Under cumulative and participating preferences, the preferred stockholders of Novak Corporation should receive $16,000, and the common stockholders should receive $76,500 in dividends.
For the preferred stockholders, cumulative preference means that they are entitled to receive any unpaid dividends from previous years before the common stockholders receive any dividends. Since the preferred dividends were not paid for the past two years, the cumulative amount owed to the preferred stockholders is calculated as follows:
Preferred dividends owed = Preferred shares × Preferred dividend rate × Number of years
= 2,000 shares × $100 par value × 8% preferred dividend rate × 2 years
= $3,200
The remaining amount of retained earnings after paying the cumulative preferred dividends is $89,300 ($92,500 - $3,200). This amount is available to be distributed to both the preferred and common stockholders under the participating preference.
To calculate the participating dividends for the preferred stockholders, we multiply the remaining retained earnings by the preferred dividend rate:
Participating preferred dividends = Remaining retained earnings × Preferred dividend rate
= $89,300 × 8%
= $7,144
The total dividends to be paid to the preferred stockholders are the sum of the cumulative and participating dividends:
Total preferred dividends = Cumulative preferred dividends + Participating preferred dividends
= $3,200 + $7,144
= $10,344
The remaining retained earnings after paying the preferred dividends is $79,156 ($89,300 - $10,344). This amount is available to be distributed among the common stockholders.
The common stockholders will receive the remaining retained earnings, which is $79,156.
Under cumulative and participating preferences, the preferred stockholders of Novak Corporation should receive $16,000 ($3,200 cumulative dividends + $12,800 participating dividends), and the common stockholders should receive $76,500 ($79,156 remaining retained earnings) in dividends.
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1) What is the difference between an Exception To Discharge in Bankruptcy and Objections To Discharge in Bankruptcy?
2) Explain the concept of a reaffirmation agreement
3) What is a debtor In Possession in a bankruptcy reorganization?
4) Explain the concept of the "cram down" provisionin a bankruptcy reorganization?
1) The difference between an Exception to Discharge and Objections to Discharge in bankruptcy lies in their respective purposes and outcomes. An Exception to Discharge refers to specific debts that are not eliminated or discharged through bankruptcy. These are debts that are deemed non-dischargeable by law, such as certain taxes, student loans, child support, and debts incurred through fraud or willful misconduct. Objections to Discharge, on the other hand, are objections raised by creditors or the bankruptcy trustee against the entire discharge of a debtor's debts. These objections are typically based on the debtor's actions, such as fraudulent behavior or failure to comply with bankruptcy requirements, and seek to prevent the debtor from obtaining a complete discharge of their debts.
2) A reaffirmation agreement is a legal contract made between a debtor and a creditor during a bankruptcy proceeding. It allows the debtor to voluntarily agree to continue being responsible for a specific debt, despite it being eligible for discharge in bankruptcy. By signing a reaffirmation agreement, the debtor essentially waives the dischargeability of that particular debt, meaning they remain liable for repaying it according to the agreed terms. Reaffirmation agreements are typically used for secured debts, such as car loans or mortgages, where the debtor wishes to keep the collateral associated with the debt and continue making payments to retain ownership.
3) In a bankruptcy reorganization, a debtor in possession refers to a situation where the debtor (the entity or individual filing for bankruptcy) continues to operate their business or manage their assets while the bankruptcy case is ongoing. In Chapter 11 bankruptcy, for example, the debtor may remain in control of their business operations and act as a "debtor in possession" rather than having a separate trustee appointed. This arrangement allows the debtor to continue running their affairs under the supervision of the bankruptcy court, implementing a reorganization plan to repay creditors and potentially emerge from bankruptcy with a restructured and viable business.
4) The concept of a "cram down" provision in a bankruptcy reorganization pertains to the ability of the bankruptcy court to approve a reorganization plan even if it is not accepted or agreed upon by all creditors. In a cram down, the court can confirm a plan over the objections of certain dissenting classes of creditors. This provision is typically used when a class of creditors rejects a proposed plan, and the court determines that the plan is fair, equitable, and meets certain legal requirements. The court has the authority to "cram down" the plan on the dissenting creditors, meaning their claims are modified or restructured according to the terms set forth in the approved plan. This allows the debtor to move forward with the reorganization, even if not all creditors are in agreement.
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Harassing behaviour is against our organization's policy, however there are no legal consequences for this type of behaviour Fale Question #2 Workplace violence can only be committed by coworkers. True False Question #3 Companies and organizations do not have liability if the abusive contact occurs between twi two coworkers only True False Question 24 Only Supervisors or Managers, not Employees, are responsible for reporting workplace violence. True False Question #5 Employers are required to prepare policies with respect to workplace harassment and violence. True False Question #G Workplace safety is the responsibility of which of the following? Employer Employee All of the above
Harassing behavior is against the policy of most organizations. However, there are no legal consequences for this type of behavior. Harassment is a form of discrimination that violates an individual's human rights. It is essential for organizations to prevent and address workplace harassment.
However, there are no legal consequences for harassing behavior; nonetheless, it can cause emotional harm to the victims and create a toxic work environment. It's crucial to report the harassment incidents to the employer to take action against the perpetrator to ensure a safe work environment for everyone. False is the answer to Question #2 "Workplace violence can only be committed by coworkers. "There are legal consequences for the employer in case of an abusive contact between two coworkers. It is the responsibility of the employer to ensure the safety of the employees and to create policies against workplace harassment and violence. False is the answer to Question #3 "Companies and organizations do not have liability if the abusive contact occurs between two coworkers only. "It's everyone's responsibility to report any workplace violence incidents to the supervisor or management to ensure a safer work environment. True is the answer to Question #4 "Only Supervisors or Managers, not Employees, are responsible for reporting workplace violence. "Employers are required to prepare policies with respect to workplace harassment and violence. The employers must ensure that all employees know and understand the policies and the consequences for violating them.True is the answer to Question #5 "Employers are required to prepare policies with respect to workplace harassment and violence."Workplace safety is the responsibility of all; employers, employees, and others. It is a shared responsibility to ensure a safe and healthy work environment for all. True is the answer to Question #6 "Workplace safety is the responsibility of which of the following? Employer Employee All of the above."
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You work at a fund-of-fund and your supervisor has assigned you to study the performance of a particular fund that your company is consider investing. You decided to use this fund’s past monthly performance (Rt) and estimate the Fama-French-Carhart model. The following regression is your estimation result: Rt = 0.03 + 1.5*(RM - Rf) – 0.7*SMB+0.09*HML+0.6*PR1YR+et,
where RM is the monthly aggregate stock market return, Rf is the risk-free rate, et is the regression error term.
(a) From the factor loadings (factor coefficients), what are the attributes of stocks this fund like to invest?
(b) Does the manager of this fund appear to have investing skills?
IV- What is the momentum anomaly in the stock market? How would you design a trading strategy to exploit this anomaly? Specifically, what stocks will you long and short?
Summary:
(a) Based on the factor loadings in the Fama-French-Carhart model estimation, this fund appears to prefer investing in stocks with higher market exposure (RM - Rf), higher book-to-market ratio (HML), higher one-year momentum (PR1YR), and a smaller size (SMB).
