In the 14th century, the lower classes gained greater military importance due to several factors:
Technological Advancements: The development of new military technologies, such as the longbow, allowed the lower classes to wield more effective weapons on the battlefield. The longbow, for example, was a relatively simple weapon that required strength and skill rather than extensive training or expensive equipment. This gave the lower classes, particularly skilled archers, a valuable advantage in combat.
Shift in Warfare Tactics: The 14th century saw a shift in warfare tactics that relied more on infantry and ranged weapons. Traditional feudal cavalry, predominantly composed of nobles and knights, became less dominant on the battlefield. This change favored the lower classes, who could serve as foot soldiers or archers and contribute to the new tactical approaches.
Impact of the Hundred Years' War: The Hundred Years' War between England and France, which lasted from the mid-14th to the mid-15th century, had a significant influence on military dynamics. Prolonged conflicts like this necessitated larger armies, and the lower classes played a vital role in filling the ranks. Commoners were often conscripted or volunteered for military service, as their numbers and availability were essential to sustaining and expanding armies.
Economic and Social Factors: Socioeconomic changes during the 14th century led to a growing importance of the lower classes in military affairs. The Black Death pandemic, which ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, caused significant population loss, particularly among the nobility. This created a need for new recruits from lower social ranks to take up military roles and fill the void left by the deceased.
Additionally, economic and political changes, such as the emergence of urban centers and the growth of centralized states, provided avenues for upward mobility. This allowed capable individuals from the lower classes to rise through the ranks and gain military prominence.
Overall, technological advancements, changes in warfare tactics, the impact of the Hundred Years' War, and socioeconomic factors contributed to the increased military importance of the lower classes in the 14th century. These developments marked a shift in the traditional power dynamics of warfare, providing opportunities for individuals from lower social strata to play significant roles in military engagements.
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In the 14th century, the lower classes gained greater military importance due to several factors:
Technological Advancements: The development of new military technologies, such as the longbow, allowed the lower classes to wield more effective weapons on the battlefield. The longbow, for example, was a relatively simple weapon that required strength and skill rather than extensive training or expensive equipment. This gave the lower classes, particularly skilled archers, a valuable advantage in combat.
Shift in Warfare Tactics: The 14th century saw a shift in warfare tactics that relied more on infantry and ranged weapons. Traditional feudal cavalry, predominantly composed of nobles and knights, became less dominant on the battlefield. This change favored the lower classes, who could serve as foot soldiers or archers and contribute to the new tactical approaches.
Impact of the Hundred Years' War: The Hundred Years' War between England and France, which lasted from the mid-14th to the mid-15th century, had a significant influence on military dynamics. Prolonged conflicts like this necessitated larger armies, and the lower classes played a vital role in filling the ranks. Commoners were often conscripted or volunteered for military service, as their numbers and availability were essential to sustaining and expanding armies.
Economic and Social Factors: Socioeconomic changes during the 14th century led to a growing importance of the lower classes in military affairs. The Black Death pandemic, which ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, caused significant population loss, particularly among the nobility. This created a need for new recruits from lower social ranks to take up military roles and fill the void left by the deceased.
Additionally, economic and political changes, such as the emergence of urban centers and the growth of centralized states, provided avenues for upward mobility. This allowed capable individuals from the lower classes to rise through the ranks and gain military prominence.
Overall, technological advancements, changes in warfare tactics, the impact of the Hundred Years' War, and socioeconomic factors contributed to the increased military importance of the lower classes in the 14th century. These developments marked a shift in the traditional power dynamics of warfare, providing opportunities for individuals from lower social strata to play significant roles in military engagements.
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The COMMON law system is the system of law that courts follow in the U.S. It was borrowed from the British system and still exists in most countries that were once part of or still are part of the British Empire. In the COMMON law system, judges follow old decisions of previous courts if the facts and circumstances are the same. These old cases are called PRECEDENT, a phrase you've probably heard before. However, one you probably haven't heard is the fancy Latin phrase STARE DECISIS, which means literally "stand" and decide," or roughly "Let the decision stand," another way of saying that old cases and the judge's decisions, or holdings, in them, should be followed by future courts.
The COMMON law system in the U.S. is based on precedents and the principle of stare decisis.
What is the significance of stare decisis in the COMMON law system?Stare decisis which means "Let the decision stand" is a fundamental principle in the COMMON law system. It ensures consistency and predictability in legal rulings by requiring judges to follow the decisions of previous courts when the facts and circumstances are similar.
