phosphate from ATP and phosphorylation of Na+/K+ ATPase. K+ ions are released inside the cell as a result of the Na+/K+ ATPase's decreased affinity for K+ ions as a result of dephosphorylation.
To attain its dephosphorylated form, a faulty Na+/K+ ATPase must be able to select and bind K+ ions but not transport them across the membrane. If phosphate were not released, the pump's affinity for K+ ions would not be lowered and it would not be able to release them to the other side of the membrane.
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quizlet you cross a true-breeding, red-flowered snapdragon with a true-breeding, white-flowered one. all of the f1 are pink. what does this say about the parental traits?
what does this say about the parenting style . Red displays partial dominance over white.
In genetics, dominance refers to a gene's (allele's) greater impact over another gene that affects the same inherited trait. The T allele (and the attribute of tallness) is said to be entirely dominant if a pea plant with the alleles T and t (T = tallness, t = shortness) is the same height as a TT person. It is said that T is partially or incompletely dominant if the T t individual is shorter than the T T but still taller than the t t individual. This means that T has a greater influence than t but does not completely mask t, which is said to be recessive.
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How does genetic evidence support the idea of evolution?
Answer:
DNA sequence comparisons can show how different species are related.
Explanation: