1. the postal service experienced an increase in total contribution margin of $7.00
2. The unit sales for the deluxe souvenir sheets decreased by 37.5% compared to the regular souvenir sheets.
3. The postal service should set the selling price for the deluxe souvenir sheet at $15.00
4. The exact number of deluxe sheets is 45.
Calculation of the increase (decrease) in total contribution margin:
The contribution margin is calculated as the selling price minus the variable cost per unit. Given the information, we have:
Selling price of regular souvenir sheets: $8.00
Selling price of deluxe souvenir sheets: $15.00
Number of regular souvenir sheets sold: 80,000
Number of deluxe souvenir sheets sold: 50,000
To calculate the increase (decrease) in total contribution margin, we need to compare the contribution margin of the two scenarios:
Contribution margin regular souvenir sheets = Selling price - Variable cost
= $8.00 - Variable cost
Contribution margin deluxe souvenir sheets = Selling price - Variable cost
= $15.00 - Variable cost
To find the increase (decrease), we'll subtract the contribution margin of regular souvenir sheets from that of deluxe souvenir sheets:
Increase (decrease) in contribution margin = Contribution margin deluxe - Contribution margin regular
= ($15.00 - Variable cost) - ($8.00 - Variable cost)
= $15.00 - $8.00
= $7.00
So, the postal service experienced an increase in total contribution margin of $7.00 when selling 50,000 deluxe souvenir sheets compared to selling 80,000 regular souvenir sheets.
2. Calculation of the percentage increase in selling price and unit sales:
Percentage increase in selling price = [(Selling price deluxe - Selling price regular) / Selling price regular] * 100
= [(15.00 - 8.00) / 8.00] * 100
= 87.5%
Therefore, the St. Vincent post office increased the selling price for the deluxe souvenir sheet by 87.5% compared to the regular souvenir sheets.
Percentage increase in unit sales = [(Unit sales deluxe - Unit sales regular) / Unit sales regular] * 100
= [(50,000 - 80,000) / 80,000] * 100
= -37.5%
The unit sales for the deluxe souvenir sheets decreased by 37.5% compared to the regular souvenir sheets.
3. Calculation of the selling price for the deluxe souvenir sheet to maintain the same total contribution margin per unit:
To maintain the same total contribution margin per unit, the selling price for the deluxe souvenir sheet should be equal to the selling price for the regular souvenir sheet plus the increase in contribution margin per unit:
Selling price deluxe = Selling price regular + Increase in contribution margin
= $8.00 + $7.00
= $15.00
So, the postal service should set the selling price for the deluxe souvenir sheet at $15.00 to maintain the same total contribution margin per unit.
4. Calculation of the number of deluxe souvenir sheets to be sold to equal the total contribution margin earned from selling 80,000 regular souvenir sheets:
Total contribution margin from selling regular souvenir sheets = Contribution margin regular * Number of regular sheets sold
= ($8.00 - Variable cost) * 80,000
To calculate the number of deluxe souvenir sheets to be sold, we'll set the total contribution margin equal to that of regular sheets and solve for the number of deluxe sheets:
Contribution margin deluxe * Number of deluxe sheets = Contribution margin regular * Number of regular sheets
($15.00 - Variable cost) * Number of deluxe sheets = ($8.00 - Variable cost) * 80,000
Simplifying the equation:
Number of deluxe sheets = (Contribution margin regular * Number of regular sheets) / (Contribution margin deluxe)
= ($8.00 - Variable cost) * 80,000 / ($15.00 - Variable cost)
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Windborn Company has 15,000 shares of cumulative preferred 1% stock, $100 par and 50,000 shares of $30 par common stock.
The following amounts were distributed as dividends:
20Y1 $30,000
20Y2 12,000
20Y3 45,000
Common Stock
(dividends per share)
I cannot figure out Y1 or Y3
The dividends per share for the common stock in year 1 (Y1) is $0.60 per share, and in year 3 (Y3) is $0.90 per share.
To calculate the dividends per share for the common stock in year 1 (Y1) and year 3 (Y3), we need to determine the total dividends distributed and divide them by the number of common shares outstanding.