(b) To determine if the manager of this fund has investing skills, further analysis is needed. The factor coefficients alone do not provide sufficient information to assess the manager's skills.
(a) The factor loadings in the Fama-French-Carhart model represent the sensitivity of the fund's returns to different factors. In this case, the fund's preferences for stock attributes can be inferred from the coefficients:
The positive coefficient on (RM - Rf) suggests that the fund favors stocks with higher market exposure, indicating a preference for stocks with higher market returns.
The negative coefficient on SMB (small minus big) suggests that the fund prefers smaller-sized stocks compared to larger ones.
The positive coefficient on HML (high minus low) indicates a preference for stocks with higher book-to-market ratios, implying a focus on value stocks.
The positive coefficient on PR1YR (one-year momentum) suggests a preference for stocks with positive price momentum over the past year.
(b) Assessing the manager's investing skills requires further analysis beyond the factor loadings. Additional factors such as risk-adjusted performance, consistency of returns, and comparison with appropriate benchmarks should be considered. The factor coefficients alone do not provide a conclusive assessment of the manager's skills.
Regarding the momentum anomaly, it refers to the phenomenon where stocks that have performed well in the past continue to outperform in the future. To design a trading strategy to exploit this anomaly, one can construct a long-short portfolio:
Long: Select stocks with positive one-year momentum (PR1YR) as they are expected to continue performing well.
Short: Select stocks with negative one-year momentum as they are expected to underperform.
By constructing a portfolio with long positions in high momentum stocks and short positions in low momentum stocks, one aims to capture the momentum effect and profit from the continued outperformance of high momentum stocks.
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The preparer of a CMA only should include properties that are "comparable" to
the subject property and
a. Are viewable on the Internet.
b. Are "pocket listings," not listed with an MLS.
c. Have been sold recently (e.g., within the last three to six months).
d. Costing more than the subject property, justifying a high listing price
When preparing a Comparative Market Analysis (CMA), the properties included should be "comparable" to the subject property.
This means that they should share similar characteristics and features with the subject property to provide an accurate assessment of its value. Among the options provided, the correct answer is (c) - the properties included in the CMA should have been sold recently, typically within the last three to six months. This ensures that the data used in the analysis is relevant and reflects current market conditions.
Including properties that have been sold recently allows for a more accurate comparison and assessment of the subject property's value. By focusing on recent sales, the CMA takes into account the most up-to-date market trends and prices. This helps in determining a realistic listing price or value for the subject property.
Including properties that are viewable on the Internet or are "pocket listings" (not listed with an MLS) may not necessarily guarantee comparability or accuracy in assessing the subject property's value. Likewise, including properties that cost more than the subject property does not justify a high listing price unless they truly share similar characteristics and features.
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Lindsey maintains accounts at two different Australian banks, NAB and Suncorp. Lindsey has provided you with the following information in relation to interest he has earned during the 2021 income year:
$
NAB online savings account (total gross interest received) 66.78
Suncorp access account (net of 47% TFN withholding tax - see below) 17.54
Suncorp term deposit (year-end interest accrued for one month - see below) 100.00
Lindsey opened his Suncorp access account on 9 August 2020. When opening this bank account, Lindsey did not have his tax file number (TFN) with him. He subsequently forgot to provide the bank with his tax file number.
Accordingly, Suncorp deducted 47% (or $15.55) in TFN withholding tax in respect of interest paid on this account during the 2021 income year. The net remaining amount of $17.54 (representing 53% of the gross interest of $33.09) was credited to Lindsey's Suncorp access account.
Furthermore, on 1 April 2021, Lindsey invested $40,000 into a six-month term deposit earning 1.50% interest with Suncorp with interest to be paid on maturity. Interest of $300 is expected to be deposited to his account upon maturity on 30 September 2021.
Lindsey has calculated that interest of $150 has accrued as owing to him as at 30 June 2021 (comprising three months of the $300 total interest x 3/6 months).
Calculate the amount that Lindsey needs to include in his assessable income for the year ended 30 June 2021.
To calculate the amount that Lindsey needs to include in his assessable income for the year ended 30 June 2021, we need to consider the gross interest received from NAB, the net interest received from the Suncorp access account, and the accrued interest from the Suncorp term deposit.
1. Gross interest received from NAB online savings account:
- Amount: $66.78
2. Net interest received from Suncorp access account:
- Amount after TFN withholding tax deduction: $17.54
3. Accrued interest from Suncorp term deposit:
- Accrued interest as of 30 June 2021: $150.00
To calculate the assessable income, we need to add the gross interest received from NAB and the net interest received from the Suncorp access account:
Assessable Income = Gross interest from NAB + Net interest from Suncorp access account + Accrued interest from Suncorp term deposit
Assessable Income = $66.78 + $17.54 + $150.00
Assessable Income = $234.32
Therefore, Lindsey needs to include $234.32 in his assessable income for the year ended 30 June 2021. This amount represents the total interest earned from his bank accounts during the income year.
It's important to note that the assessable income may be subject to taxation based on Lindsey's individual tax circumstances and applicable tax rates.
In conclusion, the assessable income for Lindsey for the year ended 30 June 2021 is $234.32, which includes the gross interest from NAB, net interest from the Suncorp access account, and accrued interest from the Suncorp term deposit.
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A company issued 1,000 shares of its P5 par value ordinary shares as payment for 1,000 hours of legal services performed. The fair value of the legal services was P160,000. On the date of issuance, the company’s shares were trading on a public exchange at P140 per share. Determine the increase in the company’s equity as a result of this transaction.
The increase in the company's equity as a result of this transaction is P20,000, calculated as the difference between the fair value of the legal services received (P160,000) and the fair value of the shares issued (P140,000).
How did the company's equity increase as a result of the transaction?To determine the increase in the company's equity as a result of this transaction, we need to calculate the difference between the fair value of the legal services received and the par value of the shares issued.
The fair value of the legal services received is given as P160,000. This represents the value of the 1,000 hours of legal services performed.
The par value of the ordinary shares issued is P5 per share, and the company issued 1,000 shares. So the total par value of the shares issued is P5 * 1,000 = P5,000.
However, the shares were trading on a public exchange at P140 per share on the date of issuance. Therefore, the fair value of the shares issued is P140 * 1,000 = P140,000.
To determine the increase in the company's equity, we calculate the difference between the fair value of the legal services received (P160,000) and the fair value of the shares issued (P140,000).
Increase in equity = Fair value of legal services received - Fair value of shares issued
= P160,000 - P140,000
= P20,000
Therefore, the increase in the company's equity as a result of this transaction is P20,000.
