The light-stimulated conversion of 11-cis-retinal to 11-trans-retinal is central to the vision process in humans. This reaction also occurs (more slowly) in the absence of light. At 80. 0 ∘C in heptane solution, the reaction is first order with a rate constant of 1. 02×10−5/s.

How many hours does it take for the concentration of 11-trans-retinal to reach 3. 14×10−3 M ? (Note: 11-cis-retinal + 11-trans-retinal = total amount of retinal in eye)

At the final temperature, the ice has melted completely and the water has cooled down to the same temperature. Therefore, we can set the final temperature as T_f for both ice and water.

To determine the final temperature of the system, we need to use the principle of conservation of energy. The energy lost by the water when it cools down must be equal to the energy gained by the ice when it melts and warms up. We can express this as:

Q_water = Q_ice

where Q_water is the heat lost by the water and Q_ice is the heat gained by the ice.

The heat lost by the water can be calculated using the formula:

Q_water = m_water * C_water * ΔT

where m_water is the mass of water, C_water is the specific heat capacity of water, and ΔT is the change in temperature of water.

The heat gained by the ice can be calculated using the formula:

Q_ice = m_ice * L_f + m_ice * C_ice * ΔT

where m_ice is the mass of ice, L_f is the heat of fusion of ice, C_ice is the specific heat capacity of ice, and ΔT is the change in temperature of ice

Now we can set up the equation:

m_water * C_water * (T_i - T_f) = m_ice * L_f + m_ice * C_ice * (T_f - T_i)

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Answer:

Temperature and transverse motion are not related.

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

λν = c

Wavelength, λ (lambda), times frequency, ν (nu), equals the speed of light.

c = 3.0 x 108 m/s

===

We are given a wavelength of 483 nanometers.  1 nanometer = 1x10^-9 meter.   483nm = 4.83x10^-7 meters

---

λν = c

ν = c/λ

ν = (3.0x10^8 m/s)/(4.83x10^-7 m)

ν = 6.21x10^14 Hz  (1/s)

Answer:  Time = Distance ÷ Speed

Answer:

To answer this question, one must first understand the stoichiometric equation for this particular reaction. The equation states that for each one mole of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) that reacts with one mole of hydrofloric acid (HF), one mole of calcium fluoride (CaF2) and one mole of water (HOH) is produced. Therefore, if 0.5 moles of hydrofloric acid are reacted with the calcium hydroxide, then 0.5 moles of calcium fluoride will be produced.

To calculate the mass of calcium fluoride that will be produced, one must first look up the atomic mass of both calcium and fluorine and multiply them by the number of moles of each that are present in the reaction. In this case, the atomic mass of calcium is 40.08 and the atomic mass of fluorine is 19. Therefore, the mass of calcium fluoride that will be produced is equal to (40.08 x 0.5) + (19 x 0.5) = 29.54 g.

In conclusion, if 0.5 moles of hydrofloric acid are reacted with calcium hydroxide, then a mass of 29.54 g of calcium fluoride will be produced.

Answer:

Lithium has a lower density than lead.

The density of an element is determined by its atomic mass and the packing arrangement of its atoms. Lithium has an atomic mass of 6.94 atomic mass units (amu), while lead has an atomic mass of 207.2 amu, which is significantly higher.

In addition to atomic mass, the density of an element is also affected by the arrangement of its atoms. Lithium has a much larger atomic radius than lead, meaning that its atoms are less tightly packed together. This results in a lower overall density for lithium compared to lead.

To provide some context, the density of lithium is approximately 0.53 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), while the density of lead is approximately 11.34 g/cm3. This means that lead is about 21 times denser than lithium.

The mass of methane (CH4) must be burned to give 1575 kJ of energy is 28.4 g.

The first step is to determine the number of moles of methane required to produce 1575 kJ of energy. We can do this using the conversion factor provided:

891 kJ of energy is produced by 1 mole of methane (CH4)

1575 kJ of energy is produced by how many moles of methane?