This principle allows for the development of a body of legal precedents that shape and guide future judicial decisions. By adhering to stare decisis, the legal system maintains stability and promotes fairness and equality under the law.
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The events surrounding Tinker v. Des Moines involved a school. Which statement best explains why the Supreme Court ruled in the students’ favor?
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the students in the case of Tinker v. Des Moines due to the recognition of students' First Amendment rights to freedom of speech, even within a school setting.
- The Court acknowledged that students do not shed their constitutional rights at the school gate, emphasizing that they still possess their right to free expression.
- The ruling upheld the notion that schools have the authority to regulate speech and maintain order but clarified that this authority must be balanced with the protection of students' rights.
- The Court found that the students' silent protest, wearing black armbands to express their opposition to the Vietnam War, did not cause substantial disruption to the educational environment.
- The absence of evidence that the protest significantly interfered with the school's operations was a key factor in the Court's decision.
- The Court emphasized that schools can only restrict student speech if there is a reasonable expectation of disruption or interference with the educational mission.
- The ruling in Tinker v. Des Moines established an important precedent for student free speech rights, setting a standard that school policies must adhere to when regulating student expression.
Overall, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the students in Tinker v. Des Moines because the students' symbolic speech did not substantially disrupt the school environment, and they were entitled to exercise their First Amendment rights within the boundaries of the school.
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since 1959 when the official data on the poverty rate began, the poverty rate was at its highest in group of answer choices 1959. 1968. 1977. 1986.
The poverty rate was at its highest in 1959, the year when the official data on poverty rate began.
The question asks about the year when the poverty rate was at its highest since 1959, the starting point of official data on poverty rate. To determine the answer, we compare the given options: 1959, 1968, 1977, and 1986.
Since the official data on poverty rate began in 1959, we can examine the poverty rates for each of the given years to identify the highest rate. By analyzing the historical records, we find that the poverty rate tends to fluctuate over time, influenced by various social, economic, and policy factors.
In this case, the answer is 1959 because it is the starting point, and the poverty rate cannot be higher in any year prior to it. The subsequent years, such as 1968, 1977, and 1986, may have experienced fluctuations in the poverty rate, but the question specifically asks for the highest rate since 1959.
Therefore, based on the given options, 1959 is the correct answer as it represents the year when the poverty rate was at its highest since the beginning of official data collection on poverty rate.
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what roles were most middle-class american women expected to fulfill in the 1950s?
In the 1950s, middle-class American women were generally expected to fulfill traditional gender roles as wives and mothers. They were expected to prioritize their family life and take on the responsibilities of maintaining a household, raising children, and providing emotional support to their husbands. Many women were encouraged to be homemakers and focus on creating a comfortable and nurturing environment for their families.
During the 1950s, the prevailing social norms and cultural expectations placed a strong emphasis on the nuclear family and traditional gender roles. Middle-class American women were encouraged to conform to the idealized image of the "perfect housewife" and were expected to prioritize their family life over personal ambitions or professional aspirations.
The post-World War II era saw a resurgence of conservative values and a desire to return to a sense of normalcy. This resulted in a shift away from the increased workforce participation of women during the war and a renewed emphasis on domesticity. Women were encouraged to focus on marriage and motherhood as their primary roles, while men were expected to be the breadwinners of the family.
The media, including magazines, television shows, and advertisements, promoted the image of the suburban housewife who excelled in domestic tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and child-rearing. This idealized version of femininity became deeply ingrained in the cultural fabric of the time.
However, it is important to note that not all women conformed to these expectations, and there were various individual and regional differences in the roles women played during the 1950s. Some women pursued higher education or employment outside the home, albeit often limited to certain fields or part-time work. The women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s would later challenge these traditional gender roles and advocate for greater gender equality.
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the blank is the outline of the government of the united states
The Constitution is the outline of the government of the united states.
The Constitution of the United States serves as the outline or framework for the government of the United States. It establishes the structure, powers, and limitations of the federal government and sets forth the rights and liberties of the American people.
The Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788, creating a system of government based on the principles of separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism.
It outlines the three branches of government: the legislative branch, headed by Congress and responsible for making laws; the executive branch, headed by the President and responsible for implementing and enforcing laws; and the judicial branch, headed by the Supreme Court and responsible for interpreting the laws.
The Constitution delineates the powers and responsibilities of each branch, ensuring a system of shared powers and preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful. This system of checks and balances allows for accountability and prevents the abuse of power.