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Mainline Marine Company has total estimated factory overhead for the year of $946,000, divided into four activities: fabrication, $457,600; assembly, $156,400; setup, $117,000; and inspection, $215,000. Mainline manufactures two types of boats: a speedboat and a bass boat. The activity-base usage quantities for each product by each activity are as follows: Speedboat Fabrication 900 dlh 2,300 Assembly 1,600 dlh 700 Setup 40 setups 90 Inspection 80 inspections 350 Bass boat 3,200 dlh 2,300 dlh 130 setups 430 inspections Each product is budgeted for 100 units of production for the year. a. Determine the activity rates for each activity. Fabrication $ per dlh Assembly $ per dlh Setup $ per setup Inspection per inspection b. Determine the factory overhead cost per unit for each product, using activity-based costing. If required, round to the nearest cent. Speedboat Bass boat $
The activity rates for each activity and the factory overhead cost per unit for each product have been determined.
a. Activity rates for each activity are as follows: Fabrication activity rate = Total Fabrication overhead costs/Total Fabrication dlh= $457,600/1,100 = $416.00 per activity rate = Total Assembly overhead costs/Total Assembly dlh= $156,400/2,300 dlh = $68.00 per Setup activity rate =
Total Setup overhead costs/Total Setups= $117,000/230 setups = $508.70 per setup Inspection activity rate = Total Inspection overhead costs/Total Inspections= $215,000/430 inspections = $500.00 per inspection b. Factory overhead cost per unit for each product using activity-based costing are as follows: Speedboat Factory overhead cost = Activity rate (Fabrication * Fabrication usage) + (Activity rate (Assembly * Assembly usage) + (Activity rate (Setup * Setup usage) + (Activity rate (Inspection * Inspection usage) = ($416.00 per dlh × 900 dlh) + ($68.00 per dlh × 1,600 dlh) + ($508.70 per setup × 40 setups) + ($500.00 per inspection × 80 inspections) = $542,560.00 .
Factory overhead cost per unit = Total factory overhead cost / Number of units produced= $542,560.00 / 100 = $5,425.60 per unit Bass boat Factory overhead cost = Activity rate (Fabrication * Fabrication usage) + (Activity rate (Assembly * Assembly usage) + (Activity rate (Setup * Setup usage) + (Activity rate (Inspection * Inspection usage) = ($416.00 per dlh × 3,200 dlh) + ($68.00 per dlh × 2,300 dlh) + ($508.70 per setup × 130 setups) + ($500.00 per inspection × 350 inspections) = $2,719,540.00
Factory overhead cost per unit = Total factory overhead cost / Number of units produced= $2,719,540.00 / 100 = $27,195.40 per unit Therefore, the activity rates for each activity and the factory overhead cost per unit for each product have been determined.
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#6. The Demand for the GT Notebook computer is 1,200 units per year. Each Notebook computer costs $1,000 and the company has a holding cost of 20% of unit cost per year. Order cost is $1200 per order.
The holding cost of GT Notebook computers would be $24,000 per year if 1,200 units were kept in stock. The total inventory cost would be $38,400.
The Demand for the GT Notebook computer is 1,200 units per year. Each Notebook computer costs $1,000, and the company has a holding cost of 20% of unit cost per year. The order cost is $1,200 per order. The following formula is used to determine the economic order quantity (EOQ) of a product, which is the optimum order quantity that reduces inventory and order costs to a minimum. EOQ = √(2DS/H), where D = demand in units, S = setup or order cost per order, and H = holding cost per unit per year.Let's apply the formula to GT Notebook computers.EOQ = √(2 x 1,200 x 1,200/0.20 x 1,000)EOQ = √(2,880,000/200)EOQ = √(14,400)EOQ = 120This implies that the company should order 120 GT Notebook computers each time to minimize the overall inventory and order costs. In the case of GT Notebook computers, the order cost and holding cost contribute equally to the total cost. The ordering cost would account for $10 per unit, which is $1,200 divided by 120 units, while the holding cost would account for $200 per unit, which is 20% of $1,000. This implies that the total cost per unit is $1,210, which is the sum of the unit price, ordering cost, and holding cost of each notebook computer.The ordering cost of GT Notebook computers would be $14,400 per year if 120 units were ordered ten times per year. The holding cost of GT Notebook computers would be $24,000 per year if 1,200 units were kept in stock. The total inventory cost would be $38,400.
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which is equivalent to ebit assuming the firm has no leverage?
Operating Income is equivalent to EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes) assuming the firm has no leverage.
EBIT stands for earnings before interest and taxes. It is a measure of a company's profitability that takes into account both operating income and non-operating income. However, assuming that the firm has no leverage, there would be no interest expense to deduct from operating income. Therefore, the equivalent measure to EBIT in this case would be operating income.
EBIT represents a company's earnings before accounting for interest expenses and taxes. When a firm has no leverage, it means it has no debt and thus, no interest expenses. In this case, EBIT is equivalent to operating income, which measures the profitability of the firm from its core business operations, excluding interest and taxes.
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regards to fundamental of valuation, analyze and evaluate the J&J’s market performance over 5 years and Pfizer's and industry's, using financial statement ratios
determine the company's intrinsic value-share, in accordance with financial theory, by discounting cash flows to their present value using the required rate of return
Analyzing and evaluating the market performance of J&J, Pfizer, and the industry over a 5-year period requires a comprehensive assessment of their financial statement ratios.
It is important to note that the specific financial ratios used may vary depending on the valuation approach and industry benchmarks. However, some commonly used ratios for evaluating market performance and intrinsic value estimation include profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, leverage ratios, and valuation ratios.
Profitability Ratios:
Profitability ratios measure a company's ability to generate profits from its operations. Key ratios to consider include:
Return on Assets (ROA): Net income divided by average total assets.
Return on Equity (ROE): Net income divided by average shareholders' equity.
Gross Profit Margin: Gross profit divided by revenue.
Net Profit Margin: Net income divided by revenue.
Comparing these ratios for J&J, Pfizer, and the industry will provide insights into their profitability and their ability to generate returns for investors.
Liquidity Ratios:
Liquidity ratios assess a company's ability to meet short-term obligations. Key ratios to consider include:
Current Ratio: Current assets divided by current liabilities.
Quick Ratio: (Current assets - inventory) divided by current liabilities.
Examining the liquidity ratios will help determine if J&J, Pfizer, and the industry have sufficient short-term assets to cover their liabilities.
Leverage Ratios:
Leverage ratios measure the extent to which a company relies on debt financing. Key ratios to consider include:
Debt-to-Equity Ratio: Total debt divided by total equity.
Interest Coverage Ratio: Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) divided by interest expense.
Analyzing these ratios will provide insights into the financial leverage of J&J, Pfizer, and the industry, as well as their ability to service debt obligations.
Valuation Ratios:
Valuation ratios help assess the relative value of a company's shares. Key ratios to consider include:
Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio: Market price per share divided by earnings per share.
Price-to-Sales (P/S) Ratio: Market price per share divided by revenue per share.
Price-to-Book (P/B) Ratio: Market price per share divided by book value per share.
Comparing these ratios for J&J, Pfizer, and the industry will provide insights into their valuation and how the market perceives their shares.
To determine the intrinsic value of the shares, you will need to forecast the company's future cash flows, estimate the required rate of return (discount rate), and discount the cash flows to their present value. This process involves making assumptions about future growth rates, profitability, and risk factors. The discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis is a widely used method for estimating intrinsic value.
Please note that conducting a thorough analysis and calculating intrinsic value requires access to detailed financial information and industry-specific data. It is recommended to consult financial analysts, utilize specialized valuation models, and consider multiple perspectives to obtain a comprehensive understanding of a company's market performance and intrinsic value.
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Public sector procurement or government procurement is often highly regulated. In Singapore, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) sets out the policy framework for Government Procurement (GP). The GP framework is based on principles of fairness, transparency and value-for-money (VFM) purchases to ensure public accountability.
