27 moles of ammonia must also be present.
The no of moles of water in solution = 6 moles
mole fraction of ammonia = number of moles of ammonia/ Total no of moles
0.818 = no of moles of ammonia / no of moles of ammonia + number of moles of water
0.818 = n1 / n1 + 6
n1 = 4.908/ 0.182 = 27 mole
One of the industrial chemicals made most frequently in the US is ammonia (NH3). In addition to being naturally occurring in both individuals and the environment, it is employed in industry and commerce. Numerous biological functions require ammonia, which also acts as a precursor to the creation of amino acids and nucleotides. Ammonia is created in soil by bacteria and is a component of the nitrogen cycle in the environment. Ammonia is also created naturally through the breakdown of organic material, such as plants, animals, and animal excrement. Approximately 80% of the ammonia produced by industry is used as fertilizer in agriculture. In addition to these uses, ammonia is also employed in the production of polymers, explosives, textiles, insecticides, dyes, and other compounds. It also serves as a refrigerant gas.
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which phases are present at the upper triple point? liquid diamond graphite gas which phase is stable at 100 atm100 atm and 6000 k
1. Graphite, liquid and diamond- The upper point where the lines connect is known as the upper triple point.
2. The "gas" phase of the diagram includes the intersection point, which is located at 100 atm and 6000 K. Therefore, at 100 atm and 6000K, the gas phase is stable.
3. The production of liquid carbon would include starting from the lower triple point by raising the temperature and pressure.
What is phase diagram?
A phase diagram depicts how a substance reacts to changes in temperature and pressure in a confined container. A potential system temperature and pressure combination is represented by each point in this graphic. The substance's solid, liquid, and gaseous states are represented by the three sections that make up the diagram.
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f i start with 1.00 moles of nitrogen gas (n2) and an excess of hydrogen gas (h2) how many moles of ammonia can be produced? (what is the theoretical yield?)
One mole of Nitrogen gas will produce 2 moles of ammonia.
What is the purpose of ammonia?
Ammonia produced by industry is used as fertilizer in agriculture to the tune of 80%. In addition to these uses, ammonia is made into polymers, explosives, textiles, insecticides, dyes, and other chemicals. It is also used to purify water sources.
Can ammonia cause cancer?
Ammonia does not considered to be a cancer-causing substance. Ammonia has not been classified as carcinogenic by the EPA, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), or the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Briefing:
Hydrogen+Nitrogen→Ammonia
H2+N2-->NH3
Balancing the equation:
3H2+N2-->2NH3
So in an ideal 100% reaction
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two coordination compounds that have the same ligands arranged differently in space around the central metal ion, but are not mirror images of one another, are called
Geometrical isomerism:- When two coordination compounds differ in the arrangement of their ligands in space around the central metal ion, they are said to be geometrical isomers.
What are geometrical isomers?
A geometric isomer is a type of stereoisomerism. It is also known as cis-trans isomerism. Geometric isomerism occurs due to the banned rotation about carbon-carbon double bonds or carbon-carbon single bonds in cyclic compounds.
Geometrical isomerism:- When two coordination compounds differ in the arrangement of their ligands in space around the central metal ion, they are said to be geometrical isomers.
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this carrier molecule in the etc can bypass the next carrier in the chain and transfer electrons directly to oxygen producing two highly potent cellular toxins-hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and superoxide radical (o2-). what is this carrier molecule?
This transport molecule is a flavoprotein. Because this carrier molecule in the chain can bypass the following carrier and transmit electrons to oxygen directly, hydrogen peroxide is produced.
Which is a pair of extremely strong cellular poisons. Proteins known as flavoproteins include a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin. The elimination of radicals that cause oxidative stress, photosynthesis, and DNA repair are just a few of the biological processes that flavoproteins are engaged in. A group of two or more atoms bound together by the attractive forces known as chemical bonds is referred to as a molecule; depending on the context, the term may or may not include ions that meet this requirement.
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for each pair of compounds, pick the one with the higher boiling point. explain your reasoning. cs2 or cse2
As molecular weight and ionic character increase, boiling point rises as well. Due to its greater mass and ionic character compared to CS₂, CSe₂ has a higher boiling point.
