In a process known as endosymbiosis, chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were integrated into plant cells.
Where did all chloroplasts come from?Chloroplasts were first established in eukaryotes through an endosymbiotic relationship with a cyanobacterium; they later spread through the evolution of eukaryotic hosts and the subsequent engulfment of eukaryotic algae by formerly nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes.
How did eukaryotic cells develop mitochondria and chloroplasts?Chloroplasts and mitochondria most likely developed from absorbed bacteria that originally existed as autonomous entities. An aerobic bacterium was eventually swallowed by a eukaryotic cell, which later established an endosymbiotic bond with the host eukaryote and gradually transformed into a mitochondrion.
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a key characteristic of aquatic dead zones is . group of answer choices a low concentration of keystone species a low concentration of oxygen a high concentration of urban development a lack of water low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus
An important characteristic of aquatic dead zones is a low concentration of oxygen.
Dead zones are areas of water where aquatic life cannot survive due to a lack of oxygen. Dead zones are typically caused by significant nutrient pollution and are especially problematic in bays, lakes, and coastal waters because they receive excess nutrients from upstream sources. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus cause an explosion of algae in a short period of time, a phenomenon known as algae blooms. Algae growth consumes oxygen and blocks sunlight from reaching underwater plants. When the algae dies, the oxygen in the water is depleted.
Aquatic life is unable to survive due to a lack of oxygen.Elevated nutrient levels and algal blooms can also cause drinking water problems in communities near and upstream of dead zones. Toxins released by harmful algal blooms contaminate drinking water, causing illnesses in both animals and humans.
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Puberty is initiated when the ______ starts secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
Puberty is initiated when the hypothalamus starts secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
What is puberty and how is it initiated?Puberty is that time of life when a child experiences physical and hormonal changes that mark a transition into adulthood and child develops secondary sexual characteristics and becomes able to have children.
Most females start puberty when they are 8 to 13 years old and males start between 9 and 14years of age.
Puberty is initiated with an increase in pulsatile release of GnRH from the hypothalamus after a quiescent period during childhood
When the body reaches a certain age, brain releases a special hormone that starts the changes of puberty which is called gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
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you are studying a species of insect that is only found on a specific type of tree. the tree occurs over an area of 5000 km2 and has a clumped distribution. you sample one of the clumps of trees that covers 200 km2 and catch 1000 individuals. from your sampling data, you extrapolate to calculate the density of this insect over all 5000 km2 in an effort to estimate population size. your value of total population size will be: please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices an underestimate of the total population size. an overestimate of the total population size. an accurate estimate of the total population size.
Answer: an overestimate of the total population size
Explanation:
what enables the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions to bring about opposing effects in most organs they impact?
Norepinephrine and acetyl choli enables the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions respectively to bring about opposing effects in most organs they impact.
What are sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?Postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division release norepinephrine and postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division release acetyl choli that bring opposing effects in most organs they impact.
Sympathetic system controls fight-or-flight responses and we can say that this system prepares the body for strenuous physical activity whereas the parasympathetic system regulates the rest and digest functions. But both the systems are divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Ganglia for the sympathetic division are located outside the spinal cord and ganglia for the parasympathetic division are located near or in the organs they connect with.
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true or false? freon administration can cause respiratory damage as a result of sudden cooling of the respiratory tract.
true freon administration can cause respiratory damage as a result of sudden cooling of the respiratory tract.
What is harm to the respiratory system?Respiratory ailments can be brought on by infections, smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, asbestos, radon, and other types of air pollution. Examples of respiratory conditions include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer.
People of all ages and from all geographical locations are affected. Patients with asthma experience chronic airway inflammation, which results in coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Due to the abrupt cooling of the respiratory tract, administering freon might harm the lungs. Inhalants frequently have a fat-soluble nature, making them easily maintained in organs rich in lipid. Aerosol exposure at surprisingly high quantities can result severe respiratory damage.
