The genetic code is thought to have evolved to maximize genetic stability by minimizing the effect on protein function of most substitution mutations (single-base changes). We will use the six arginine codons to test this idea. Consider all of the substitutions that could affect all of the six arginine codons.

Part A How many total mutations are possible?

Part B How many of these mutations are "silent," in the sense that the mutant codon is changed to another Arg codon

Part C How many of these mutations are conservative, in the sense that an Arg codon is changed to a functionally similar Lys codon?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The 4 codons that code for Alanine are :-

GCU ; GCC ; GCA ; GCG ;;

codon for Valine :-

GUU ; GUC ; GUA ; GUG

Part A. Total number of possible mutations are 36.

GCU

GCU --> GCC , GCA , GCG

GCU --> GUU , GAU , GGU

GCU --> UCU , CCU , ACU

GCC

GCC --> GCU , GCA , GCG

GCC --> GUC , GAC , GGC

GCC --> UCC , CCC , ACC

GCA

GCA --> GCU , GCC , GCG

GCA --> GUA , GAA , GGA

GCA --> UCA , CCA , ACA

GCG

GCG --> GCU , GCC , GCA

GCG --> GUG , GAG , GGG

GCG --> UCG , CCG , ACG

Part B. Silent mutations occur when the last base of the codon is substituted with other bases.

Thus, the Total number of silent mutations are 12.

Part C. Conservative mutations occur when the second base of the codon is substituted to a "U".

Thus, the Total number of conservative mutations is 4.


Related Questions

difference between plant and animal cyanide resistance respiration.

Answers

Answer:

The cyanide resistant respiration differs in plants as oxi­dation of reduced coenzyme continues even in the presence of cyanides.

Explanation:

The mitochondrial is the electrons through which the animals and plants perform the aerobic exercise and is blocked by the release of the cyanides that stops the activity and is known as cyanide sensitive respiration Plant mitochondria is different from the animal as they both have different oxidase system pathways. Cyanide resistant is responsible for the climacteric in fruits and for the generate heat in thermogenic tissues.

The transverse foramen (one on each side of the vertebra) transmits the vertebral arteries that send blood to the brain.

a. True
b. False

Answers

the correct answer is b) false

Answer: True

Explanation:

What are the values of a, b, and c in the quadratic equation 0 = 5x – 4x2 – 2? a = 5, b = 4, c = 2 a = 5, b = –4, c = –2 a = –4, b = 5, c = –2 a = 4, b = –5, c = –2

Answers

Hey there! :)

Answer:

The 3rd choice. a = -4, b = 5, c = -2.

Explanation:

Rearrange the quadratic equation given into the form 0 = ax² + bx + c:

0 = 5x - 4x² - 2 --> 0 = -4x² + 5x - 2

The corresponding coefficients for the a, b and c values are:

a = -4

b = 5

c = -2.

The given quadratic equation must be first rearranged in the form ax2- bx-c. From this, we can find the values of a= -4, b= 5, and c= -2

How can a quadratic equation be defined?

Quadratics can be defined as a polynomial equation of a second degree, which implies that it comprises a minimum of one term that is squared. It is also called quadratic equations. The general form of the quadratic equation is ax² + bx + c = 0.

Quadratic equations are commonly used in situations where two things are multiplied together and they both depend on the same variable. For example, while working with the area, if both dimensions are represented in terms of the same variable, you use a quadratic equation.

Throwing a ball, shooting a cannon, diving from a platform, and hitting a golf ball are all examples of situations that can be modeled by quadratic functions.

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g What term refers to probes that will hybridize only with a complementary sequence and not with other sequences that may vary by as little as one nucleotide

Answers

Answer: Here are the options which are not given.

A) generation-specific probes

B) short, variable repeats

C) VNTRs

D) microsatellites

E) allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASOs)

E) allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASOs)

The correct Option Is E.

E) allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASOs)

Explanation:

Allele-specific oligonucleotides is a small synthetic DNA that proves which will hybridize with a only a complementary sequence of DNA and not with other sequence that may be different even with a nucleotides.

The DNA probe must be single stranded so that the desired Gene segment will be located.

The probe attach to the segment of DNA which has nucleotides complementary to its own.

Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization, or dot blotting, is a technique use to test known mutations.

There are two properties of phospholipids that affect how tightly they pack together: the length of the hydrocarbon chain and the number of double bonds. The degree of packing, in turn, influences the relative mobility of these molecules in the membrane. Which of the following would yield the most highly mobile phospholipid (listed as number of carbons and number of double bonds, respectively)?
(a) 24 carbons with 1 double bond
(b) 15 carbons with 2 double bonds
(c) 20 carbons with 2 double bonds
(d) 16 carbons with no double bonds

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:It’s d

In In what organ do sperm develop

Answers

Answer:

They develop in the TESTICLES.