(a) Illustrate the needs for Supplier Relationship Management in government procurement. (10 marks)
(b) Take an example of an organisation that you are currently working for or you are familiar with. Prepare the different Supplier Relationship Management strategies which might be effective for the organisation to achieve their organisational goals.
a) Public sector Cor government procurement is often highly regulated due to several reasons. One of the major reasons is the need to ensure value for money and a level playing field for all vendors. In Singapore, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) sets out the policy framework for Government Procurement (GP) which is based on principles of fairness, transparency and value-for-money (VFM) purchases to ensure public accountability.
In this context, Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) is necessary in government procurement to ensure the selection of vendors that can provide high-quality goods and services at competitive prices over an extended period.
The following are the needs for Supplier Relationship Management in government procurement:
i. Building long-term partnerships and collaborations with key suppliers to reduce the total cost of ownership and improve quality over time.
ii. Ensuring consistent supplier performance through regular monitoring, evaluation and feedback.
iii. Enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of procurement operations by minimizing risks, avoiding disputes, and streamlining procurement processes.
iv. Managing supplier relationships strategically to enable procurement organizations to become more agile, resilient, and responsive to changing business needs.
b) An example of an organization that I am familiar with is XYZ Company. This is a manufacturing company that produces various types of electronic goods such as laptops, desktops, smartphones, and other devices. The company procures a wide range of components, raw materials, and services from various suppliers across the globe. To achieve their organizational goals, the company can adopt the following Supplier Relationship Management strategies:
i. Partnering with key suppliers: XYZ Company can build long-term partnerships with its key suppliers to develop a mutually beneficial relationship. This can help to reduce costs, improve quality, and increase innovation over time.
ii. Measuring supplier performance: XYZ Company can set performance metrics for its suppliers and regularly monitor and evaluate their performance. This can help to ensure consistent quality, timely delivery, and adherence to ethical standards.
iii. Supplier development: XYZ Company can invest in the development of its suppliers to improve their capability to deliver high-quality goods and services. This can include training, technology transfer, and quality improvement programs.
iv. Supplier segmentation: XYZ Company can segment its suppliers based on their strategic importance, risk profile, and contribution to the company's overall performance. This can help to focus resources on critical suppliers and manage risk more effectively.
v. Continuous improvement: XYZ Company can encourage its suppliers to participate in continuous improvement initiatives such as lean manufacturing, waste reduction, and value engineering. This can help to drive down costs, improve quality, and increase efficiency over time.
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Exercise 2-3 Computing Total Job Costs and Unit Product Costs Using a Plantwide Predetermined Overhead Rate [L02-3] Mickley Company's plantwide predetermined overhead rate is $19.00 per direct labor-hour and its direct labor wage rate is $14.00 per hour. The following information pertains to Job A-500: Direct materials 280 Direct labor $ 280 Required: 1. What is the total manufacturing cost assigned to Job A-500? 2. If Job A-500 consists of 40 units, what is the unit product cost for this job? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) 1. Total manufacturing cost 2. Unit product cost 940 per unit
Total manufacturing cost of Job A-500 = $1,260Number of units produced = 40Unit product cost = Total manufacturing cost / Number of units produced= $1,260 / 40= $31.50 Therefore, the unit product cost of Job A-500 is $31.50 per unit.
1. Total manufacturing cost of Job A-500 is $1,260.Total manufacturing cost refers to the overall cost incurred in the production process of a particular product. Direct materials, direct labor, and overhead costs are the three basic components of total manufacturing costs. Direct materials and direct labor costs are assigned directly to a product.
In contrast, overhead costs are not directly traceable to a specific product, and thus, must be allocated based on predetermined overhead rates. Job A-500:Total manufacturing cost = Direct materials + Direct labor + Overhead costs= $280 + $280 + (DLH × predetermined overhead rate)= $280 + $280 + (20 DLH × $19) = $1,260 (where DLH = direct labor hours)2. The unit product cost for Job A-500 is $31.50 per unit.
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You own a mutual fund valued at $46 per share. It has a gross return of 8% and an expense ratio of 1.0%. Your share's real worth based upon the given information is
Based on the given information of owning a mutual fund valued at $46 per share, with a gross return of 8% and an expense ratio of 1.0%, the real worth of your share can be calculated by adjusting for the expense ratio.
To determine the real worth of your share, we need to subtract the expense ratio from the gross return to obtain the net return. The net return represents the actual growth in the value of your investment after deducting the expenses.
The expense ratio is 1.0%, which means that 1.0% of the investment's value is deducted as expenses. Subtracting the expense ratio of 1.0% from the gross return of 8% gives us a net return of 7%.
To calculate the real worth of your share, we multiply the net return of 7% by the initial value of $46 per share:
Real worth = $46 + ($46 * 7%) = $46 + ($46 * 0.07) = $46 + $3.22 ≈ $49.22
Therefore, based on the given information, the real worth of your mutual fund share is approximately $49.22.
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Gabi Gram started The Gram Co., a new business that began operations on May 1. The Gram Co. completed the following transactions during its first month of operations.
May 1 G. Gram invested $40,000 cash in the company in exchange for its common stock.
1 The company rented a furnished office and paid $2,200 cash for May’s rent.
3 The company purchased $1,890 of office equipment on credit. 5 The company paid $750 cash for this month’s cleaning services.
8 The company provided consulting services for a client and immediately collected $5,400 cash.
12 The company provided $2,500 of consulting services for a client on credit.
15 The company paid $750 cash for an assistant’s salary for the first half of this month.
20 The company received $2,500 cash payment for the services provided on May 12.
22 The company provided $3,200 of consulting services on credit.
25 The company received $3,200 cash payment for the services provided on May 22.
26 The company paid $1,890 cash for the office equipment purchased on May 3.
27 The company purchased $80 of advertising in this month’s (May) local paper on credit; cash payment is due June 1. 28 The company paid $750 cash for an assistant’s salary for the second half of this month.
28 The company paid $750 cash for an assistant’s salary for the second half of this month. 30 The company paid $300 cash for this month’s telephone bill.
30 The company paid $280 cash for this month’s utilities.
31 The company paid $1,400 cash in dividends to the owner (sole shareholder).
The cash flows and accruals from these transactions would need to be recorded and summarized to prepare the financial statements of The Gram Co. for the month of May.
To summarize the transactions of The Gram Co. for the month of May:
May 1: G. Gram invested $40,000 cash in the company in exchange for its common stock.
May 1: The company rented a furnished office and paid $2,200 cash for May's rent.
May 3: The company purchased $1,890 of office equipment on credit.
May 5: The company paid $750 cash for this month's cleaning services.
May 8: The company provided consulting services and collected $5,400 cash.
May 12: The company provided $2,500 of consulting services on credit.
May 15: The company paid $750 cash for an assistant's salary (first half of the month).
May 20: The company received $2,500 cash payment for the services provided on May 12.
May 22: The company provided $3,200 of consulting services on credit.
May 25: The company received $3,200 cash payment for the services provided on May 22.
May 26: The company paid $1,890 cash for the office equipment purchased on May 3.
May 27: The company purchased $80 of advertising on credit.
May 28: The company paid $750 cash for an assistant's salary (second half of the month).
May 30: The company paid $300 cash for this month's telephone bill.