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What is the progression and transformation of information from the pinna onwards to the primary auditory cortex (i.e. outer, middle, inner ear (w/ details) to n. VIII to Cochlear nucleus (dorsal & ventral), superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus to A1)
Pinna (auricle) --> external auditory canal --> eardrum/timpanic membrane --> hammer --> anvil --> stapes/stirrup --> oval window --> cochlea --> hair cell receptors --> auditory part of the vestibulocochlear 8th cranial nerve --> dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus (90k neurons) --> ipsilateral and contralateral olivary nucleus --> inferior colliculus --> medial geniculate nucleus --> right and left auditory cortices
The progression and transformation of information from the pinna onwards to the primary auditory cortex is: eardrum-> hammer-> anvil-> stirrup -> oval window -> cochlea-> N8 -> ipsilateral cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary nucleus -> inferior colliculus -> MGN -> A1
The medical term for the outer ear is auricle or pinna. The outer ear is made from cartilage and skin. The outer ear has three distinct parts. Tragus, helix, lobules.
The auricle (auricle) is the visible part of the auricle. It collects sound waves and directs them into the ear canal (the ear canal), where they are amplified. Sound waves then travel to a flexible oval membrane at the end of the ear canal called the eardrum or tympanic membrane.
The primary auditory cortex (A1) is located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe and receives point-to-point input from the ventral part of the medial geniculate complex. Therefore, it contains an accurate tonotopic map.
The primary auditory cortex is involved in the integration and processing of complex auditory signals, including language comprehension. The auditory association area is outside the primary auditory area and is part of the language receptive area known as Wernicke's.
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a research group has characterized the fundamental niche of a small mammal species. the researchers look at a map and identify all of the places in the state where this species should be present. when they visit each location that meets all requirements of the fundamental niche, they find that in 20% of the locations, the small mammal is not there. how could this observation be explained?
Answer: All of these choices are correct (below)
A population could be there, but no individuals were caught.
The small mammal may have never had a population in that area.
There could be other organisms present that push the small mammal into its realized niche.
The researchers did not accurately define the fundamental niche.
No people were apprehended, however there may be a population there.There was never a colony of the little animal there. Other species might be there and force this same small mammal into realized niche.
The total collection of circumstances that allow an animal (species, species) to live and reproduce itself is referred to as its fundamental niche. Realized niche refers to the circumstances that a particular animal (population, species) really uses, after taking into consideration interactions with the other species (predation, particularly competition). Many organisms go through a wide variety of sizes as they grow from autonomous juveniles through mature adult, and as a result, the majority of them change how they use resources (their niches) throughout the course of their lives. - Abstract. As they grow from autonomous juveniles to competent adults, many creatures experience a wide variety of sizes, and as a result, the majority of them change how they use resources (or their niches) throughout the course of their lives.
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Which type of cellular transport moves molecules from low concentrations to high concentrations?.
Active Transport moves molecules from low concentrations to high concentrations.
What is Active Transport?
Transportation is a natural, physiological and essential process that occurs in all higher organisms including plants, animals, and humans. This process is important to sustain life, as it functions by transporting, different essential materials constantly to and from all parts of the body
Active Transport is the process that involves movement of molecules from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration with the use of external energy against a gradient or an obstacle.
A protein pump makes use of stored energy in the form of ATP, to move molecules during active transport.
Active Transport is of two types:
Primary active transportSecondary active transportExamples of Active Transport include:
• Phagocytosis of bacteria by Macrophages.
• Movement of Ca2+ ions out of cardiac muscle cells.
• Transport of amino acids across intestinal lining in the human gut.
Therefore, Active Transport moves molecules from low concentrations to high concentrations.