Explanation:

TESTICLES are the two OVAL ORGANS that produce SPERM in MEN and other mammals, enclosed in SCROTUM behind the PENIS.

 What is the most likely explanation for how speciation occurs?
A. It occurs by more than one method.
B. It occurs by gradual changes.
C. It occurs only by geographic isolation.
D. It occurs only by natural selection.

Answers

Answer:

The answer is (C) geographical isolation

Explanation:

Speciation is most likely to occur when populations become geographically isolated from one another, and come to inhabit environments that differ significantly from one another.

what must happen before meiosis can begin A. the cell splits into four parts B. the chromosomes must replicate C. four haploid cells are produced D.DNA must duplicate four times

Answers

Answer:

B. the chromosomes must replicate

Answer: DNA replicates and forms retreads

Explanation:

1.

behavior is inherited and



2. When a deer hears a sound in the forest, such a

then bolts through the bushes. This is an examp

3. Mating rituals or displays can be very complex

4. When animals fight and one wins and one subm

This means that one animal (the winn

behavior is used to intimidate other an

baring teeth or growling.

Answers

Answer:

Behavior is inherited in many animals which helps them to survive.

Explanation:

When animals fight with one another and one wins. This means that one animal (the winner) behavior is used to intimidate other. Two deer fight each other in order to show dominance over each other and to impress the female deer. The winner deer will be the leader and also mate with the females of the group. This is a type of behavior which is inherited in animals through genetics is called instincts.

Eggs and sperm are examples of _____. zygotes somatic cells diploid cells gametes

Answers

answer: gametes .....

Answer:

gametes

Explanation:

gradpoint

why was an Archea considered as a prokaryote ​

Answers

Answer:

Archaea is prokaryotic because it doesn't have a nucleus, nor any membrane-bound organelles. The reason why Archaea is different from Bacteria is it is more prominent, most of them are extremophiles.

because they are composed of cell which doesn't have nucleus and other some cell organelles and also considered as incomplte cell.

What best describes the behavior of nonconservative elements in seawater?

Answers

The given question is incomplete due to missing options, however, the options for the question as follows:

A. Nonconservative elements are reactive in seawater and have a long residence time.

B. Nonconservative elements are reactive in seawater and have a short residence time.

C. Nonconservative elements are non-reactive in seawater and have a short residence time.

D. Nonconservative elements are non-reactive in seawater and have a long residence time.

Answer:

The correct answer is option C.

Explanation:

Non conservative components are components that enter the ocean water and have little concentration in the sea and show spatial variations. These components have short home time that is short replacements time and they are non responsive.

Constituents, for example, phosphate, nitrate, and different supplements, and broke up oxygen, carbon dioxide, and so on are non-conservative on the grounds that their concentrations are later altered by chemical reactions in the ocean.

Thus, The correct answer is option C.

why did mendel use pea plants in his experiments A. they produced quickly B. they are all male C. they have no alleles D. they are haploid organisms

Answers

Answer:

They produce quickly

Explanation:

Mendel chose pea plants for his experiments because they are easy to raise, have many offspring per mating, can fertilize themselves and have varieties in genotype and phenotype that are easily observable. These characteristics make pea plants ideal in the study of genetics and heredity.

Read this
passage:
It is altogether a remarkable mistake for you to believe i
never complied with your wishes. "Always contrary' was
really not my basic principle where you were concerned, as
you believe and as you reproach me. On the contrary: if I
had obeyed you less, I am sure you would have been much
better pleased with me.
Franz Kafka, "Letter to His Father"
What contradictory idea is Kafka bringing up about his relationship with his
father in this passage from "Letter to His Father"?

O A. That his father would have been a better parent if his son had
talked less

B. That his father would have liked his son more if he had obeyed
him less

c. That his father would have been happier if his son had been more
miserable

D. That his father would have been kinder to his son if he'd been a
quieter child​

Answers

Answer:

the answer Is B

because his father liked him obey him less

As per the given scenario, his father would have liked his son more if he had obeyed him less. The correct option is B.

What is the passage "Letter to His Father" about?

The letter is a painful outburst, and Hermann's attempt to be objective and unbiased leads to revelations of deep sorrow.

His thesis is that his father's tyranny and oppression rendered him unsuitable for marriage and incapable of becoming a father.

The letter is primarily an attempt at self-therapy. Hermann is attempting to make sense of his relationship with his father in order to distance himself from him.