Boiling point definition:A substance's boiling point is the temperature at which it changes from a liquid to a gaseous or vapor state, where the two states are in equilibrium.
The molecular weight, bond type, temperature, and pressure of a substance all affect its boiling point. The 16th group of the oxygen family is where sulfur S and selenium Se both belong.
The covalent character decreases and the molecular weight rises as you move down a group. Se is the heaviest element in the sixteenth group and has a higher molecular weight than the other elements in the group.
Se has a higher boiling point due to its more ionic nature as well. Therefore, CSe₂'s boiling point is higher than CSe₂'s due to its higher mass and ionic character.
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What happens to the chemistry of the seawater as more co2 is absorbed into the oceans?.
The planet's PH decreased, thereby making the water there increasingly acidic.
Why does seawater include compounds?There are numerous distinct chemicals in seawater. Because when freshwater in water evaporates and salt is left behind, several of these chemicals can be seen. Pure substance made up water and oxygen is called water, or H2O.
Is seawater a type of chemical solution?Rainwater and dissolved chemical substances combine to become seawater. A great solvent is water. Juices that dissolve other compounds are known as solvents. Numerous solutes are present in the majority of the earth's water, which includes the moisture in oceans, pools, rivers, and ponds.
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given that the solubility reaction for calcium phosphate is ca3(po4)2(s)⇌3ca2 (aq) 2po43−(aq) why does the addition of acid increase the solubility of calcium phosphate?
It lowers the concentration of phosphate ions, shifting the balance to the left.
What does the word "solubility" actually mean?The maximum number of a chemical that will disintegrate in such a solvent at a given temperature is referred to as its solubility. Varying compounds have very high solubility, which is a characteristic of a particular solute-solvent pair.
What's an illustration of solubility?The quantity of solute in one liters of a saturated solution, or solubility, is measured in grams. For instance, their solubility in water at 25 oC might be displayed as 12 g/L. The amount of solute per milliliter of saturated solution is measured by its molar solubility. As an illustration, positive and significant at 1 mol/L at 25 oC.
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a 35.0 ml solution of ba(oh)₂ is neutralized with 33.0 ml of 0.350 m hno₃. what is the concentration of the original ba(oh)₂ solution?
Concentration of the original ba(oh)₂ solution is 0.33 M.
What is Concentration?
Concentration in chemistry is defined as the quantity present in a mixture in excess of its total volume. It is possible to distinguish between the four different types of mathematical descriptions: mass concentration, molarity, number concentration, as well as volume concentration. The term "concentration" can be used to describe any type of chemical mixture, but it most often refers to the amount of solutes and solvents in a solution. Osmotic concentration and normal concentration are two variations of the molar (amount) concentration. The term "concentration" or an adjective like "dilute" for solutions with a low concentration as well as "concentrated" for solutions with a high concentration are frequently used in everyday, non-technical language to describe concentration in a qualitative manner.
Explanation:
Here, we have given two solution with their conc. and volume
So, formula used to calculate conc. is
M1V1 = M2V2
let
M1 = molarity of ba(oh)2
V1 = volume of ba(oh)2 used
M2 = molarity of HNO 3
V2 = volume of HNO3 used
Now,
M1 X 35 = 0.35 x 33
M1 = 0.35 X 33 / 35
M1 = O.33
Hence, the concentration of ba(oh)2 is 0.33 M.
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Nuclear decay occurs according to first-order kinetics. How long will it take for a sample of radon-218 to decay from 99 grams to 0. 50 grams? the half-life of radon-218 is 35 milliseconds.
It will take, 2.6×10²/ (50 days) for a sample of radon-218 to decay from 99 grams to 0. 50 grams.
What is Nuclear decay?
When an atom's nucleus is unstable and produces radiation on its own, this process is known as nuclear decay. In turn, one or more new elements' nuclei are formed from the original element's nucleus. These progeny nuclei are less energetically unstable and have a smaller mass than their parent nuclei.
For instance, uranium-238 emits an alpha particle as it decays into thorium-234.
Therefore, It will take, 2.6×10²/ (50 days) for a sample of radon-218 to decay from 99 grams to 0. 50 grams.