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You are studying three linked genes in corn: leaf color, plant height, and leaf shape (each with two alleles showing complete dominance). The dominant allele A results in green leaves, aa plants have purple leaves. The dominant allele Dresults in tall plants; dd plants are dwarfed. The dominant allele results in ragged leaf margin; rr plants have smooth leaf margins. A triple heterozygote is test-crossed and the following phenotypes of progeny were observed. # of plants 265 140 90 Phenotype green, tall, ragged green, tall, smooth green, dwarf, ragged green, dwarf, smooth purple, tall, ragged purple, tall, smooth purple, dwarf, ragged purple, dwarf, smooth TOTAL 16 24 70 120 275 1000 1. 16 2. 20 3. 30 What is the distance between D and R? 4. 26 5. 50 What's the distance between A and R? 6. 54 What is the order of the genes? 7. RAD What is the distance between D and A? 8. RDA 9. ARD 10. ADR 11. DRA
The dominant allele A results in green leaves and aa plants have purple leaves. The dominant allele Results in tall plants; dd plants are dwarfed. The distances between A and R, R and D, and A and D will be,20 cM, 30 cM, and 50 cM respectively.
We can calculate the recombination frequency (RF) by using the following formula.
RF between 2 genes = (single cross-overs for the two genes + double cross-overs) / total number of organisms
Total number of organisms = 1000
d between the two genes = (RF × 100)
Calculate the RF and distance between A & R
RF = (90 + 70 + 24 + 16) / 1000
RF = 0.2
d among A & R = 0.2 × 100
d among A & R= 20 cM
Calculate the RF and distance between R & D
RF = (120 + 140 + 24 + 16) / 1000
RF = 0.3
d among A & R = 0.3 × 100
d among A & R= 30 cM
The distance between A & D is equal to the sum of A & R + R & D
d among A & D = 20 + 30
d among A & D = 50 cM
The gene order is A-20cM-R-30cM-D
The question in the proper format is attached.
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Mechanoreceptors located in the skin and mucous membranes are called ______ receptors.
Mechanoreceptors always located in the part of skin and in mucous membranes which we called it as somatosensory receptors.
Mechanoreceptors within the skin are classified as encapsulated, that is, enclosed by a capsule, or unencapsulated, which is a cluster of free nerve endings. As the name indicates, a loose nerve terminal is an unencapsulated dendrite of a sensory neuron membrane. The somatosensory system also includes receptors and neurons that transmit information about frame role and motion to the brain.
These proprioceptors are located in muscles and tendons and respond to stretch and contraction, anxiety and release. Each sensory receptor, whether mechanoreceptor, photoreceptor, chemoreceptor, thermoreceptor, or nocireceptor, is responsible for processing environmental stimuli and converting them to electrical energy.
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a testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has ano genotype
A testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has one genotype
What is test cross?
Gregor Mendel used the test cross experiment for the first time in his research on the genetics of characteristics in pea plants. According to Mendel's idea, which is still valid today, every creature has two copies of each characteristic. One was a dominant characteristic, while the other was recessive. If existent, the dominant characteristic would dictate the phenotype, or the phenotypical makeup of the organism.Mendel intended to take these steps to ensure that he was working with a homozygous dominant organism, or one that solely contained dominant alleles. However, the genotype of an organism cannot be determined only from its phenotype. The organism could be concealing a non-expressed, recessive gene. Mendel devised the method of mating this individual with a homozygous recessive individual for the same trait in order to identify this unknown allele.Examples of test cross:
Monohybrid crossDihybrid crossHence, A testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has one genotype
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which of the following factors favors a release of oxygen from hemoglobin? a. decreased co2 b. lower blood temperature c. increased ph d. decreased ph
which of these describes a strain? a.) muscle tissue grows uncontrollably b.) muscle fiber tears or stretches too far c.) muscle tissue doesn't grow from exercise d.) muscle tissue shrinks
Muscle tissues shrink in the strains thus the correct answer is option (C).
Option (D). Muscle tissue shrinks
An injury to a muscle or tendon, the connective tissue between muscles and bones, is referred to as a muscle strain. More serious injuries may involve partial or total tears in these tissues, although minor injuries may merely involve stretching a muscle or tendon.
Strains, also known as pulled muscles, frequently affect the muscles in the lower back and the back of the thigh (hamstrings).
A strain involves damage to a muscle or to the band of tissue that connects a muscle to a bone, whereas a sprain involves an injury to the bands of tissue that join two bones together.