We must not interpret it as a balanced or complete portrait of Hermann because it serves a purpose in his own development.

According to the scenario, his father would have liked him more if he had obeyed him less.

Thus, the correct option is B.

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During its Golden Age, China followed a policy of _____, believing their country to be the center of the world. Choose the best response. independence openness multiculturalism isolation

Answers

Answer:

multiculturalism

Explanation:

Te answere is: multiculturalism

How is the top layer of the ocean different than the deepest layer
A the top layer is colder and doesn’t receive sunlight
B the top layer receives sunlight and is warmer
C the top layer is warmer and doesn’t receive sunlight
D the top layer is colder and receives sunlight

Answers

Answer:

B the top layer receives sunlight and is warmer

Explanation:

Answer:

B. the top layer receives sunlight and is warmer.

which type of research study compares disease rates among population groups?

Answers

Answer:

Epidemiological

Explanation:

Epidemiology compares disease rates among population groups, and attempts to identify related conditions or behaviors.

Answer: Epidemiological studies

Craig Mellow investigated RNA interference by injecting antisense and double-stranded RNAs into C. elegans. If the antisense and double-stranded RNAs were very similar, but not identical, to C. elegans mex-3, what would be the results of their experiment

Answers

Answer:

It is required that the seed region of the processed dsRNA molecule bind to the mRNA of mex-3  in order to inhibit its translation

Explanation:

Double-stranded RNAs are small interfering non-coding RNAs (about 20 nucleotides in length) that, after processing, can bind by complementary base pairing to RNAs and thus inhibit protein translation by a mechanism referred to as 'RNA interference' (RNAi). The base pairing is not always perfect; however, the guide strands of dsRNAs can conserve their ability to inhibit the translation if the complementarity is enough good to match target RNA sequences. The critical region in the dsRNA that is required to bind target RNAs is known as seed region, and consists of 6 to 8 nucleotides in length.

B is representing a section of DNA that codes for a particular trait, which is a .

Answers

Answer:

The answer is "Gene"

Explanation:

Jessica weighs 125 pounds. She rode a bike at 17mph for 25 minutes. What is the calorie cost of this activity?
a. 185 calories
b. 178 calories
c. 180 calories
d. 190 calories
e. 188 calories

Answers

Answer:

b. 178 calories

ok so 17mph is 0.57 weight/min

so what were going to do is multiply 125 times 0.57 which is 7.125

then multiple that answer by 25 mintues: 7.125 x 25 = 178.12...etc

now if we round this up it stays as 178!

Describe an additional hypothetical situation that illustrates the "use it" portion of the use it or lose it principle. Be sure to describe the situation/behavior and explain why more bone is present under these circumstances. Also, describe an additional hypothetical situation that illustrates the "lose it" portion of the use it or lose it principle. Be sure to describe the situation/behavior and explain why less bone is present under these circumstances.

Answers

The first step of bone remodeling is the deposition of new bone cell to the destroyed portion. This is for maintenance of healthy bones

For a strong healthy body you have to take exercise regularly. This will replace unhealthy bone cell.

If you dont use your bone for support weight it will result of bone loss.. this is a situation of called lose it..

n which environment would mineral formation caused by high pressures and high temperatures most likely occur?

Answers

Answer:

when the flood or landslide flows theremnants of plants and animals are taken to the sea and ocean then due to high pressure and temperature they forms fossils in sedimentary rocks and due to the anaerobic condition under the fosdils gets decayed and it forms the layer of mineral. so we can say thatminerals are formed in anaerobic condition under sedimentary rocks.

Construct at least two possible hypotheses for the student’s experiment

Answers

Answer:

OFFICIAL SAMPLE ANSWER (Do not copy verbatim):

Hypothesis 1: The natural nutrients in compost will cause the tomato plants to grow at a faster rate than they grow when given artificial fertilizer.

Hypothesis 2: The artificial fertilizer is formulated specifically for tomato plants, so it will cause the plants to grow at a faster rate than they grow when given compost.

Explanation:

If questioned for situation below.....

"Many farmers and gardeners compost their plant and animal waste. The living material naturally decays in compost bins, forming a dirt-like substance that’s rich in nutrients. The next season, farmers use this substance as a natural fertilizer for their crops.

A biology student has grown tomato plants for several years. Until now, he used an artificial fertilizer formulated for tomato plants. This fertilizer caused his plants to grow faster and taller than they grew in unfertilized soil. The student wants to know whether using natural compost will cause his tomato plants to grow faster and taller than his artificial fertilizer.