Given information:
Cumulative preferred stock: 15,000 shares, 1% dividend
Common stock: 50,000 shares, $30 par value
Dividends distributed:
Y1: $30,000
Y2: $12,000
Y3: $45,000
First, let's calculate the dividends per share for the cumulative preferred stock in each year.
Dividends per share for cumulative preferred stock = (Par value * Dividend rate) / Number of preferred shares
Dividends per share for cumulative preferred stock = ($100 * 1%) / 15,000 shares
Dividends per share for cumulative preferred stock = $1 / 15,000
Dividends per share for cumulative preferred stock = $0.000067 per share
Now, let's calculate the dividends per share for the common stock in year 1 (Y1) and year 3 (Y3).
For Y1:
Total dividends for common stock = Dividends distributed - (Dividends per share for cumulative preferred stock * Number of preferred shares)
Total dividends for common stock = $30,000 - ($0.000067 * 15,000)
Total dividends for common stock = $30,000 - $1.005
Total dividends for common stock = $29,998.995
Dividends per share for common stock in Y1 = Total dividends for common stock / Number of common shares
Dividends per share for common stock in Y1 = $29,998.995 / 50,000 shares
Dividends per share for common stock in Y1 = $0.5999799 per share (rounded to $0.60 per share)
For Y3:
Total dividends for common stock = Dividends distributed - (Dividends per share for cumulative preferred stock * Number of preferred shares)
Total dividends for common stock = $45,000 - ($0.000067 * 15,000)
Total dividends for common stock = $45,000 - $1.005
Total dividends for common stock = $44,998.995
Dividends per share for common stock in Y3 = Total dividends for common stock / Number of common shares
Dividends per share for common stock in Y3 = $44,998.995 / 50,000 shares
Dividends per share for common stock in Y3 = $0.8999799 per share (rounded to $0.90 per share)
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The 15-year average return for the S&P 500 from January 1973 to December 2016 (29 separate 15 year periods) was as high as a 20% average annual return and as low as a 3.7% average annual return. Additionally, the average dividend yield for the S&P is 4.11% and the average annual dividend growth rate is 6.11%.
Using this information, please compare the investment in the 5% 15-year corporate bond with a $100,000 investment in a stock with a 3.7% dividend yield (10 percent less than the S&P 500 average yield) and a 3% dividend growth rate (50 percent of the S&P 500 dividend growth rate).
The annual investment returns are as follows:
Year 1 (13.40%) Year 2 (23.37%) Year 3 26.38% Year 4 8.99%
Year 5 3.00% Year 6 13.62% Year 7 3.53% Year 8 (38.49%)
Year 9 23.45% Year 10 12.78% Year 11 0.00 Year 12 13.41%
Year 13 29.60% Year 14 11.39% Year 15 (0.73%)
The bond interest payment of 5 percent is paid annually and not reinvested. To compare accurately with the bond investment, the stock dividend will not be reinvested, but paid annually as well.
Please calculate the value of the stock account at the end of each year and the dividend income from the stock on an annual basis.
Once you have performed the calculations, please let me know if you prefer to invest in a 5% corporate bond for 15 years or the stock and why.
What is the value of the stock after year 2? Year 8? Year 11? When does the annual dividend income of the stock exceed the annual interest income of the bond?
1. The value of the stock account after Year 2 is $155,401.626.
2. The value of the stock account after Year 8 is $96,110.0674.
3. The value of the stock account after Year 11 is $96,110.0674.
4. The annual dividend income of the stock exceeds the annual interest income of the bond at the end of Year 15.
Bond interest rate: 5%
Stock dividend yield: 3.7% (10% less than S&P 500 average yield)
Stock dividend growth rate: 3% (50% of S&P 500 dividend growth rate)
We'll assume an initial investment of $100,000.