Rest, cold, compression, and elevation are all parts of the initial treatment. It is successful to cure mild strains at home. Sometimes surgery is necessary to fix severe strains.
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biological features that have a common origin, even if they have a different function, are said to be
Biological features that have a common origin are called Homologous structures.
What are Homologous structures?
The word Homologous describes things that have some sort of similarity in some ways.
Homologous structures refer to the body parts with common features or traits. They are structures that evolved from a common ancestor.
A common example of homologous structures is the wings of bats and the arms of primates. These two structures do not look similar or have the same function, but genetically, they come from the same structure of the last common ancestor. Therefore, homologous traits of organisms are explained by descent from a common ancestor.
Therefore, biological features that have a common origin are called Homologous structures.
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Based on the phenotypes of the p generation and f1 generation, what are possible phenotypes in the f2 generation?.
When a monohybrid cross is in its F2 generation, Tall and Dwarf phenotypes are both present. The phenotypic ratio is 3:1.
The F1 and F2 generations are what?F2 generation is the second filial generation of the offspring produced through inbreeding of F1 people. F1 generation denotes the first filial generation of the offspring from the parents.
The P F1 F2 and F3 generations are what?The P parent generation's offspring are referred to as the F1 (for filial, or "offspring") generation. The children of F1 are known as the F2, and the children of F2 are known as the F3, the F4, the F5, and so on. This continues up until the last generation of the pedigree study.
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how many atp and how many nadh molecules are invested to add one molecule of glucose to a glycogen chain?
Two NADH molecules are fashioned for each one glucose molecule. 5. Two molecules of ATP are generated for each one molecule of glucose in step 7 (powered via way of means of hydrolysis of the excessive electricity phosphate bond on 1,3- BPG).
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and a pair of pyruvate molecules: Glycolysis, or the cardio catabolic breakdown of glucose, produces electricity withinside the shape of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which itself enters the citric acid cycle to supply greater electricity.
It is the system of breaking down glucose to create electricity. Glycolysis generates 2 ATP and a pair of NADH, for a complete of eight ATP molecules.
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describe two events that are common to both mitosis and meiosis that esure the resulting daughter cells inherit the apporopiate number of chromsomes
The G2 checkpoint and DNA synthesis occur during interphase, which are both shared by mitosis and meiosis.
During interphase, DNA replication occurs. Mitosis can maintain the same number of DNA chromosomes as the parent cell due to chromosome replication, whereas division only halves the DNA despite going through two cellular divisions. Before the cell enters mitosis or meiosis, the G2/M checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged.
Meiosis is the process by which egg and sperm cells are formed. Mitosis is a necessary process for life. A cell duplicates all of its contents, including its chromosomes, and splits to form two identical daughter cells during mitosis.
Mitosis is the process by which body cells divide and replicate themselves in order to grow and repair. Meiosis is the process by which egg and sperm cells are formed, and the new cells have half the genetic material of the parent cell.
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The ability of the arteries to withstand a sudden large increase in pressure is accomplished by the.
Because the smooth muscles are flexible, the arteries are able to endure a rapid, significant increase in pressure.
How does an artery hold up under pressure?High pressure is constantly present in arteries. They have more elastin tissue than smooth muscle, which can accommodate this tension. The major blood vessels' ability to expand in size and change in diameter is made possible by the presence of elastin in these vessels.
How does the design support an artery's ability to endure high pressure?Because of the high pressure, they have a thick wall with an outer layer of collagen. This keeps the artery from rupturing. The inner layer of the arterial wall also consists of muscle and elastic fibers to support maintaining pulse flow.
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in the figure, populations of a plant species labeled i, ii, and iii are depicted using simplified age structures containing three age classes: young seedlings, middle aged juveniles, and older adults. which population appears to have stable growth?
Figure three is displaying to have a stable growth increase. It is due to the fact the quantity of birth(seedlings) is identical to the quantity of death(older adults). This keep the population stable. Option(2)
Incase of the primary discern, we see a pyramidal structure, for that reason displaying the seedlings are a long way greater than the older adults. This manner the the increase isn't solid, as a substitute it shows a growing or developing population. Similarly the second one discern display a inverted triangle structure, depicting the older adults are tons greater than the seedlings. This will result in a decline withinside the populace soon.