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nathanson claims that the principle of lex talionis would give us no guidance in devising a punishment for (fill in the blank)
"Nathanson claims that the principle of lex talionis would give us no guidance in devising a punishment for d.r.u.n.k driving."
According to Nathanson, the principle of lex talionis, also known as "an eye for an eye," would not provide us with any clear guidance in determining an appropriate punishment for d.r.u.n.k driving. The principle of lex talionis suggests that the punishment should be equivalent to the harm inflicted. However, when it comes to d.r.u.n.k driving, the harm caused is not easily quantifiable.
It involves risks to public safety, potential injury or loss of life, property damage, and emotional trauma. Assigning a punishment based solely on the principle of equivalence would be insufficient in addressing these complex consequences. Therefore, Nathanson argues that alternative principles, such as deterrence, rehabilitation, and public safety, should be considered when devising appropriate punishments for d.r.u.n.k driving.
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The principle of lex talionis does not provide guidance for devising punishments for crimes that involve property destruction or theft without force or the threat of force.
Explanation:The principle of lex talionis, also known as "an eye for an eye," states that the punishment for a crime should be proportionate to the harm caused. Thus, it is a legal principle or code of justice where punishment is to be equivalent to the harm or injury caused, ensuring a proportionate response for offences committed.
However, Nathanson argues that lex talionis would give us no guidance in devising a punishment for crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property but do not use force or the threat of force. These types of offences do not fit the traditional understanding of lex talionis, as they do not involve physical harm or injury to another person.
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the pentagon papers revealed shocking waste in military spending
The Pentagon Papers did indeed reveal significant waste in military spending during the Vietnam War. The Pentagon Papers were a classified study commissioned by the U.S. Department of Defense that examined U.S. involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967. The study was leaked to the press in 1971 and provided a detailed account of the government's decisions and actions related to the war.
Among the revelations in the Pentagon Papers was evidence of wasteful military spending. The study documented instances of excessive costs, mismanagement, and inefficiencies in the procurement of weapons, supplies, and services related to the war effort. It shed light on the discrepancy between what was publicly stated about the war and the internal assessments and discussions within the government.
The Pentagon Papers exposed the extent of government deception and the lack of transparency surrounding the war. They contributed to public disillusionment and skepticism towards official narratives about the Vietnam War, fueling anti-war sentiment and calls for accountability.
While the Pentagon Papers did reveal shocking waste in military spending, it is important to note that military spending and wastefulness are complex issues that can occur in various contexts and are not limited to a single event or time period.
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What led to the decline of Liberalism and to rise of the New
Right? What was Nixon's southern Strategy?
The decline of liberalism and the rise of the New Right can be attributed to several interconnected factors that unfolded over time.
These factors include social and cultural changes, economic shifts, and political strategies. Additionally, President Richard Nixon's Southern Strategy played a significant role in reshaping the political landscape.
Social and Cultural Changes: The 1960s and 1970s were characterized by a series of social and cultural upheavals, such as the civil rights movement, the women's liberation movement, and the countercultural movements. These movements challenged traditional norms and values, generating a backlash among conservative segments of society.
Economic Shifts: The 1970s witnessed economic challenges, including stagflation (a combination of stagnant economic growth and high inflation) and the oil crisis. These economic hardships created a sense of uncertainty and discontent, leading some individuals to question the effectiveness of liberal policies and institutions.
Political Strategies: Nixon's Southern Strategy was a deliberate political strategy aimed at appealing to white Southern Democrats who were disenchanted with the Democratic Party's support for civil rights and racial integration. Recognizing the racial divisions in the South, Nixon sought to attract these voters by emphasizing law and order, states' rights, and opposition to desegregation.
The Southern Strategy, coupled with broader conservative messaging, appealed to disaffected voters who felt threatened by social changes and sought a return to more traditional values. The Republican Party, particularly in the South, capitalized on these sentiments, successfully attracting conservative voters and reshaping the political landscape.
The rise of the New Right, sometimes referred to as the conservative movement, gained momentum in the 1980s with the election of President Ronald Reagan. This movement emphasized limited government, free-market economics, traditional social values, and a strong national defense. It sought to roll back the perceived excesses of liberalism and expand conservative influence in politics and policy.
Overall, the decline of liberalism and the rise of the New Right were driven by a combination of social, cultural, economic, and political factors. The Southern Strategy employed by Nixon and subsequent conservative mobilization played a significant role in reshaping the political dynamics, particularly in the South, and contributed to the broader realignment of American politics.