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the amount and the concentration of a salt solution is given. how much salt would you get if you evaporated all water from this solution?
If you evaporated all the water from this solution, you would receive 28 g and 3.4 g of salt; this is the quantity and concentration of a salt solution.
Are saline and salt water the same thing?
But the salt water found in the ocean is not the same as the bag of medicinal saline at the neighborhood hospital. Sodium chloride (table salt) and filtered water are used to make medical saline.
Can we consume salt water?
Seawater, in particular ocean water, contains a lot of salt and is not healthy to drink. Since we were designed to drink fresh water, drinking seawater can make us feel more dehydrated. In addition to making you thirstier, drinking salt water can seriously harm your body.
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which of the following nuclides would be expected to be particularly stable?a.calcium-40b.potassium-38c.argon-39d.chlorine-37
Calcium-40 would be expected to be particularly stable.
A nuclide is a type of atom distinguished by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus, which approximates the nuclide's mass. The number associated with the nuclide's name is known as its mass number (the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus).
The terms isotope and nuclide are closely related. When we talk about isotopes, we're talking about a group of nuclides that have the same number of protons. The term nuclide refers to a nuclear species that may or may not be isotopes of a single element. A nuclide is an atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus, such as carbon-13, which has 6 protons and 7 neutrons.
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what is the empirical formula for a substance that is 12.67 % aluminum, 19.73% nitrogen, 67.60% oxygen
The empirical formula for a substance that is 12.67 % aluminum, 19.73% nitrogen, 67.60% oxygen is Al(NO₃)₃.
given that :
aluminum = 12.67 % = 12.67 g
nitrogen = 19.73 % = 19.73 g
oxygen = 67.60 % = 67.60 g
molar mass of aluminum = 12.67 / 26.98
= 0.46 mol
molar mass of nitrogen = 19.73 / 14
= 1.40 mol
molar mass of oxygen = 67.60 / 16
= 4.2 mol
divided by the smallest one , we get:
aluminum = 0.46 / 0.46 = 1
nitrogen = 1.40 / 0.46 = 3
oxygen = 4.2 / 0.46 = 9
The empirical formula is = Al(NO₃)₃
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from the gc data, assign the signals to 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene. how were the assignments made?
A GC-MS produces muti data, including chromatograms for quantitative and qualitative analysis, mass spectra for confirming identity, identifying unknown analytes, and determining the structural and chemical properties of molecules.
What do you discover with GC-MS data?The GCMS uses a standard, or a proportion of the component that has already been established and has also been measured on the GCMS, to quantify the concentration of each chemical in a sample.
On a chart known as a chromatogram, a peak for each substance that the GC separates is used to symbolize it. The number of peaks reflects the sample's concentration of separated components. Each peak's location reveals the retention time of the compound.
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environmental agents such as nutrition and chemical exposure can alter gene expression by affecting the epigenome. epigenetic changes may also have important effects on behavior phenotypes. which of these examples correctly describe explicit evidence supporting epigenetic traits as heritable?
An example correctly describing explicit evidence supporting epigenetic traits as heritable is DNA methylation.
The epigenome can be impacted by environmental factors like a person's nutrition and exposure to contaminants. When cells divide, epigenetic alterations can be preserved from cell to cell and, in some situations, passed down through the generations. DNA methylation is a frequent epigenetic alteration type.
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification, meaning it affects DNA without changing its sequence in any way. It modifies a gene's expression during cell differentiation and brings about a heritable alteration. Other potential environmental stressors that can alter epigenetic status include chemical and xenobiotic compounds in water or the atmosphere.
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the reaction of 5.45 g of carbon with excess o2 yields 8.10 g of co2. what is the percent yield of this reaction? %
The percent yield of this reaction is 53.05 %.
From the question, we have
Moles of carbon = 5.25/12.011 = 0.437
Mass of carbon dioxide formed = mole*molar mass
= 0.437 mol*44g/mol = 19.228 g.
Percent yield = 10.2/19.228*100%
=53.05%
The percent yield of this reaction is 53.05 %.
mass in physics, quantitative measure of inertia, a fundamental property of all matter. It is, in effect, the resistance that a body of matter offers to a change in its speed or position upon the application of a force.