The truth that a population increase amount is steady all the time, however, places robust constraints on how excessive it could be. Since no organization can develop all the time at a fee better than the increase fee of the economic system wherein it operates, the steady increase fee can't be extra than the general increase fee of the economic system. the entire quantity of human beings or population in a rustic or region. : the whole of people occupying a place or making up a entire. : the whole of debris at a selected strength level.
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Correct Question:
The outermost membrane of a euglenid chloroplast is thought to have been derived from what part of an original host cell that engulfed a green alga?.
The Plasma membrane of the enveloped alga cell serves as the source of the apicoplast's second outermost membrane.
Where did all chloroplasts come from?Following the endosymbiotic establishment of chloroplasts in eukaryotes by a cyanobacterium, their proliferation was facilitated by the diversification of eukaryotic hosts and the subsequent engulfment of eukaryotic algae by formerly nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes.
How did eukaryotic cells develop mitochondria and chloroplasts?Chloroplasts and mitochondria most likely developed from absorbed bacteria that originally existed as autonomous entities. An aerobic bacterium was eventually swallowed by a eukaryotic cell, which later established an endosymbiotic bond with the host eukaryote and gradually transformed into a mitochondrion.
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what is the term used in this book to refer to humans and our ancestors/relatives after our split with the african apes?
The term "Hominid" now includes all Great Apes and their forebears and has a broader definition. Many different contexts are using this new language.
What name is given to us and our ancestors in this book once we separate from the African apes?Prior to the split from Pan, the human lineage, which includes our ancestors and kindred species, was also referred to as a "hominid," but currently, humans and extinct animals that were more closely related to us than Pan are referred to as hominins.
How do African apes and people compare?African apes and humans have all of the same bones (albeit somewhat different in size and shape), no external tails, similar internal organ configurations, and several important blood type systems. We also get many of the same diseases.
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flies have only a single pair of functional wings, but their ancestors had two pairs of wings. in this example, what is the type of trait that is related to having two pairs of wings?
Flies only have a single pair of functional wings, but their ancestors had two pair of wings. Thus, having two pairs of wings is ancestral trait.
Ancestral trait an evolutionary trait that is homologous within groups of organisms (see homology) that are all descended from all common ancestor in which the trait first evolved.
Flies are considered as the insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek word "two", and pteron as "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into the advanced mechanosensory organs called as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of the rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics.
Dipterans are considered as large order containing around 1,000,000 species including the horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described till now.
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(Complete question) is:
Flies only have a single pair of functional wings, but their ancestors had two pair of wings. Thus, having two pairs of wings is _______ trait.
eukaryotic cells contain which of the following? question 5 options: ribosomes nucleus endoplasmic reticulum all of the above
Eukaryotic cells contain all of the above including ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum.
What is eukaryotic cells?
A nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are found in the cells of eukaryotes, which are creatures. All mammals, plants, fungi, protists, and the majority of algae are eukaryotic organisms, as are many other types of life. Single cells or many cells can make up eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes can have a variety of cell types that combine to generate various types of tissue and can be either single- or multicellular in nature.
Therefore, Option D is correct.
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Approximately one out of every 2,500 caucasians in the united states is born with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis. According to the hardy-weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately how many people are carriers?.
In the US, 4% of white people are carriers of cystic fibrosis.
Explanation: If q2 = 1/2,500, then q =.02, p =.98, and 2pq = roughly.04, or 4%, according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation.When the population keeps its genetic variety constant, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation is applied.
How is the prevalence of cystic fibrosis determined?The disease cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium states that q2, which in this case equals 1/2500 and q = 1/50, is the frequency of an autosomal recessive disease in a population. P = 49/50 1 because the frequency of the two alleles (p & q) must be equal to 1.
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The method of plowing the remains of the previous year's crop into the ground is called?