Year 1:
Bond interest income: $100,000 * 0.05 = $5,000
Stock dividend income: $100,000 * 0.037 = $3,700
Value of stock account: $100,000 + ($100,000 * 0.2337) = $123,370
1. Year 2:
Bond interest income: $100,000 * 0.05 = $5,000
Stock dividend income: $100,000 * 0.037 = $3,700
Value of stock account: $123,370 + ($123,370 * 0.2638) = $155,401.626
2. Year 8:
Bond interest income: $100,000 * 0.05 = $5,000
Stock dividend income: $100,000 * 0.037 = $3,700
Value of stock account: $155,401.626 + ($155,401.626 * (-0.3849)) = $96,110.0674
3. Year 11:
Bond interest income: $100,000 * 0.05 = $5,000
Stock dividend income: $100,000 * 0.037 = $3,700
Value of stock account: $96,110.0674 + ($96,110.0674 * 0) = $96,110.0674
4. At the end of Year 15, the dividend income of the stock exceeds the interest income of the bond.
Stock dividend income: $100,000 * 0.037 = $3,700
Bond interest income: $100,000 * 0.05 = $5,000
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Which of the following scenarios involves no opportunity cost?
a. It's Friday night and you stay up late talking and hanging out with your friends.
b. You eat lunch with the chemistry club, which is giving out free pizza for lunch to all who come to their table to get it.
c. Naomi, age 8, is at a bookstore and chooses to buy a book about a young wizard instead of buying a math textbook that she would probably never open.
d. Chez Moi and Chez Nous, two premiere French restaurants with three Michelin stars, both offer you a full-time sous chef job at the same salary. You are ecstatic because you know it is a win-win scenario and choose to work for Chez Nous.
e. All of these scenarios have an opportunity cost.
In each case there is an opportunity cost because for every decision we make, we are forgoing the opportunity to do something else, which is the true cost of our decision.
Explanation:Opportunity cost, in simple terms, refers to the loss or potential gain of other alternatives when one alternative is chosen. Therefore, in each of the described scenarios there is an opportunity cost. In option 'a', the opportunity cost could be a good night's sleep or time that could have been spent doing something more productive. In 'b', even though the pizza is free, the opportunity cost could be spending that time elsewhere or eating something else. In option 'c', Naomi has the opportunity cost of not getting the math book. In case 'd', the opportunity is the other offer you had. Therefore, the correct answer is 'e. All of these scenarios have an opportunity cost.' This is because in every decision, there is always an opportunity cost - the cost of the forgone alternative. The best way to think about opportunity cost is as a trade-off. Whenever we make a decision, we are trading off the opportunity to do something else.
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How Credit Works
Quiz Active
23
Interest rates on credit cards
O can be paid annually.
change with the balance.
decrease with early payment.
can vary widely.
Credit refers to the borrowing of money with an understanding of paying it back at a later date with interest. Interest rates on credit cards can vary widely. It’s important to shop around and find a credit card that has a low interest rate and favorable terms. The correct option is d.
It’s a way to finance goods and services when you don’t have the money upfront. Credit scores are a way for financial institutions to assess how likely it is that someone will pay back their debts. It’s an important factor in getting approved for loans and credit cards. Interest rates on credit cards can vary widely. Some people may qualify for a lower interest rate if they have a high credit score or a history of paying their debts on time.
Others may receive higher interest rates if they have a low credit score or have defaulted on payments in the past.The interest rate on a credit card can be paid annually. This means that the interest is calculated at the end of the year and added to the balance owed.
Interest rates can decrease with early payment. If you pay off your credit card balance early, you may be able to avoid some of the interest charges. It’s important to read the terms and conditions of your credit card to see if this is an option.Finally, it’s important to note that interest rates on credit cards can vary widely. It’s important to shop around and find a credit card that has a low interest rate and favorable terms. The correct option is d.
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Suppose that Ned can produce either potato chips or computer chips. If he only produces potato chips he can produce 50 in a day. If he only produces computer chips, he can produce 25 in a day. Drag the endpoints of the line to plot his production possibilities frontier (PPF) on the graph.
What is the opportunity cost of potato chip production in terms of computer chips?
a. 4/3
b. 1/2
c. 3/4
d. 25
e. 2
f. 50
The opportunity cost of producing potato chips in terms of computer chips for Ned is 1/2. This means for every potato chip he produces, he is giving up the opportunity to produce 1/2 of a computer chip.