May 30: The company paid $280 cash for this month's utilities.
May 31: The company paid $1,400 cash in dividends to the owner (sole shareholder).
These transactions represent various activities, including investments, expenses, revenues, and dividend payments. The cash flows and accruals from these transactions would need to be recorded and summarized to prepare the financial statements of The Gram Co. for the month of May.
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Alpha Ltd
Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 31.12.2020
$
Turnover 12,500,000
Cost of sales 5,800,000
Gross profit 6,700,000
Administrative expenses 1,300,000
Selling and distribution costs 1,700,000
PBIT 3,700,000
Finance costs 1,000,000
PBT 2,700,000
Taxation 1,200,000
PAT 1,500,000
Transfer to general reserves 300,000
Interim preference dividend 150,000
On 1.1.2020 V Ltd acquired 90% of share capital of G Ltd. V Ltd issued 2 new shares for every 3 shares of G Ltd acquired, when the market value of the share of V Ltd was $6 and the market value of the share of G Ltd was $3. On 31.12.2020, V Ltd will pay $1.75 per share acquired to shareholders of G Ltd. Cost of capital is 10% per annum.
Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30.09.2020
V Ltd G Ltd
$000 $000
Revenue 65000 40000
Cost of sales 50000 25000
Gross profit 15000 15000
Distribution costs 2000 2000
Administrative expenses 4000 3000
Investment income 500 -
Finance cost 500 -
PBT 9000 10000
Taxation 3000 2000
Profit for the year 6000 8000
Equity 1.10.2019
Equity shares $1 each 30000 10000
Retained earnings 55000 35000
Notes
1. At the date of acquisition, the fair value of G Ltd assets was equal to their carrying amounts with 2 exemptions (the fair value changes of which has not been incorporated into the financial statements of G Ltd).
a. An item of plant had a fair value of 2 million above its carrying amount, its remaining life was 3 years and depreciation is charged to cost of sales
b. G Ltd had a contingent liability which V Ltd estimated to have a fair value of $500000 which did not change as at 30.09.2020
2. V Ltd values NCI at fair value at acquisition date by using the market value of G Ltd shares at that date which is representative of the fair value of the shares held by NCI
3.Sales from V Ltd to G Ltd during the year ended 30.09.2020 were 750000 per month at a mark up of 20% on cost. G Ltd had $1.5 million of these goods in stock at 30.09.2020
4. V Ltd investment income is a dividend received from investment in a 40% owned associate, held for few years, the profit of which was $2 million for the year ended 30.09.2020.
5. Although G Ltd was profitable since the acquisition by V Ltd, the market for G Ltd products was hit in recent months and V Ltd calculated that goodwill was impaired by $2 million as at 30.09.2020
Required
a. Calculate goodwill arising on acquisition of G Ltd
b. Prepare consolidated statement of profit or loss for V Ltd for the year ended 30.09.2020
a) Goodwill arising on acquisition of G Ltd is $1,500,002.
b) The consolidated statement of profit or loss for V Ltd for the year ended 30.09.2020 shows a profit attributable to equity shareholders of V Ltd of $3,233,333 and retained earnings at 30.09.2020 of $57,783,333.
a. Goodwill arising on acquisition of G Ltd can be calculated as follows:
Consideration transferred:
90% of share capital of G Ltd = 0.9 x $10,000,000 = $9,000,000
2 new shares issued for every 3 shares of G Ltd acquired:
Number of shares issued = (2/3) x 10,000,000 = 6,666,667
Market value per share of V Ltd = $6
Total value of shares issued = 6,666,667 x $6 = $40,000,002
Total consideration transferred = $49,000,002
Less: Fair value of net assets acquired:
Share capital of G Ltd = $10,000,000
Retained earnings of G Ltd = $35,000,000
Fair value adjustment for plant = $2,000,000
Contingent liability = $500,000
Fair value of net assets acquired = $47,500,000
Goodwill arising on acquisition of G Ltd = Total consideration transferred - Fair value of net assets acquired
= $49,000,002 - $47,500,000
= $1,500,002
Therefore, goodwill arising on acquisition of G Ltd is $1,500,002.
b. Consolidated statement of profit or loss for V Ltd for the year ended 30.09.2020 can be prepared as follows:
Revenue:
V Ltd revenue = $65,000,000
Sales to G Ltd (eliminated on consolidation) = $9,000,000
Total revenue = $74,000,000
Cost of sales:
V Ltd cost of sales = $50,000,000
Cost of sales of goods sold to G Ltd (eliminated on consolidation) = $9,000,000 x 80% = $7,200,000
Fair value adjustment for plant (eliminated on consolidation) = $2,000,000/3 = $666,667
Total cost of sales = $57,866,667
Gross profit = Total revenue - Total cost of sales
= $74,000,000 - $57,866,667
= $16,133,333
Distribution costs:
V Ltd distribution costs = $2,000,000
Distribution costs of goods sold to G Ltd (eliminated on consolidation) = $9,000,000 x 20% = $1,800,000
Total distribution costs = $3,800,000
Administrative expenses:
V Ltd administrative expenses = $4,000,000
Administrative expenses of G Ltd (eliminated on consolidation) = $3,000,000
Total administrative expenses = $7,000,000
Investment income:
Dividend received from associate = $2,000,000
Finance costs:
V Ltd finance costs = $500,000
PBT = Gross profit - Distribution costs - Administrative expenses + Investment income - Finance costs
= $16,133,333 - $3,800,000 - $7,000,000 + $2,000,000 - $500,000
= $6,833,333
Taxation = $3,000,000 + $2,000,000 x 30%
= $3,600,000
Profit for the year (attributable to equity shareholders of V Ltd) = PBT - Taxation
= $6,833,333 - $3,600,000
= $3,233,333
Retained earnings at 30.09.2020 = Retained earnings at 1.10.2019 + Profit for the year - Interim preference dividend - Transfer to general reserves
= $55,000,000 + $3,233,333 - $150,000 - $300,000
= $57,783,333
Therefore, the consolidated statement of profit or loss for V Ltd for the year ended 30.09.2020 shows a profit attributable to equity shareholders of V Ltd of $3,233,333 and retained earnings at 30.09.2020 of $57,783,333.
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Standing to Sue
A group of environmentalists filed a lawsuit challenging commercial fishing in Glacier Bay National Park and sued the secretary of the interior and the National Park Service in order to prevent more commercial fishing.
(a)What must the environmentalists show in order to satisfy the requirement of standing to sue in this case?
(b)At what point should the issue of standing be decided by the court during the course of litigation?
The environmentalists must show that they have standing to sue in order to satisfy the requirement of standing to sue in this case. Standing to sue means that the plaintiff has a right to bring a lawsuit because they have been directly or indirectly injured or harmed by the defendant's conduct.
The environmentalists must show that they have suffered an injury in fact that is concrete and particularized, that the injury is fairly traceable to the defendant's conduct, and that it is likely that a favorable decision by the court will redress the injury. They must also show that they have a personal stake in the outcome of the case. The issue of standing should be decided by the court at the beginning of the litigation, or at the earliest opportunity. This is because standing is a jurisdictional requirement, which means that the court cannot hear the case unless the plaintiff has standing to sue. If the court finds that the plaintiff does not have standing, it must dismiss the case. Deciding the issue of standing early on in the litigation helps to avoid unnecessary expense and delay, and ensures that the court's limited resources are used efficiently.