2. do the experimental results support that hiv is the selective agent driving evolution of ccr5-δ32? why or why not
Because the Delta32 mutation impairs the functional expression of the CCR5 chemokine receptor, which HIV-1 typically uses to enter CD4+ T cells, homozygous carriers of the mutation are resistant to HIV-1 infection.
Chemotaxis, which is cellular motility facilitated by chemokine receptors, is located on cell surfaces. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses the CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) to infect cells. Therefore, methods for stopping and treating HIV infection that specifically target human CCR5 are being developed. The natural course of HIV infection makes CCR5 a prime target for the creation of medications and immunogens that can trigger systemic, and particularly mucosal, responses to shield those who are exposed from infection. The genesis of CCR5-Delta 32 and the rationale for why just such a narrow range of
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Which of following lists the correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deep to superficial?
a. stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum
b. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
c. stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum basale, stratum spinosum
d. stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
The correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deep to superficial is as follows: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum (option B).
What is epidermis?Epidermis is the outer, protective layer of the skin of vertebrates, covering the dermis.
The epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. It is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. It does not have any blood vessels within it
The layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial include:
Stratum basale (the deepest portion of the epidermis)Stratum spinosumStratum granulosumStratum lucidumStratum corneum (the most superficial portion of the epidermis)Therefore, option B is the correct representation of the epidermal layers from deepest to the most superficial.
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you are a big fruit eater and as a result often have slightly high potassium levels in your blood plasma/interstitial fluid. as a result of this, which of the following are true? group of answer choices you would see increased k secretion and decreased aldosterone secretion you would see decreased k secretion and decreased aldosterone secretion you would see increased k secretion and increased aldosterone secretion you would see decreased k secretion and increased aldosterone secretion
The True option is : You would see increased k secretion and increased aldosterone secretion . Aldosterone, like perspiration and saliva, lowers Na+ and increases K+ secretion in the human colon.
Potassium is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid, and appropriate potassium distribution across the cell membrane is crucial for good cell function. Long-term potassium homeostasis is maintained through changes in renal potassium excretion in response to changes in intake.
Understanding the mechanisms and regulatory forces that regulate the internal distribution and renal clearance of potassium under normal conditions can give a foundation for treating potassium problems that are regularly seen in clinical practice.
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humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called:
Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called essential amino acids.
Essential amino acids are those that must be obtained through diet because the body "CAN NOT" produce them. Nine amino acids out of a total of twenty are thought to be essential. An essential amino acid, also known as an indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the organism quickly enough to meet its demand and must therefore be obtained from the diet.
Nonessential amino acids, like essential amino acids, can be resynthesized in your body to build new proteins as your cells require. They aid in the production of glucose for use as energy and fatty acids for the storage of excess calories. Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine are the 11 non-essential amino acids.
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Richness (S) is the total number of species in an ecosystem. Richness does not take into account the number of individuals, proportion, or distribution of each species within the ecosystem. Based on the species list below, what is the richness of this ecosystem? Species list: Wildebeest, Warthog, Elephant, Zebra, Hippo, Impala, Lion, Baboon, Warbler, Crane S =
the richness of this ecosystem is: Given that there are a total of 73 animals (abundance) in the ecosystem.
Therefore, to calculate the abundance of wildebeest (3) in the ecosystem
= 3/ 73 = 0.0411 (Pi).
taking natural logarithm of Pi = ln (Pi) = - 3.19 We calculate all the values for each species in the same manner and tabulate it as given below:
SN Pi * In (Pi) -0.13 1 In (Pi) -3.19 -3.19 -3.60 2 -0.13 Pi = A/T 0.0411 0.0411 0.0274 0.0137 0.0137 3 -4.29 4 5 Abundance
The number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape, or region is referred to as species richness. Species richness is simply a count of species; it does not take into account species abundances or relative abundance distributions.An ecosystem is a geographical location wherein plants, animals, as well as other life forms, in addition to climate and countryside, live in harmony to establish a living bubble.
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