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what are the risks involved in using auctions to source malic acid? briefly explain with evidence from the case.
The main risks associated with using auctions to source malic acid from Betapharm include quality risk, price risk, delivery risk, and contractual risk.
1. Quality Control: Betapharm's malic acid was of a lower quality than expected, leading to product recalls and customer complaints. This could lead to financial losses and/or damage to Betapharm's reputation.
2. Price Risk: As the auction process is unpredictable, Betapharm may end up paying more than expected or receive a lower quality of malic acid than expected. This could lead to financial losses and/or damage to Betapharm's reputation.
3. Delivery Risk: Betapharm may not receive the malic acid on time, leading to delays in production and financial losses.
4. Contractual Risk: Betapharm may not have a clear contract in place with the supplier, leading to disputes and potential financial losses.
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what is pheoby supposed to tell the others? do you agree with this? how is hurston using pheoby? why?
Phenoby is supposed to tell others that, "Telling and giving understanding are two different things".
According to Phenoby mink is so valuable, but coon is not valuable, even though both are fur.
Janie implies that within a short period of time telling would be taken by people simply as passing sentence and would most likely will be forgotten.
On the other hand people's behavior can be changed to the better way of thinking by making people understand about the real fact.
Hence, Phenoby is supposed to say this to others.
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you are analysing a molecule with two adjacent and non equivalent groups of hydrogens. group a has 2 hydrogens and group b has 2 hydrogens. how many peaks will group a's nmr signal be split due to spin-spin coupling? express your answer as an integer (x).
Resonance is a way of describing delocalized electrons within certain molecules. Here, the bonding cannot be expressed by a single Lewis formula.
When a nuclei are in an EM radiation with a proper frequency, the nuclei aligned with the field will absorb energy and spin flip. When the spin flip happens, the nuclei are said to in resonance with the field. Thus, this technique is NMR ( Nuclear magnetic resonance).
How to calculate peaks due to spin spin coupling?
In general NMR resonance will split into (n+1) peaks where n is the number of hydrogens on the adjacent atom due to spin spin coupling.
So, for group A, n=3
Therefore, number of peaks in group A's NMR signal =3+1=4
Therefore, 4 peaks is the main answer
A quartret will be formed in 1:3:3:1 ratio.
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with the carbonyl group on the end of a six-carbon chain, the carbohydrate would be classified as a(n)
Aldohexose is the carbohydrate with the carbonyl group on the end of a six-carbon chain.
What are carbohydrates?
All carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or chemicals that can be broken down to generate such compounds, and they all include carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Starch, fiber, the sweet-tasting substances known as sugars, and structural components like cellulose are examples of carbohydrates.
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what is the acidic level of a 100 liter tank thats 12% acid poured into a 50 liter tank that's 0% acid
The acidic level of liter tank is 8%.
Principle -
The reason this occurs is due to the large amount of energy released in the hydration reaction of sulfuric acid ions. Do not believe that heat comes from dissociation, as the dissociation of acids, bases, and salts always consumes energy. The energy is released from subsequent hydration. The energy released in this case will be absorbed by the small amount of water you are adding. As a result that water will splash out of the vessel carrying along with it particles of acid.In 50-LITRES of solution, there are 10 L of pure acid. After that, add "V" litres of water.10 is therefore equal to (50 V) x 8/100.Calculations-
So 10= 4 8V/100.
8V/100 = 10-4= 6.
V is therefore 6 x 100/8, 600/8, or 75 liters.
The percentage of acid decreases to 8% after adding 75 litres of water to the acid solution.
percent of acid in 125 liters of acid solution, which would contain 10 liters of pure acid.= 10/125 x 100 = 8%.
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Sodium bicarbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in a gas-forming reaction to produce aqueous sodium chloride, water, and carbon dioxide gas: NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Determine the mass of CO2 gas produced when 8.28 g of NaHCO3 is added to a solution that contains 5.22 g of HCl.
4.44 g of carbon dioxide is produced Sodium bicarbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid in a gas-forming reaction.