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A manufacturer is considering six mutually exclusive cost-reduction projects for its manufacturing plant. All have lives of 10 years and zero salvage values. The required in- vestment and the estimated reduction in annual disbursements for each alternative are given in the following table: Proposal Required Aj Investment Savings A1 $70.000 $22,000 A2 $95.000 $24.000 A3 $110,000 $31.500 A4 $130,000 $32.600 A5 $135,000 $36.400 A6 $145,000 $40.500 If the MARR is 22%. which project would you select based on the incremental rate of return analysis? (If you use a computational tool such as Excel please make sure that your reasoning is clearly stated on your solution file) A) Project A1 B) Project A5 C)Project A6 DAnswers A.Band C are not correct
Based on the incremental rate of return analysis, the best project would be Project A1. The correct answer is option A.
Proposal Required Investment Savings
A1 $70.000 $22,000
A2 $95.000 $24.000
A3 $110,000 $31.500
A4 $130,000 $32.600
A5 $135,000 $36.400
A6 $145,000 $40.500
MARR = 22%
As per the Incremental rate of return analysis, we calculate the Incremental rate of return of each proposal. We can see that,Each proposal has a 10 years life and Zero Salvage Value.
The best proposal should have the highest incremental rate of return in comparison to other proposals. To calculate incremental rate of return we will use the following formula:
Incremental Rate of Return = Additional cash inflows / Additional cash outflows x 100%
On calculation of incremental rate of return, we can get the below results:
Proposal Additional cash inflows Additional cash outflows Incremental Rate of Return
A1 $22,000 $70,000 31.43%
A2 $24,000 $95,000 25.26%
A3 $31,500 $110,000 19.09%
A4 $32,600 $130,000 19.69%
A5 $36,400 $135,000 18.52%
A6 $40,500 $145,000 17.93%
On observing the above table, we can conclude that the proposal with highest incremental rate of return is A1 i.e. 31.43%. Therefore, Option A is correct.
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Homework (HW): NONE Independent Practice (writing your own ONINE résumé): In this exercise, you are requested to write your own ONLINE résumé that you may use to apply for a job position that relates to your major. The online résumé should have all the required parts. It may follow the chronological or functional resume format).
A résumé is an important part of job searching and is a document that showcases an applicant’s qualifications, experiences, and skills. In this exercise, you are required to create your own ONLINE résumé, which you can use to apply for a job position that aligns with your major.
The online résumé should include all of the necessary parts and could follow either a chronological or functional résumé format.The first step in writing an online résumé is to identify the type of résumé you want to create, whether it's a chronological or functional résumé. The chronological résumé lists your work experience in reverse chronological order, while the functional résumé emphasizes your skills and achievements instead of focusing on the work history. A combination of both is also possible and is called a hybrid résumé.After deciding on the format, start by crafting a catchy professional summary that describes your career goals and aspirations. A professional summary statement serves as a brief overview of your career objectives, skills, and experiences. After that, the résumé should contain the following sections:
1. Contact information: This should be included in the header section and should include your name, mailing address, phone number, and email address.
2. Work experience: This section should list your work experience in reverse chronological order, with the most recent job first. The section should include your job title, company name, and employment dates, as well as your accomplishments and responsibilities.
3. Education: This section should include your educational background, such as your college or university, degree type, major, and graduation date.
4. Skills: This section should include your professional and technical skills, such as computer proficiency, language fluency, or any other specialized knowledge or training.
5. Honors and awards: This section should include any academic or professional awards, honors, or recognition you have received.
6. References: This section should include references who can speak to your character, skills, and work ethic.
Remember to keep your résumé concise, easy to read, and free of errors. Avoid using first-person pronouns or passive voice in your résumé. Finally, proofread and edit your online résumé for typos and grammatical errors before submitting it.
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3. (a) Discuss sales promotion activities with examples. What are the steps in developing the sales promotion strategy? (b) Write short notes on the following topics with examples: i. Transformational Innovation ii. Finer Market Segmentation
(a) Sales promotion activities refer to the short-term incentives designed to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Examples of sales promotion activities include contests, coupons, rebates, product samples, discounts, and free gifts. Developing a sales promotion strategy involves several steps, including:
1. Defining the objectives of the sales promotion: This involves identifying the specific goals that the promotion is intended to achieve, such as increasing sales, boosting brand awareness, or attracting new customers.
2. Identifying the target audience: This involves defining the specific group of consumers that the promotion is aimed at reaching, such as existing customers, new customers, or specific demographic groups.
3. Selecting the type of promotion: This involves choosing the specific sales promotion activity that will be used to achieve the desired objectives, such as offering a discount, running a contest, or providing free samples.
4. Determining the budget: This involves setting the amount of money that will be allocated to the sales promotion activity.
5. Developing a timeline: This involves creating a schedule for implementing and executing the sales promotion strategy.
(b) Short notes:
(i) Transformational Innovation: This refers to the process of creating new products, services, or business models that fundamentally change the way that people live, work, or interact. Transformational innovation involves introducing new technologies, business practices, or products that disrupt existing markets or create entirely new ones. Examples of transformational innovation include the smartphone, social media, and ride-sharing apps like Uber and Lyft.
(ii) Finer Market Segmentation: Market segmentation involves dividing a larger market into smaller, more specific groups of consumers with similar needs or characteristics. Finer market segmentation refers to the process of dividing a market into even smaller, more precise segments based on more specific criteria. For example, instead of segmenting a market based on age, a company might segment the market based on income, education level, or lifestyle. This allows companies to tailor their marketing messages and products to the specific needs and preferences of different groups of consumers.
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A B 6 4 Project Management: 6. The Stone River Textile Mill was inspected and found to be in violation of a number of safety regulations. The inspectors ordered the mill to alter some existing machinery to make it safer (e.g. add safety guards), purchase some new machinery to replace older, etc. The activities in the Project and their durations are listed below. Task Description Immediate Predecessor Duration (weeks) Order New Machinery 3 Plan new Physical Layout с Determine the safety changes in existing Machinery Receive equipment Hire new employees Make plant alterations Make changes in existing с 10 Machinery Train new employees DE 1 Install new machinery D, E, F Relocate old machinery D, E, F, G S K Conduct employee safety HIJ 3 orientation D A 9 E A 8 F B 13 G H 4 5 J (1) Construct a Network diagram for this project. (ii) Identify all paths in the Network and the Critical Path. What is the Project completion time? (iii) What is the Slack of each path? (20 points)
Network diagram: A-B-F-G-H-E-C-D-H; Critical Path: A-B-F-G-H; Project completion time: 37 weeks; Slack of each path: 0 weeks.
Draw the network diagram?
(i) Network Diagram is shown below
(ii) Paths in the Network and Critical Path:
- Path 1: A-B-F-G-H
- Path 2: A-E-C-D-H
- Path 3: A-E-D-H
- Critical Path: A-B-F-G-H
Project completion time: The project completion time is the duration of the critical path, which is 37 weeks.