"

1. compost pits and manure use, bio gas can be produced

2. using natural compost replenishes the soil fertility in the long run unlike the chemical fertilizers are two possible hypotheses for the student’s experiment

What are the basics of experiment ?

The basics of experiment is to test the hypothesis what we set previously and it is a foundation of the scientific method, types of experiments include controlled experiments, field experiments, and natural experiments.

The key steps taken in scientific method are observations, ask a question, making of hypothesis, design and conduct experiment, result, accept or reject or repeat the hypothesis from result.

The most important parameter taken in an experimental set up is variable which can be  dependent, independent and controlled variables where the independent variable is something which can not influenced by other factor.

A dependent variable can be changed by the influence of independent variable and Control variable can be  used to check bias of experiment.  

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Which shows the most direct path that carbon can take through the carbon cycle? plant ® atmosphere ® animal animal ® plant ® atmosphere plant ® animal ® atmosphere atmosphere ® animal ® fossil fuel

Answers

The most direct path that carbon can take through the carbon cycle is: plant ---> atmosphere ---> animal.

What is the carbon cycle?

The carbon cycle refers to the various processes by which carbon flows through the ecosystem.

The carbon cycle involves processes which remove carbon and other processes which release carbon into the atmosphere.

The most direct path that carbon can take through the carbon cycle is plant ---> atmosphere ---> animal.

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Answer:

The answer is C) plant ® animal ® atmosphere

Explanation:

What energy carrier molecules are produced by glycolysis

Answers

Answer:

"Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules: Glycolysis, or the aerobic catabolic breakdown of glucose, produces energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which itself enters the citric acid cycle to produce more energy"

Explanation:

Glycolysis | Boundless Biology - Lumen Learning

List the functions of proteins

Answers

Answer:

Growth and Maintenance.

Causes Biochemical Reactions.

Acts as a Messenger.

Provides Structure.

Maintains Proper pH.

Balances Fluids.

Bolsters Immune Health.

Transports and Stores Nutrients.

The mechanism by which proteins synthesized in the cytosol are imported into the mitochondrial matrix is different from the mechanism by which proteins enter the nucleus, yet the two mechanisms do share some features. Indicate whether each of the following statements applies to nuclear import, mitochondrial import, both, or neither. Sort each statement into the appropriate bin.
1. The polypeptide to be transported into the organelle has a specific short stretch of amino acids that targets the polypeptide to the organelle.
2. The imported protein enters the organelle through some sort of protein pore
3. The pore complex consists of more than two dozen proteins and is large enough to be readily seen with the electron microscope.
4. ATP hydrolysis is known to be required for the translocation process
5. The signal sequence is always at the olypeptide's N-terminus and is cut off by a peptidase within the organelle
6. The signal sequence is recognized
GTP hydrolysis is known to be required for the translocation process
7. There is strong evidence for the involvement of chaperone proteins polypeptide's N-terminus and isctand bound by a receptor protein inrequired for the translocation during translocation of the protein the organelle's outer membrane process.
Nuclear import Mitochondrial import Both Neither

Answers

Answer:

Nuclear import:

1. GTP hydrolysis is known to be required for the translocation process

2. The pore complex consists of more than two dozen proteins and is large enough to be readily seen through electron microscopy

Mitochondrial import:

1. ATP hydrolysis is known to be required for the translocation process

2. The signal sequence is always at the polypeptide's N-terminus and is cut off by a peptidase inside the organelle

3. There is strong evidence for the involvement of chaperones during the translocation process

4. The signal sequence is recognized and bound by a receptor protein in the organelles outer membrane

Both:

1. The polypeptide to be transferred into the organelle has a specific short stretch of amino acids that targets the polypeptide to the organelle

2. The imported protein enters the organelle through some sort of protein pore

Explanation:

A student recorded the height of each student in the school. She then made a bar graph of her results. She observed that
the results form a bell-shaped curve. The student could use her graph as evidence to support which argument?
Height is affected by multiple pairs of genes on different chromosomes.
The alleles for tall height and short height are codominant.
The allele for being tall is dominant to the allele for shorter heights.
There are three alleles for height that demonstrate incomplete dominance.

Answers

Answer:

Height is affected by multiple pairs of genes on different chromosomes.

Explanation:

The height is a quantitative trait, it is a phenotypic feature that presents a continuous range of variation in the population. The cumulative effects of many genes and the environment produce a normal distribution bell-shaped curve when they are drawn, this being a characteristic of quantitative genetic traits. Examples of quantitative traits include, among others, height, metabolic rate and weight.

The student could use their graph as evidence to support the argument that "The alleles for tall stature and short stature are codominant."