1575 kJ / 891 kJ/mol = 1.77 mol

Next, we can use the molar mass of methane to convert it from moles to grams:

Molar mass of methane = 12.01 g/mol (for carbon) + 4 x 1.01 g/mol (for hydrogen) = 16.05 g/mol

Mass of methane = number of moles x molar mass

Mass of methane = 1.77 mol x 16.05 g/mol = 28.4 g

Therefore, 28.4 g of methane must be burned to produce 1575 kJ of energy.

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Answer:

hydrogen,lithium, sodium

Answer:

321.27 grams.

Explanation:

To determine the weight of 4.56 x 10^24 formula units of lithium chloride, we first need to know the molar mass of lithium chloride.

Lithium chloride (LiCl) has a molar mass of approximately 42.39 g/mol. This means that one mole of lithium chloride weighs 42.39 grams.

To convert formula units to moles, we need to use Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.

So, to find the number of moles in 4.56 x 10^24 formula units of lithium chloride, we can divide by Avogadro's number:

4.56 x 10^24 formula units / (6.022 x 10^23 formula units/mol) = 7.58 moles

Now that we know the number of moles, we can use the molar mass to find the weight:

7.58 moles x 42.39 g/mol = 321.27 grams

Therefore, 4.56 x 10^24 formula units of lithium chloride weigh approximately 321.27 grams.

please make me brainalist and keep smiling dude

The resulting solution is a homogeneous mixture of Na+, NO3^-, NH4+, and Cl^- ions surrounded by water molecules.

When solutions of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) are mixed, the resulting solution contains the ions Na+, NO3^-, NH4+, and Cl^-. All of these ions are soluble in water, so the solution remains clear and homogeneous. On a molecular scale, the Na+ ions are surrounded by water molecules, as are the NO3^- ions, NH4+ ions, and Cl^- ions. This is known as hydration, and it is the reason why these compounds are soluble in water. The ions are free to move around in the solution, which allows them to conduct electricity.

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3.0 grams of NaHCO₃  will receive about 1.76 kJ of heat during the decomposition process.

To calculate the amount of heat absorbed when 3.0 grams of NaHCO₃ decompose, we need to first determine the limiting reactant and then use the balanced chemical equation and the enthalpy change to calculate the amount of heat absorbed.

The balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of NaHCO₃ is:

2 NaHCO₃(s) → Na₂CO₃(s) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)

The enthalpy change for this reaction is not given, but assuming it is an endothermic reaction, the heat absorbed can be represented as a positive value.

First, we need to determine the limiting reactant. The molar mass of NaHCO₃ is:

NaHCO₃: 23.0 + 1.0 + 12.0 + 48.0 = 84.0 g/mol

Using the molar mass, we can convert 3.0 g of NaHCO₃ to moles:

3.0 g NaHCO₃ x (1 mol NaHCO₃/84.0 g NaHCO₃) = 0.0357 mol NaHCO₃

From the balanced equation, we know that 2 moles of NaHCO₃ produces 1 mole of CO₂. So, the moles of CO₂ produced from 0.0357 mol of NaHCO₃ is:

0.0357 mol NaHCO₃ x (1 mol CO₂/2 mol NaHCO₃) = 0.0179 mol CO₂

Next, we can use the enthalpy change for the reaction and the moles of CO₂ produced to calculate the heat absorbed:

0.0179 mol CO₂ x (98 kJ/1 mol) = 1.76 kJ

Therefore, the amount of heat absorbed when 3.0 grams of NaHCO₃ decompose is approximately 1.76 kJ.

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We are unable to give the mass of the conjugate a numerical value without knowing the precise conjugate that was employed.

We must apply the equation for estimating the pH of a buffer solution to estimate the mass of the solid conjugate:

pH equals pKa plus log([A-]/[HA])

Finding the [A-] and [HA] concentrations comes first. Since we are aware that the solution has a 40 mL volume, we can write:

[HA] = [A-] = conjugate moles / solution volume

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation must then be used to determine how many moles of conjugate are present:

pH equals pKa plus log([A-]/[HA])

4.45 = log(1/1) + pKa

pKa = 4.45

We can now enter the predetermined values:

4.45 is equal to 4.45 plus log(moles of conjugate / 0.04 L).