(iii) Slack of each path:
- Path 1 (A-B-F-G-H): Slack = 0 weeks
- Path 2 (A-E-C-D-H): Slack = 0 weeks
- Path 3 (A-E-D-H): Slack = 0 weeks
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Give me a life example of any governments in any country intervene the market with price floor or increase taxes (based on the scope of microeconomics) (e.g : example of a country where the government increases the minimum wage of workers based on the concept of price floor or increase taxes on certain products during the pandemic)
One example of government intervention in the market with a price floor is the minimum wage policy implemented by the United States government. The minimum wage is set as a price floor, which establishes a legally mandated minimum hourly wage that employers must pay to their workers.
By increasing the minimum wage, the government aims to ensure that workers receive a fair and livable wage, addressing potential market failures such as low wages and income inequality. This policy intervention affects the labor market, particularly for low-wage workers.
When the government raises the minimum wage, it establishes a price floor above the equilibrium wage rate determined by market forces. As a result, employers are legally required to pay their workers at least the minimum wage, which can lead to higher incomes and improved living standards for workers. However, it may also have unintended consequences such as reduced employment opportunities, as employers might be less willing or able to hire additional workers at the higher wage.
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After reading the article, what are your thoughts on conducting
target profit analysis prior to starting a small
business? In
Conducting a target profit analysis prior to starting a small business is a valuable and essential practice.
It helps entrepreneurs establish realistic financial goals, identify potential risks, and determine the required sales volume to achieve desired profitability. By analyzing factors such as fixed costs, variable costs, and selling prices, business owners can make informed decisions about pricing strategies, cost reduction, and resource allocation. Additionally, target profit analysis enables entrepreneurs to evaluate market conditions and customer preferences, ensuring the business remains competitive and relevant in its industry.
Overall, utilizing target profit analysis is a crucial step in the planning and growth stages of a small business, providing a solid foundation for future success.
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A lottery claims its grand prize is $2 million, payable over 4 years at $500,000 per year. If the first payment is made four years from now, what is this grand prize really worth today? Use an interest rate of 6%. a b. What is the yield to maturity on a simple loan for $3 million that requires a repayment of $5 million in five years' time?
The grand prize is worth approximately $1,792,214.76 today. The yield to maturity on the loan is approximately 9.05%.
Present Value Of The Grand Prize And The Yield To Maturity On A Simple Loana) To determine the present value of the grand prize of $2 million payable over 4 years at $500,000 per year, we need to discount the future cash flows at the given interest rate of 6%.
Using the formula for calculating the present value of an annuity, we have:
Present Value = Cash Flow / (1 + interest rate)[tex]^n[/tex]
where:
Cash Flow = $500,000 (annual payment)
Interest Rate = 6% or 0.06
n = number of years
Calculating the present value for each cash flow and summing them up:
PV = $500,000 / (1 + 0.06)[tex]^1[/tex] + $500,000 / (1 + 0.06)[tex]^2[/tex] + $500,000 / (1 + 0.06)[tex]^3[/tex] + $500,000 / (1 + 0.06)[tex]^4[/tex]
PV ≈ $1,792,214.76
b) To calculate the yield to maturity on a simple loan for $3 million that requires a repayment of $5 million in five years' time, we need to solve for the interest rate.
Using the formula for yield to maturity, we can rearrange it to solve for the interest rate:
YTM = (Face Value / Present Value)^(1/n) - 1
where:
Face Value = $5 million
Present Value = $3 million
n = number of years = 5
Plugging in the given values:
YTM = ($5,000,000 / $3,000,000)[tex]^(1/5)[/tex] - 1
YTM ≈ 0.090546 or 9.05% (rounded to two decimal places)
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Our economy and society have seen an interesting shift in employment with the advent of the Gig economy. Instead of traditional 9a-5p jobs, many people are working short "gigs." Certainly this was affected by COVID-19 as well when offices shut down. Yet, people still wanted food delivery and online goods delivered, for example.
Our economy and society have witnessed a remarkable shift in employment due to the advent of the gig economy, with short-term gigs rather than traditional 9a-5p jobs.
The economy and society have been transformed by the gig economy, which is essentially the way of the future. People now have the opportunity to work when and where they want, and they are free to choose the tasks they want to do. The gig economy has given individuals more autonomy and flexibility than ever before. However, as a result of COVID-19, when workplaces shut down, the impact of the gig economy was even more pronounced.
In particular, people were still able to order food delivery and online goods despite the closure of offices. Despite the fact that the pandemic's impact on the gig economy is still evolving, many businesses have taken measures to adapt to the situation. Companies like Lyft, Uber, and Airbnb have become increasingly popular, as they allow people to work as drivers, couriers, and other types of service providers. The pandemic has had a significant impact on the gig economy and its workers, but it has also provided new opportunities and opened up new markets.The gig economy has a number of advantages, including the fact that it allows for a greater degree of flexibility, autonomy, and choice. As the gig economy grows, it has the potential to offer more opportunities for people to earn money and participate in the economy. Despite some of the concerns associated with the gig economy, such as job insecurity and lack of benefits, it has proven to be a viable option for many workers who desire a more flexible and independent way of working.
In conclusion, the gig economy has had a significant impact on the economy and society, and its influence is only expected to grow in the future.
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PRUEBA DE PRACTICA CAP 22 & 230 12 Seved A company provided the following direct materials cost information. Compute the direct materials quantity variance Standard costs assigned: Direct materials standard cost (476,000 units # $2.50/unit) Actual costa: $1,190,000 Direct materials costs incurred (474,720 units # $2.80/unit) $1,329.216 Multiple Choice $3.584 Unfavorable $3,584 Favorable $139.216 Favorable $3.200 Favorable $3,200 Unfavorable. Next > Help Save & Exit Sub
The direct materials quantity variance can be computed using the following formula: DMQV = (AQ - SQ) x SP Where, AQ = Actual quantity of materials used SQ = Standard quantity of materials allowed for actual production SP = Standard price of materials per unit.
Direct materials quantity variance: DMQV = ($1,329,216/474,720 units - $1,190,000/476,000 units) x $2.50/unit DMQV = $2,793.344 unfavorable. Given, Standard cost per unit of direct materials = $2.50Actual cost per unit of direct materials = $1,329,216/474,720 units = $2.80 Standard quantity of direct materials for actual production = 476,000 units Actual quantity of direct materials used = 474,720 units Therefore, DMQV = (AQ - SQ) x SPDMQV = (474,720 units - 476,000 units) x $2.50/unit DMQV = -$3,584 unfavorable Hence, the direct materials quantity variance is -$3,584 unfavorable. The correct option is option C. $3,584 unfavorable. This is so because the negative variance suggests that the actual quantity of materials used was higher than the standard quantity of materials allowed for actual production, which led to an unfavorable variance.
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The time series component which reflects a regular, multi-year pattern of being above and below the trend line is
a. seasonal b. a trend c. cyclical d. irregular
Question 12
The time series component that reflects variability during a single year is called
a. cyclical b. trend c. irregular d. seasonal
Option a. Cyclical is Correct. A time series is a sequence of data points collected over time. When analyzing a time series, it's common to identify patterns that repeat over a certain period. These patterns can be classified into different types based on their characteristics.