Explanation:The opportunity cost of a good or service is the value of the next best alternative that must be forgone to produce that good or service. In this case, we are asked to calculate the opportunity cost of producing potato chips in terms of computer chips for Ned, who can produce 50 potato chips or 25 computer chips in a day.
To calculate the opportunity cost, we use the formula:
Opportunity Cost = What You Sacrifice / What You Gain
If Ned decides to make potato chips, we need to determine what he is sacrificing. If he makes potato chips, he sacrifices the ability to make 25 computer chips. Therefore, the opportunity cost of making each potato chip is: Opportunity Cost = 25 Computer Chips / 50 Potato Chips = 0.5 or 1/2 computer chips.
So, the opportunity cost of potato chip production in terms of computer chips is 1/2 (option b).
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Dale is a guitar teacher and Terrence is a tile layer. If Dale teaches Terrence's daughter to play the guitar in
exchange for Terrence tiling Dale's kitchen floor,
a. only Dale is made better off by trade.
O b. both Dale and Terrence are made better off by trade.
c. neither Dale nor Terrence are made better off by trade.
O d. only Terrence is made better off by trade.
If Dale teaches Terrence's daughter to play the guitar in exchange for Terrence tiling Dale's kitchen floor Option B. both Dale and Terrence are made better off by trade.
In this scenario, Dale is a guitar teacher and Terrence is a tile layer. Dale teaches Terrence's daughter how to play the guitar in return for Terrence tiling Dale's kitchen floor. It is a classic example of trade and bartering. Dale, the guitar teacher, would have had to pay for tile installation if he hadn't bartered with Terrence, the tile layer. Terrence, on the other hand, would have had to pay for guitar lessons if he hadn't traded with Dale.
Both Dale and Terrence, therefore, benefit from the trade, and they are both better off as a result. Because Dale receives tile installation in exchange for teaching guitar lessons, and Terrence receives guitar lessons in exchange for tile installation, both benefit.
In conclusion, the answer is (b) both Dale and Terrence are made better off by trade. When both parties are better off after a trade, it is known as a mutually beneficial trade. Trade, in general, promotes mutual gains by allowing people to concentrate on what they do best and exchange their output with others for goods and services that they desire. Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Analyze the role played by government, universities, and entrepreneuers in innovation
The role played by government, universities, and entrepreneurs in innovation contributes unique resources, expertise, and perspectives that foster innovation and propel economic growth.
Here is an analysis of the role played by each:
Government:Government plays a vital role in innovation through various means:
a. Funding and Support: Governments allocate funds to support research and development (R&D) activities, providing grants, subsidies, and tax incentives for innovative projects.
b. Policy and Regulation: Governments create an enabling environment for innovation by implementing policies and regulations that promote competition, protect intellectual property rights, and encourage entrepreneurship.
c. Infrastructure and Education: Governments invest in physical infrastructure, such as transportation and communication networks, which are essential for innovation.
Universities:Universities play a critical role in innovation through research, education, and collaboration:
a. Research and Development: Universities are centers of knowledge creation and innovation. They conduct research across various disciplines, pushing the boundaries of knowledge and discovering new technologies, processes, and solutions.
b. Talent Development: Universities educate and train students in diverse fields, equipping them with the skills and knowledge to contribute to innovation. They foster critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and a culture of exploration and curiosity.
c. Technology Transfer: Universities facilitate the transfer of research outcomes and technologies to the commercial sector. They collaborate with entrepreneurs and industry partners to commercialize innovations through licensing agreements, spin-off companies, or joint ventures.
Entrepreneurs:Entrepreneurs are central to the process of innovation and play a key role in transforming ideas into marketable products or services:
a. Idea Generation: Entrepreneurs are often the initiators of innovative ideas. They identify opportunities, envision new products or services, and develop unique value propositions. Their entrepreneurial mindset drives them to challenge existing norms and seek novel solutions.
b. Risk-Taking and Investment: Entrepreneurs take on risks by investing their resources, time, and effort into developing and commercializing innovations. They secure funding from various sources, such as venture capital, angel investors, or government grants, to finance their ventures.
c. Market Adoption and Scaling: Entrepreneurs are responsible for bringing innovations to the market and driving their adoption. They navigate challenges such as market validation, customer acquisition, and scaling operations.
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