The question provides us with a balanced chemical reaction and the masses of our reactants [tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex] (8.28 g) and HCl (5.22 g). As we do not know which is the limiting reactant, we will start by converting the masses of both reactants to moles:
n = [tex]\frac{m}{M}[/tex]
Where, n = moles; m = mass; M = molar mass
The molar masses of [tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex] and HCl are obtained by adding the atomic masses of each atom. The atomic masses are obtained from the periodic table:
[tex]M_{ NaHCO_{3} }[/tex] = (22.99g/mol)+(1.01g/mo)+(12.01g/mol)+(3×16.00g/mol)
=84.01g/mol
[tex]M_{HCL}[/tex] = (1.01g/mol)+(45.45g/mol)
=46.46g/mol
Now we can substitute the values in and solve:
[tex]n_{NaHCO_{3} }[/tex] = [tex]\frac{m}{M}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{8.28g}{ 84.01g/mol }[/tex]
= 0.958 mol
[tex]n_{HCL}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{m}{M}[/tex] = [tex]\frac{5.22g}{46.46g/mol}[/tex]
=0.112 mol
Next we will calculate the theoretical yield (in moles) of carbon dioxide from each reactant. In the process we will also determine the limiting reactant.
0.1 mol [tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex] × [tex]\frac{1molCO2}{1molNaHCO3}[/tex] = 0.985 mol [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]
0.112 mol HCl× [tex]\frac{1molCO2}{1molHCL}[/tex] =0.112 mol [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]
From the results we can see the limiting reactant is
[tex]NaHCO_{3}[/tex] as it produces less [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]. As the limiting reactant determines the theoretical yield, this means 0.1 mol of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex] will be produced. To determine the mass of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex]
we will rearrange the formula we used earlier with the molar mass of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex].
[tex]M_{CO_{2} }[/tex] = 12.01g/mol + (2×16.00g/mol) = 44.01g/mol
m = [tex]\frac{n}{M}[/tex] = (0.958 mol)(44.01g/mol)=4.44 g
Therefore 4.44 g of carbon dioxide is produced
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a 40 l vat contains 30 l of solution that is 5% acid. the solution is being pumped out at 4 l/sec and pure acid is being pumped in at 3 l/sec. assume there is instantaneous, perfect mixing. what is the concentration of acid when the vat is one-fourth full?
The concentration of acid when the vat is one-fourth full is 3%.
What is an acid?
The concentration of acid when the vat is one-fourth full can be expressed as a proportion of acid to the total volume of solution in the vat.
At the start, the vat contains 30 liters of a 5% acid solution. This means that 0.05 * 30 = 1.5 liters of acid is present.
As the solution is pumped out at 4 liters per second, and pure acid is pumped in at 3 liters per second, the total amount of acid in the vat is increasing at a rate of 3 liters per second.
At one-fourth full, the vat will contain 10 liters of solution (one-fourth of the original 40 liter volume).
To calculate the concentration of acid at this point, we need to calculate the total amount of acid present. Since the rate of increase of acid is 3 liters per second, after 10 seconds, the amount of acid present will be 3 * 10 = 30 liters.
Therefore, the concentration of acid when the vat is one-fourth full is 30/10 = 3%.
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A piece of gold, previously at room temperature, is placed in a water bath with a temperature of 100∘C. If we consider the gold to be the system and assume w constant, what is the outcome of this action?
a. heat flows out of the system and its internal energy decreases
b. heat flows out of the system and its internal energy increases
c. heat flows into the system and its internal energy decreases
d. heat flows into the system and its internal energy increases
Answer:
D. heat flows into the system and its internal energy increas
Explanation:
The question defines the system as the piece of gold. The answer will depend on the gold's perspective of what is happening. If we assume room temperature to be cooler than [tex]100^{o} C[/tex], then the gold will experience energy coming in until the tempeartures of both the water and gold are the same. As heat flows into the gold, its internal energy will increase. Option D seems to address both processes correctly.
f it takes 54 ml of 0.1 m naoh to neutralize 125 ml of an hci solution, what is the concentration of the hci?
The amount of hcl is 0.0432 M. A neutralizing reaction happens after the acid and base are allowed to mix.
What happens during neutralization?