Calculating the conjugate moles

moles of conjugate = 0.04 L x 1 M / log(moles of conjugate / 0.04 L) = 0 moles of conjugation

Using the molar mass of the conjugate, we can finally determine its mass:

mass is determined by multiplying the number of moles by the molar mass.

mass = molar mass x 0.04 moles.

We are unable to give the mass of the conjugate a numerical value without knowing the precise conjugate that was employed.

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The Latent Heat of Fusion of sodium is 2.60 kJ/mol. Fusion is an endothermic process, which means that it requires energy to occur.

What is Fusion?

Fusion, also known as melting, is the physical process in which a substance changes from a solid state to a liquid state as a result of absorbing heat. When a substance is heated to its melting point, the energy absorbed causes the molecules or atoms of the substance to vibrate more rapidly, eventually breaking the bonds between them and allowing them to move more freely. As a result, the substance transitions from a solid state, where the molecules are tightly packed and fixed in position, to a liquid state, where the molecules are more spread out and can move around each other more freely.

The Latent Heat of Fusion (Lf) is defined as the amount of heat required to melt one mole of a substance at its melting point.

Lf = ΔHfus / n

where ΔHfus is the enthalpy of fusion and n is the number of moles of the substance.

In this case, ΔHfus of sodium is given as 2.60 kJ/mol. To calculate the Latent Heat of Fusion, we need to know the number of moles of sodium. Let's assume we have one mole of sodium.

Then,

Lf = ΔHfus / n

= 2.60 kJ/mol / 1 mol

= 2.60 kJ/mol

Therefore, the Latent Heat of Fusion of sodium is 2.60 kJ/mol.

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The factor that is most sensitive to changes in temperature is the fraction of molecules with energy greater than the activation energy.

The statement that best represents the effect of temperature on reaction rates is called the Arrhenius equation. It is expressed as [tex]k = Ae^{-Ea/RT},[/tex]

where k is the rate constant,

A is the pre-exponential factor or frequency factor,

Ea is the activation energy,

R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.

At high temperatures, the reaction rate increases, and at low temperatures, the reaction rate decreases.

The Arrhenius equation shows that the rate constant depends on two factors:

the activation energy and the fraction of molecules with energy greater than the activation energy.

Thus, the most sensitive factor to changes in temperature is the fraction of molecules with energy greater than the activation energy.

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Explanation:

1 solution

2 liquid dispersed in gas

Answer:

8. 1.52 x 10^24 molecules

9. 29206 g

10. 3791.97 g

Explanation:

8. Molecular mass of C14H18N2O5 = 294.3 g/mol

745 g / 294.3 g/mol = 2.53 moles

1 mole has 6.022 x 10^23 molecules

=> 2.53 x 6.022 x 10^23 = 1.52 x 10^24 molecules

9. 1 mole of Fe₂(SO3)3 has 6.022 x 10^23 molecules

so 5 x 10^25/6.022 x 10^23 = 83.0 moles

1 mole of Fe₂(SO3)3 is equal 351.88g

so 83.0 x 351.88 = 29206 g

10. Molar mass of Ba3(PO4)2 is 601.9 g

so 6.3 x 601.9 = 3791.97 g

Answer: True

Explanation: Chadwick, a British physicist, worked to isolate the neutral particle that Rutherford had proposed.  This particle, known as the neutron, was hypothesized by Rutherford to exist within atomic nuclei. In 1932, Chadwick successfully conducted experiments that confirmed the existence of the neutron and provided evidence for its role in nuclear structure.

Rutherford's model of the atom suggested that the nucleus contains positively charged protons and that electrons orbit around it. However, this model could not explain why the positively charged protons did not repel each other and cause the nucleus to break apart. Rutherford proposed the existence of neutral particles, later identified as neutrons, to account for the stability of the atomic nucleus.

Chadwick's work involved bombarding various elements with alpha particles and observing the resulting radiation. Through careful experimentation, he was able to demonstrate that the radiation consisted of neutrons, which had the ability to penetrate and interact with atomic nuclei without being deflected by electromagnetic forces. This discovery revolutionized our understanding of atomic structure and paved the way for further advancements in nuclear physics.