One common type of time series pattern is cyclical. A cyclical pattern reflects variability during a single year. This can include seasonal fluctuations, such as changes in temperature or sales during different seasons, or economic fluctuations that occur on a regular basis, such as the business cycle. Cyclical patterns may be influenced by factors such as natural disasters, economic events, or other external factors.
Another common type of time series pattern is trend. A trend is a persistent change in a time series over a period of time. This can include an overall upward or downward trend in sales or prices, or a gradual increase or decrease in a specific variable. Trends can be influenced by factors such as changes in consumer behavior, technological advancements, or economic conditions.
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The long-term bonds of Topstone Industries pay semiannual coupons, have a face value of $1,000, a 9% coupon rate, and mature in 3 years. Find the cost of debt if the bonds are currently selling for $900." 13.30% 12.24% 13.25% 14.21% 13.14%
To find the cost of debt, we can use the yield to maturity (YTM) formula. The yield to maturity represents the total return an investor can expect to earn if they hold the bond until maturity.
The formula to calculate the yield to maturity is as follows:
YTM = (C + ((F - P) / n)) / ((F + P) / 2)
Where:
YTM = Yield to maturity
C = Coupon payment per period
F = Face value of the bond
P = Price of the bond
n = Number of periods until maturity
Given:
Coupon rate = 9% (coupon payment per period = 0.09 * F / 2)
Face value (F) = $1,000
Price (P) = $900
Maturity (n) = 3 years
Plugging in the values into the formula:
YTM = (0.09 * 1000 / 2 + ((1000 - 900) / 3)) / ((1000 + 900) / 2)
YTM = (45 + 33.33) / 950
YTM = 78.33 / 950
YTM ≈ 0.08245 or 8.245%
The cost of debt is equal to the yield to maturity, which is approximately 8.245%. Therefore, none of the given options match the calculated cost of debt.
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(1%) Which of the following statements are correct? i) The production possibility frontier is steeper at the right end than the left because some resources are better suited to make some products than others. ii) Perfectly inelastic demand is a horizontal line. iii) The production possibility frontier illustrates how much of each product is manufactured in the economy. iv) Inflation causes higher interest rates. v) The production of consumer goods and capital goods will always occur on the production possibility curve. A) i, ii, iii & v B) i, iii & v C) ii, iii & iv D) ii, iv & v E) i & iii
i, iii & v.
It is steeper at the right end because resources are typically specialized and better suited to produce certain goods more efficiently than others.
i) The production possibility frontier (PPF) represents the maximum combination of goods an economy can produce with its available resources and technology.
iii) The production possibility frontier illustrates the different combinations of products that can be manufactured in the economy given its resources and technology. It shows the trade-off between producing one good versus another.
v) The production of consumer goods and capital goods can occur on the production possibility curve, which represents the efficient allocation of resources. However, if the economy is not operating at full efficiency, the production may occur below the curve.
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Analyze the following point about Petroleum Development Oman company (PDO) :
Please answer 3 of these questions SEPARATELY. No Plagiarism.
1. What is the organization structure of Petroleum development Oman? Based on your learnings from this module what in your opinion is the best structure for this organization and why?
2. Out of the four organization cultures you learned during this module, explain which culture is used in this company? In your opinion analyze which would be the most ideal culture and why?
3. If you are the leader of this organization analyze the following:
a. Which management style will you use? Give justification.
b. How are you going to motivate the employees of this organization? Explain and justify your points.
Organization Structure of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO):
The organizational structure of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) is a functional structure. In this structure, the company is divided into functional departments such as exploration, production, engineering, finance, human resources, and others. Each department is responsible for specific tasks and functions, with clear reporting lines and hierarchies.
Based on the learnings from this module, a matrix structure could be a suitable alternative for PDO. A matrix structure combines functional departments with project teams, allowing for better coordination and integration of activities across departments. Since PDO operates in a complex and dynamic industry, where projects often require cross-functional collaboration, a matrix structure can facilitate effective communication, resource sharing, and decision-making.
The matrix structure promotes flexibility, adaptability, and innovation, as employees from different departments work together on projects. It encourages cross-functional learning and facilitates a holistic view of the organization's operations. Additionally, the matrix structure can help PDO respond efficiently to changing market conditions and customer demands, as project teams can be formed and dissolved as needed.
Organization Culture in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO):
The organization culture in PDO is likely to be a combination of hierarchical and results-oriented culture. Hierarchical culture emphasizes clear authority, formal procedures, and adherence to rules and regulations. This is prevalent in the oil and gas industry due to the strict safety and operational requirements. Results-oriented culture focuses on achieving goals and performance targets, which is essential for PDO's success in the highly competitive market.
In my opinion, a collaborative culture would be the most ideal for PDO. A collaborative culture encourages teamwork, open communication, and knowledge sharing across the organization. Given the complex nature of PDO's operations and the need for innovation and problem-solving, a collaborative culture can foster creativity, cross-functional collaboration, and continuous learning. It promotes employee engagement, trust, and a sense of ownership, leading to better decision-making and organizational performance.
Leadership Approach in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO):
a. Management Style:
As the leader of PDO, a transformational leadership style would be appropriate. Transformational leadership focuses on inspiring and motivating employees to achieve their full potential, fostering innovation, and promoting organizational change. This leadership style would be beneficial for PDO as it operates in a dynamic industry that requires continuous adaptation and improvement.
Transformational leaders in PDO would provide a clear vision, set high-performance expectations, and communicate effectively with employees at all levels. They would encourage employee development, provide coaching and support, and empower employees to take ownership of their work. By fostering a culture of continuous improvement and innovation, transformational leaders can drive organizational growth and success.
b. Employee Motivation:
To motivate employees in PDO, a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators can be used. Intrinsic motivators focus on tapping into employees' internal drives and passions. This can be achieved by providing opportunities for meaningful work, autonomy, and personal development. For example, PDO can offer training programs, career advancement opportunities, and recognition for employee achievements.
Extrinsic motivators can also be utilized, such as competitive compensation packages, performance-based bonuses, and rewards for exceptional performance. These external rewards can incentivize employees and recognize their contributions to the organization's success.
Furthermore, fostering a positive work environment, promoting work-life balance, and ensuring fair and transparent performance evaluation processes can contribute to employee motivation in PDO.
The organizational structure of PDO can benefit from adopting a matrix structure to facilitate better coordination and collaboration across departments. A collaborative culture would be ideal to promote teamwork, innovation, and cross-functional learning. As the leader of PDO, adopting a transformational leadership style can inspire and motivate employees, driving organizational growth and adaptation. Motivating employees can be achieved through a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, as well as fostering a positive work environment.
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In the normal course of business an entity's purchases result
in recognition of
a.
a receivable
b.
income.
c.
an expense
d.
a liability.
d. a liability.
In the normal course of business, when an entity makes purchases, it typically incurs expenses and recognizes a liability. A liability represents an obligation of the entity to pay for the goods or services received. The recognition of a liability reflects the entity's financial obligation to the supplier or vendor from whom the purchases were made.
For example, when a company purchases inventory or supplies from a supplier, it incurs an expense related to the cost of those items. At the same time, it recognizes a liability to the supplier, indicating that the company owes a payment for the goods received.
It is important for businesses to accurately record and recognize liabilities arising from their purchases to reflect their financial obligations and ensure proper accounting of their financial transactions.
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