When an acid and a base come together, neutralization takes place, raising the pH to roughly 7. When lime is added to acidic soil to cure and relieve indigestion, for example, it is a practical practice that is used every day. Additionally, neutralization causes an alkali's pH to decrease to around seven.
Which specific neutralization can you cite?
Ans: A neutralizing reaction has numerous uses in daily life. For instance, antacid tablets, which have a fundamental ingredient, help balance gastric acidity. The neutralizing reaction helps to prevent tooth decay in a manner similar to that
Briefing:
volume of NaOH = 54 mL / 1000 = 0.054 L
Molarity NaOH = 0.1 M
Number of moles NaOH :
n = M * v
n = 0.1 * 0.054
n = 0.0054 moles of NaOH
Finally we calculate the number of moles of HCl in the solution from the stoichiometry of the reaction :
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H₂O
1 mole HCl -------- 1 mole NaOH
?moles HCl ------- 0.0054 moles NaOH
moles HCl = 0.0054 * 1 /1
= 0.0054 moles of HCl
Volume of HCl = 125 mL / 1000 = 0.125 L
M ( HCl ) = n / V
M = 0.0054 / 0.125
= 0.0432 M
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how much heat is required to heat a 18.4 g ice cube from –23.0 °c to –1.0 °c? specific heat of ice is 2.108 j/g °c.
The final temperature at which both become equal is 81.95°C.
What is Specific Heat?
The amount of heat needed to raise a substance's temperature by one degree Celsius in one gramme, also known as specific heat. Typically, calories or joules per gramme per degree Celsius are used as the units of specific heat. For instance, water has a specific heat of 1 calorie (or 4.186 joules) per gramme per degree Celsius.
The French scientists Pierre-Louis Dulong and Alexis-Thérèse Petit showed in the early 19th century that measurements of a substance's specific heat allow one to calculate their atomic weights.
45x0.88x(X-24)=-180×4.184×(X-85)
39.6X-950.4=-753.12X+64015.2
792.72X=6495.6
X=6495.6/792.72
X=81.95°C
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Which type of noncovalent interaction supports the double helix of dna and produces the base pairings a–t and g–c?.
The type of non-covalent interaction between the base pairing of a double helix of DNA molecule is hydrogen bonding.
The nucleic acids are categorized into two types that are as follows:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
The pairing of bases occurs in both RNA and DNA molecules. The bases that are present in DNA molecules are guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine while the bases that are present in RNA molecules are adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine.
In a DNA molecule, the pairing is done in a way that A is always paired with T, while G is paired with C and in RNA the base T is replaced by U. There exist hydrogen bonding between base pair and double helix of DNA molecule, they are weak bond and can be broken down easily.
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what is the percent ionization of a monoprotic weak acid solution that is 0.181 m? the acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant, ka, of this acid is 2.32×10−11 . percent ionization
The percent ionization of a monoprotic weak acid solution that is 0.181 m the acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant, ka, of this acid is 2.32×10−11 is 1.13x10^-3 T%
The concentration of solution of 0.433 M.
The Ka of the acid is 2.32 x 10~
~and the solution has a concentration of 0.181T M.
We can calculate the hydronium ion concentration by using the equation: |
Ka=[H3O+][A-]/HA-][H3O+]
[H3O+]=[A-]
[H3O+]^2=Ka[HA]
[H3O+]^2= 2.32X10^-11x0.181M[H3O+]=2.049195x10^-6 M
We can then calculate the percent ionization using the equation:
Percent ionisation= [H3O+]/[HA]x100
Percent ionisation= 2.049195x10^-6 M/0.181 M=1.13x10^-3 %
The percent ionization is 1.13x10^-3 %
The percent ionization of a 0.433 M solution of the monoprotic acid is 0.00113%
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The percent ionization of a monoprotic weak acid solution that is 0.181M is 0.001132%
It is given that the concentration of the monoprotic acid is 0.181M and the acid-dissociation (or ionization) constant, ka, of this acid is 2.32×10^−11.To find the percent ionization of a monoprotic weak acid solution, the following steps are to be followed,
[H+] = √Ka x C
On substituting the values of Ka and the concentration of the acid, we get
[H+] = √2.32 x10⁻¹¹ x 0.181
= √0.4199x10⁻¹¹
[H+] = 2.049 x 10⁻⁶M
The dissociation is given by,
AH + H₂O -------> A- + H₃O⁺
[H+] = [A-] = 2.049 x 10⁻⁶M
[HA] at equilibrium is given by
= 0.181-2.049 x 10⁻⁶
=0.180997
The percentage of ionization is given by,
Percentage ionization = [H₃O⁺]/[HA] x 100
On substituting,
Percentage ionization = 2.049 x 10⁻⁶/0.181x100
= 1.132 x 10⁻³%
Percentage ionization = 0.001132%
Therefore the percentage ionization is 0.001132%
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the g.c. that you will be using uses a flame ionization detector and requires two gases, hydrogen and helium. what are the specific roles of each of these gases?