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Answer:

True

Explanation:

I answered so the person who answered first can get branliest!

The planet being described is Uranus.

Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun in our solar system, and it is known for its distinctive greenish-blue color. It is a gas giant planet, similar in composition to Jupiter and Saturn, and it is much larger than Earth, with a diameter of about 51,118 km.

One of the most unique features of Uranus is its axis of rotation, which is tilted at an angle of about 98 degrees relative to its orbit around the sun. This means that instead of spinning upright like most other planets, Uranus appears to be rolling on its side. As a result, its seasons are much more extreme than those of other planets, with each pole experiencing 42 years of continuous daylight followed by 42 years of continuous darkness.

Uranus takes about 84 years to complete one orbit around the sun, which means that it spends roughly 7 years in each zodiac sign. This long orbital period, combined with its distance from Earth, means that it was not discovered until relatively recently in human history. It was first observed by the astronomer William Herschel in 1781, and it was named after the ancient Greek deity of the sky.

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Answer:

To solve this problem, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between oxygen gas (O₂) and potassium chloride (KCI) to form potassium chlorate (KCIO₃):

2KCI + 3O₂ → 2KCIO₃

We can use the given mass of O₂ (20.8 g) and the molar mass of O₂ (32.00 g/mol) to find the moles of O₂:

20.8 g O₂ x (1 mol O₂ / 32.00 g O₂) = 0.65 mol O₂

According to the balanced equation, 3 moles of O₂ react with 2 moles of KCI to produce 2 moles of KCIO₃. Therefore, we can use the moles of O₂ to find the moles of KCIO₃:

0.65 mol O₂ x (2 mol KCIO₃ / 3 mol O₂) = 0.43 mol KCIO₃

Finally, we can use the molar mass of KCIO₃ (122.55 g/mol) to convert moles of KCIO₃ to grams of KCIO₃:

0.43 mol KCIO₃ x (122.55 g KCIO₃ / 1 mol KCIO₃) = 52.71 g KCIO₃

Therefore, the grams of KCIO₃ that can be produced from 20.8 g O₂ is 52.71 g KCIO₃. However, the problem does not ask for the grams of KCIO₃, but instead asks for the grams of KCIO, which is not a valid compound. It is possible that there is a typo in the problem and that it should have asked for the grams of KCIO₃ instead.

Explanation:

Stannous chloride (SnCl2) in a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is the preferred reagent, also known as the HCl-SnCl2 reduction process, to convert m-bromoaniline diazonium to m-bromoaniline.

Reagents are substances that help a chemical process identify, measure, or make other chemicals. It can be applied to check for the presence or absence of certain compounds, analyse the chemical composition of a substance, or generate the desired outcome. Reagents can be organic or inorganic and can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. They can be either relatively inert or extremely reactive, depending on the intended function. Examples of common reagents include acids, bases, oxidising, reducing, catalytic, and indicator reagents. The specific reaction and the desired outcome, as well as factors like accessibility, cost, and safety, all have an impact on the reagent selection.

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You must compare the total amount of oxygen atoms on the reactant and product sides of the chemical equations in order to determine whether the oxygen atoms are evenly distributed on both sides.

Because matter cannot be generated or destroyed, there must be an equal amount of atoms of each element on both sides of the equation. Coefficients are the only variables that can be altered while balancing equations. An equation cannot be balanced by changing the subscripts in a chemical formula.

Reactant side:

B2Br has no oxygen atoms

6 HNO3 has 18 oxygen atoms (6 x 3)

Product side:

2 B(NO3)3 has 18 oxygen atoms (2 x 3 x 3)

6 HBr has no oxygen atoms

18 oxygen atoms total are present on the reactant side.

18 oxygen atoms total are on the product side.

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Answer:

78 grams of sodium sulfide should be formed

Explanation:

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and sulfur is:

2 Na + S → Na2S

According to the equation, 2 moles of sodium react with 1 mole of sulfur to produce 1 mole of sodium sulfide. The molar mass of sodium is approximately 23 g/mol and the molar mass of sulfur is approximately 32 g/mol.

We need to determine which reactant is limiting and which is in excess in order to calculate the amount of sodium sulfide produced.