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A benifit of a bicmeral legislature is that it
Which group was prohibited from settling in texas?
The group which was prohibited from settling in Texas was Native Americans.
Native Americans were prohibited from settling in Texas. This prohibition stemmed from various factors, including the expansionist policies of the Republic of Texas and later the state of Texas, as well as the desire to dispossess Native American tribes of their lands. The Texas government passed laws and engaged in military actions to forcibly remove Native American tribes from their ancestral territories.
The expulsion of Native Americans from Texas was part of a broader pattern of settler colonialism in North America, where indigenous peoples were displaced and marginalized to make way for European-American settlement. These policies and actions had devastating consequences for Native American communities, leading to the loss of land, culture, and lives.
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john f. kennedy was able to carry texas and win the presidency in 1960 because .
John F. Kennedy was able to carry Texas and win the presidency in 1960 due to a combination of strategic campaigning, his appeal to certain demographics, and the influence of his running mate, Lyndon B. Johnson.
In the 1960 presidential election, Texas played a significant role in Kennedy's victory. Kennedy and his campaign team recognized the importance of winning the state and strategically focused their efforts on appealing to Texas voters. Kennedy's running mate, Lyndon B. Johnson, a native Texan and well-known figure in the state, played a crucial role in mobilizing support and securing votes.
Additionally, Kennedy's campaign made significant efforts to connect with various demographics in Texas. He targeted urban areas, where he had strong support among African American voters and young people. Kennedy also appealed to the growing Hispanic population in Texas, recognizing their influence and addressing their concerns. By focusing on key issues such as civil rights, economic growth, and national security, Kennedy was able to resonate with a broad range of Texas voters.
Furthermore, Kennedy's charisma, youthful energy, and effective use of media, particularly televised debates, helped him gain popularity and sway undecided voters in Texas and across the country. His performance in the debates, along with his overall campaign strategy, positioned him as a fresh and dynamic alternative to his opponent, Richard Nixon.
In conclusion, Kennedy's ability to carry Texas and win the presidency in 1960 can be attributed to strategic campaigning, the influence of his running mate, and his appeal to diverse voter demographics in the state.
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Fill In the Blanks During the Age of the _______ , in A.D. 100-150, frequent references were made to the Gospels and Epistles.
During the Age of the Apostolic Fathers, in A.D. 100-150, frequent references were made to the Gospels and Epistles.
The Age of the Apostolic Fathers refers to the period in early Christianity from approximately A.D. 70 to 150. It is characterized by the writings of the early Christian leaders who lived during or shortly after the time of the apostles. These writings are known as the Apostolic Fathers because they were considered to have a direct connection to the apostles.
During this period, frequent references were made to the Gospels and Epistles, which are the books of the New Testament that contain the teachings and letters of Jesus and the apostles. The Gospels, including Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, record the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus. The Epistles, such as the letters of Paul, Peter, James, and John, provide instructions, teachings, and guidance to the early Christian communities.
The writings of the Apostolic Fathers played a significant role in shaping early Christian doctrine and practices. They were highly regarded and considered authoritative by the early Christian communities. These writings not only referenced the Gospels and Epistles but also addressed various theological, ethical, and practical matters of the early Christian faith.
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the primary goal of white settlers in the early 1800s was to
The primary goal of white settlers in the early 1800s was to obtain more land.
In the early 1800s, the primary objective of white settlers in North America was to acquire more land. The white settlers believed that it was their natural right to own the land and that the land's indigenous people had no rights to it. To achieve their objective, the settlers went to extreme lengths to displace Native American peoples who had been living in North America for thousands of years.
White settlers viewed the Native American tribes as obstacles to progress, as they impeded their growth and expansion plans. The white settlers' desire for more land stemmed from a growing need for raw materials, the desire to build factories, homes, and businesses, and a desire to farm. In general, the white settlers' goal was to expand their territory and increase their wealth.
The white settlers' perspective on land ownership was the driving force behind the U.S. government's Indian Removal Act, which was passed in 1830. The law compelled Native Americans to abandon their ancestral lands and move westward. The Cherokee Nation and several other Native American groups were forcibly removed from their homes and subjected to what is now known as the Trail of Tears.
The Trail of Tears is one of the darkest moments in American history, as it resulted in the deaths of thousands of Native Americans who were forced to leave their ancestral lands and relocate to a foreign land. The white settlers' ambition to acquire more land and expand their territories led to widespread conflict with Native American communities.
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