The gas chromatograph (g.c.) that you will be using employs a flame ionization detector and needs two gases, helium, and hydrogen. The carrier gas, which differs depending on the type of GC being utilized, is crucial. The carrier gas must be inert chemically, dry, and oxygen-free.
Polar chemicals, such as butanol, will be absorbed on the column and move slowly if we employ the polar stationary phase. If they are polar, they will flow slowly, but non-polar chemicals, such as hexane, will move quickly. Given that they will move quickly, this is for the polar stationary base. The scenario will be entirely reversed when the polar non-polar stationary column is present, hence in the non-polar stationary situation. The order will be reversed, causing polar and non-polar molecules to migrate quickly. They'll start by absorbing a lot of energy.
An analytical tool used in science to evaluate analytes in a gas stream is called a flame ionization detector (FID). It is commonly employed in gas chromatography as a detector. This is a mass-sensitive instrument since it measures the number of ions per unit of time. With the right hydrogen generator, a hydrogen carrier may be produced from water on demand and offers a larger range of optimal linear velocities or flows than helium. It is also less expensive. With FID, it is simple to adjust for the additional hydrogen carrier gas by lowering the detector hydrogen flow in proportion.
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how does the number of atoms in a 27.5-gram zinc ring compare to the number in a nickel ring of the same mass?
The number of atoms in a 27.5-gram zinc ring compared to the number in a nickel ring of the same mass contains 1.08 times more atoms than 27.5g of zinc.
You need to convert the masses of zinc and nickel to no. of moles by using
Moles = mass/Relative Atomic Mass
Then you can calculate the number of atoms knowing that 1 mole of any substance contains the Avogadro Constant number of particles (atoms or molecules usually).
So , no. if moles of zinc = 27.5g/65.3
= 0.42 moles.
Since 1 mole contains 6.023 x 10²³ atoms, then 0.15 mole contains (6.023 * 10²³) x 0.42 atoms
= 2.5 10²³ atoms.
Similarly for nickel, no. of moles = 27.5/ 58.6
= 0.46 moles.
This contains (6.023 x 10²³) x 0.46 atoms.
= 2.7 x 10²³ atoms.
So 27.5g of nickel contains 2.7 x 10²³/ 2.5x 10²³ more atoms than 27.5g of zinc.
Thus, 27.5 g nickel contains 1.08 x more atoms than 27.5g of zinc.
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in this class, we will learn the bohn oppenheimer approximation which is the basis for treating molecules quantum mechanically. can you enumerate all the terms that generic exist in the full hamiltonian of a molecule?
The Born-Oppenheimer Approximation is the assumption that the electronic motion and the nuclear motion in molecules can be separated. It leads to a molecular wave function in terms of electron positions and nuclear positions.
This mainly involves the following assumptions:
The electronic wavefunction depends upon the nuclear positions but not upon their velocities, i.e., the nuclear motion is so much slower than electron motion that they can be considered to be fixed.
The nuclear motion sees a smeared-out potential from the speedy electrons.
If a Hamiltonian is separable into two or more terms, then the total eigenfunctions are products of the individual eigenfunctions of the separated Hamiltonian terms.
Associated with each measurable parameter in a physical system is a quantum mechanical operator and the operator associated with the system energy is called the Hamiltonian. The Hamiltonian contains the operations associated with the kinetic and potential energies.
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