Using the given masses, we can calculate the number of moles of each reactant:

moles of sodium = 23 g / 23 g/mol = 1 mol

moles of sulfur = 32 g / 32 g/mol = 1 mol

From this calculation, we can see that both reactants are present in the stoichiometric ratio required by the balanced equation, so neither is limiting.

Therefore, the amount of sodium sulfide formed will be based on the amount of either reactant, which is 1 mole. Using the molar mass of sodium sulfide (78 g/mol), we can calculate the mass of sodium sulfide formed:

mass of Na2S = 1 mol x 78 g/mol = 78 g

Therefore, when 23 grams of sodium react with 32 grams of sulfur, a total of 78 grams of sodium sulfide should be formed.

The Quantashia, the largest collection of Tang poetry, has over 48,900 lyrics by more than 2,200 poets. Because poetry was such a huge part of the Tang Dynasty's culture at the time, a significant amount of it has remained. It had great impact on Chianese society.

Poetry remained a significant component of social life at all societal levels during the Tang period. For the civil service tests, scholars had to be proficient in poetry, but everyone had access to it in theory. This resulted to a significant record of poetry and poets, a fragmentary record of which persists today. Li Bai and Du Fu were two of the most well-known poets of the day. Chinese educated people today are familiar with Tang poetry because to the Three Hundred Tang Poems.

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Answer:

fusion

Explanation: hope this helps

The pH of 1. 0 L of the solution on addition of 30. 0 mL of 1. 0 M HCl to the original buffer solution will be 12.50.

The reaction that occurs when HCl is added to the buffer solution is:

HCl + NH₃ → NH₄⁺ + Cl⁻

The HCl reacts with NH₃ to form NH₄⁺ and Cl⁻. This will cause the concentration of NH₄⁺ in the buffer to increase and the concentration of NH₃ to decrease. However, since we started with a buffer solution, it will still be able to resist changes in pH.

To solve this problem, we will use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKb + log([NH₄⁺]/[NH₃])

where [NH₄⁺] is the concentration of the ammonium ion and [NH3] is the concentration of ammonia.

Calculate the moles of HCl added

The volume of HCl added is 30.0 mL = 0.0300 L. The concentration of HCl is 1.0 M, so the moles of HCl added are:

moles of HCl = concentration x volume = 1.0 M x 0.0300 L = 0.0300 moles

Calculate the new concentrations of NH₄⁺ and NH₃

The moles of NH₄⁺ and NH₃ in the original buffer solution can be calculated as:

moles of NH₄⁺ = 0.20 M x 1.0 L = 0.20 moles

moles of NH₃ = 0.50 M x 1.0 L = 0.50 moles

When HCl is added, it reacts with NH₃ to form NH₄⁺ and Cl⁻. The amount of NH₄⁺ produced is equal to the amount of HCl added, since the reaction is 1:1. Therefore, the new concentration of NH₄⁺ is:

[NH₄⁺] = moles of NH₄⁺ / (volume of buffer + volume of HCl added)

[NH₄⁺] = 0.20 moles / (1.0 L + 0.0300 L)

[NH₄⁺] = 0.196 M

The new concentration of NH₃ can be calculated using the buffer equation:

[NH₃] = Ka x [NH₄⁺] / [H⁺]

where Ka is the equilibrium constant for the reaction NH₄⁺ + H₂O → NH₃ + H₃O⁺, which is equal to the acid dissociation constant of NH₃, Kb. Since pKb is given as 4.75, we can calculate Kb:

Kb = 10^(-pKb) = [tex]10^{-4.75}[/tex]  = 1.78 x 10⁻⁵

Substituting the values we have:

[NH3] = Kb x [NH₄⁺] / [H⁺]

[NH3] = 1.78 x 10⁻⁵ x 0.196 M / [tex]10^{-pH}[/tex]

[NH3] = 3.49 x 10⁻⁶ / [tex]10^{-pH}[/tex]

Calculate the new pH of the buffer

Substituting the values we have into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKb + log([NH₄⁺]/[NH₃])

pH = 4.75 + log(0.196 M / (3.49 x 10⁻⁶ / [tex]10^{-pH}[/tex])))

Simplifying and solving for pH:

pH = 4.75 + log(5.61 x 10⁷) + log([tex]10^{pH}[/tex])

pH = 4.75 + 7.75 + pH

pH = 12.50

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The number of moles of hydrogen that can be made from 4.89 x 10-22 atoms of iron is 6.65 x 10-26 moles H2.