What is a Codominant gene?

Codominant: Autosomal codominant inheritance is the condition in which the heterozygote has the characteristics determined by both alleles (dominant and recessive).

What is allele?

Allele genes are those that occupy the same locus on homlogous chromosomes and are involved in determining the same character.

With this information, we can conclude that the genes alleles of the students in this class are codominant.

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At a continental-continental convergent boundary, _____. a, both continental plates are subducted b. one continental plate is subducted below the other c. folded mountains are formed d. fault-block mountains are formed

Answers

Answer:

I dont get it???

Explanation:

Answer:

I think both continental plates are subducted

Which best describes a person's carbon footprint?
O A. The amount of carbon dioxide he or she releases into the
atmosphere
B. The amount of carbon consumed by a person
C. The amount of carbon he or she absorbs from the environment
O D. The amount of nitrogen he or she fixes into carbon​

Answers

A. The amount of carbon dioxide a person releases into the atmosphere

Answer:

Pretty sure its A if not sorry

Explanation:

Other Questions
please help me and explain Income statements under absorption and variable costing Gallatin County Motors Inc. assembles and sells snowmobile engines. The company began operations on July 1 and operated at 100% of capacity during the first month. The following data summarize the results for July: Sales (3,000 units) $2,310,000 Production costs (3,000 units): Direct materials $993,300 Direct labor 427,200 Variable factory overhead 69,600 Fixed factory overhead 109,200 1,599,300 Selling and administrative expenses: Variable selling and administrative expenses $49,600 Fixed selling and administrative expenses 20,800 70,400 This information has been collected in the Microsoft Excel Online file. Open the spreadsheet, perform the required analysis, and input your answers in the questions below. Open spreadsheet a. Prepare an income statement according to the absorption costing concept. Gallatin County Motors Inc. Absorption Costing Income Statement For the Month Ended July 31 $ $ $ b. Prepare an income statement according to the variable costing concept. Gallatin County Motors Inc. Variable Costing Income Statement For the Month Ended July 31 $ $ $ Fixed costs: $ $ c. What is the reason for the difference in the amount of Operating income reported in (a) and (b) What value of x is in the solution set of 2x-3> 11 - 5x?-32 You purchased 400 shares of stock at a price of $55.77 per share. Over the last year, you have received total dividend income of $455. What is the dividend yield Solve this rational equation:1x 4+=2x2 - 6x + 8x 2 hALP PLeAASE i will give brainly ;D Which of the following is a term in the algebraic expression:p2 + 12p-14?A. 12B. p3C. 3D.P Rewrite the equation by completing the square causes and effects of stress Consider preparing ammonia gas by the following reaction:N2(g) + 3H2(g)===>2NH3(g)If you have 28.02 g of N2 and excess H2, how many grams of NH3(g) can be produced.6.06 g14.01 g34.08 g68.16 g28.02 g In a paragraph of at least 125 words, compare three different ways to participate in music. Please tell me the answer to c ignore the question b thank you The community and the neighborhood address quality of life by making opportunities for meaningful community involvement and participation in recreation available to residents. True False A spherical balloon is inflated with helium at a rate of 140pift^3/min How fast is the balloon's radius increasing when the radius is 7ft Xavier and Yifei have been married for exactly 37 years.Yifei is four years older than Xavier. Now the sum of their ages is 124. How old was Yifei when theywere married?a) Set up and write an equation that represents Allen is running a marathon. He would like to finish the race in under 5.5 hours. He has already run 3 hours. The inequality 3 + t less-than 5.5 represents the situation. Which number line shows how much longer Allen can run and still meet his goal? helpppDetermine the x-intercept of the line whose equation is given:y = StartFraction x Over 2 EndFraction minus 3a.(6, 0)b.(negative 6, 0)c.(0, three-halves)d.(Negative three-halves, 0) GPAs at CCSU are normally distributed with a mean of 2.38 and a standard deviation of 0.45. Find the z-score for a GPA of 3.06. and discuss the significance of the z-score. In which of the following circumstances, under the doctrine of stare decisis, does the common law rule stated in an earlier judgment not apply to a present case?A. Only when the case concerns a government agency. B. Only when the court distinguishes the earlier decision. C. Only when the parties involved jointly appeal to the courts to do so. D. The doctrine of stare decisis does not allow this kind of a situation. Economists are: Select one: a. concerned with developing theories and interested in solving problems. b. interested in solving problems but not concerned with developing theories. c. reluctant to predict changes in variables such as prices, employment, and spending. d. always in agreement on the best way to implement policy decisions.