Hydrogen is the most abundant element found in the universe. It is a colorless, odorless gas that is the lightest of all elements. Hydrogen has the symbol H and the atomic number 1. It is the most basic building block of all matter. Hydrogen is an important part of many molecules, including water (H2O), proteins, and fats. It is a key component of many fuels, including gasoline, natural gas, and propane. Hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia, methanol, and other chemicals. It is also used in fuel cells.

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To calculate the difference in volume between the total volume of water and ethanol that were mixed to prepare the solution and the actual volume of the solution, we must first calculate the mass of ethanol present in the solution. We can do this by multiplying the molarity of ethanol (8.407 M) by the volume of ethanol present (529.0 mL) and the molar mass of ethanol (46.07 g/mol).

Mass of ethanol = 8.407 M x 529.0 mL x 46.07 g/mol = 24617.3 g

We can then calculate the volume of ethanol in the solution by dividing the mass of ethanol (24617.3 g) by the density of ethanol (0.7893 g/mL):

Volume of ethanol = 24617.3 g/0.7893 g/mL = 31202.1 mL

Therefore, the difference in volume between the total volume of water and ethanol that were mixed to prepare the solution and the actual volume of the solution is:

Difference in volume = Volume of ethanol + Volume of water - Actual volume of solution

Difference in volume = 31202.1 mL + 594.0 mL - (529.0 mL + 594.0 mL) = 277.1 mL

The difference in volume between the total volume of water and ethanol that were mixed to prepare the solution and the actual volume of the solution is 277.1 mL.

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a. The rate law for the reaction [tex]2Cl_{2}O_{5}[/tex](g) → [tex]2Cl_{2}[/tex](g) + [tex]5O_{2}[/tex](g) is rate = k[[tex]Cl_{2}O_{5}[/tex]]2

b. The rate constant is k = 0.0489 [tex]M^{-2}/ms^{-1}[/tex].

To write the rаte lаw for this reаction, we need to check how the rаte of the reаction chаnges for the chаnge in the concentrаtion of the reаctаnts or products. To get the rаte of the reаction, we need to find out the chаnge in concentrаtion per unit of time. So, the initiаl rаte of reаction (r) will be given by:

r = {Δ[[tex]Cl_{2}O_{5}[/tex]]/Δt}

where Δ[[tex]Cl_{2}O_{5}[/tex]] is the chаnge in concentrаtion аnd Δt is the chаnge in time.

Аs per the аbove formulа, the initiаl rаte of the reаction is:

r = {(0.900 - 0.506)/(10 - 0)} M/ms

= 0.0397 M/ms

Аs per the stoichiometry of the reаction, 2 moles of [tex]Cl_{2}O_{5}[/tex] produces 2 moles of [tex]Cl_{2}[/tex] аnd 5 moles of [tex]O_{2}[/tex]. Thus, the rаte lаw for the given reаction is:

rаte = k[Cl2O5]2

Here, the rаte constаnt is k.

Now, putting the given vаlues in the rаte lаw аnd solving for k:

k = rаte/[[tex]Cl_{2}O_{5}[/tex]]2

Now, the initiаl rаte of the reаction, rаte = 0.0397 M/ms

Аnd the concentrаtion of [tex]Cl_{2}O_{5}[/tex] аt the beginning of the reаction, [[tex]Cl_{2}O_{5}[/tex]] = 0.900 M

So,

k = 0.0397/(0.900)2

= 0.0489 [tex]M^{-2}/ms^{-1}[/tex]

Thus, the rаte lаw for the given reаction is rаte = k[[tex]Cl_{2}O_{5}[/tex]]2 аnd the rаte constаnt is k = 0.0489 [tex]M^{-2}/ms^{-1}[/tex].

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