Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size.
In gel electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores. The speed at which the molecules move through the pores in the gel is inversely proportional to their lengths. This indicates that a smaller DNA molecule will move through the gel further than a larger DNA molecule.
In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, proteins move through pores in a polyacrylamide gel matrix in response to an electrical field; pore size shrinks with increasing acrylamide concentration. The protein migrates at a rate that depends on the pore size, protein charge, size, and shape.
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define organismal development and describe what occurs in each of the four processes responsible for it.
Organism development is basically biological development. It is the progressive changes in shape, size, and function during the life of an organism. By these, its genetic potentials (genotype) are translated into functioning mature systems (phenotype).
What are the sub processes of development?
The four essential processes of development of an organism are Cell division, cell differentiation, pattern formation and morphogenesis.
Cell division- the fertilized egg/ zygote undergoes cell division in order to produce a new individual. Early development is mostly made of growth rather than development.Cell differentiation- In cell division, changes in the gene expression happen, creating differences between cells that will lead to cell specialization.Pattern formation- Cells in development have to prepare and become ready for the body form in which the embryo will develop.Morphogenesis- The development continues and the form of the body (organs,etc) begins to really come together.Therefore, organism development is basically just the biological development of an organism.
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Conditioned reinforcers are originally __________ stimuli but they acquire reinforcing power after they consistently precede primary reinforcers or other conditioned reinforcers.
Conditioned reinforcers are originally neutral stimuli.
When conditioned reinforcers consistently come before primary reinforcers or other conditioned reinforcers, they start off as neutral stimuli but end up having reinforcement power.
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jim was in a car accident and suffered damage to the posterior ramus of several spinal nerves in his lumbar region. what problems might he experience as a result?
sufferes both posterior ramus of several spinal nerves in his lumbar region
Anesthetists must have a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve (PRSN) in order to efficiently and securely administer a facet joint block. The lateral branch and medial branch are the PRSN's two primary beginning branches, according to the major anatomy textbooks. 1–4 However, the explanation of PRSN anatomy can be a bit hazy in some textbooks. 5–11 This lack of interest reflects the conventional anatomical belief that these nerves are of no clinical importance. These nerves have, however, received more clinical attention over the past 30 years, both in the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain as well as in the comprehension of disability following spinal surgery. Textbooks on anatomy have not evolved to reflect this interest.
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which bone is developed by endochondral ossification? temporal temporal parietal parietal scapula scapula clavicle
Temporal bone is developed by endochondral ossification.
Endochondral ossification is one of two essential processes that produce bone tissue during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system. Unlike intramembranous ossification, the other process by which bone tissue is produced, endochondral ossification involves the presence of cartilage.
This procedure involves replacing hyaline cartilage with bone. It begins with the differentiation of mesoderm-derived mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes. Chondrocytes proliferate quickly and secrete an extracellular matrix to form the bone cartilage model.
This is the most common way for bones to form. The femur, tibia, vertebrae, and metacarpals are some examples. The process begins in ossification centers in the embryonic skeleton and continues into the late adolescent years.
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What structures did you note at the caudal end of your pig specimen?.
Chemoreceptors located in the aortic and carotid bodies stimulate the respiratory control center in the brain when the blood __________ decreases.
Chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies are responsible for detecting variations in blood oxygen levels. The chemoreceptors react when oxygen levels fall.
What kind of thing does the body's chemoreceptors measure and react to?Arteriovenous chemoreceptors, which monitor and react to changes in the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood, and central chemoreceptors in the brain, which react to changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in their immediate environment, are the two different types of respiratory chemoreceptors.
What chemoreceptors detect CO2 and pH?ASICs are specific chemoreceptors that measure blood carbon dioxide levels. To achieve this, they keep an eye on the amount of hydrogen ions, which lower blood's pH.
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once a agent is removed, growth of microbes might resume. a. germicide b. bactericide c. bacteriostatic d. biocide
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Which cellular molecule will have an antagonistic action to the effects of adenylyl cyclase?glycogen phosphorylaseGαlpha-GTPphosphodiesterasecAMPNone of the aboveA defective hepatocyte was isolated from a liver cancer patient. This hepatocyte contains approximately 75+ active protein kinase A (PKA) molecules, even in the absence of epinephrine. What is a plausible explanation?The cell’s adenylate cyclase gene has a mutation that makes the cyclase inactive all of the time.The cell’s phosphorylase kinase gene has a mutation that makes the kinase active all of the time.The cell’s adenylate cyclase gene has a mutation that makes the cyclase active all of the time.The cell’s glycogen phosphorylase gene has a mutation that makes the phosphorylase active all of the time.None of the above.The carbon that enters the carbon assimilation reactions of photosynthesis is __________ to form triose phosphatesoxidized by ATPreduced by ATPreduced by NADPHoxidized by NADPHreduced and phosphorylated by NADPHMicrotubules are involved in all of the following EXCEPTthe formation of the spindle apparatus during cell divisionthe extension of the lamellopodium of a white blood cell during cell locomotionthe formation of flagella used by sperm cells to swimtransport of vesicles between organelles of the endomembrane systemMicrotubules are involved in all of the above.Which of the following is NOT true concerning the chloroplasts and mitochondria and therefore is not evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory?Both are surrounded by a double membrane.Both divide by binary fission.Both contain their own circular genome.Both can survive independently from a eukaryotic cell.All of the above are TRUE, and support the endosymbiotic theory.
1. Phosphodiesterase is the first enzyme. Adenylyl cyclase is the only enzyme capable of generating cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP.
Their method of action is likewise pretty simple. Phosphodiesterase's are inhibitors that convert cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to 5′-AMP. As a result, phosphodiesterase inhibits the functions of adenylyl cyclase.
2. The adenylate cyclase gene in the cell contains a mutation that causes the cyclase to be active all of the time.
because AC mutated and constitutively produces cyclic AMP, which binds to the PKA regulatory domain PKA is kept inactive by a complex comprised of two catalytic (C) and two regulatory (R) subunits.
The regulatory subunit has two domains that bind to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), an essential second messenger that controls this signaling via phosphorylate and activating PK, which stands for phosphorylase kinase.
3. ATP depleted
A reduction occurs when ATP is converted to ADP + Pi; ADP is the reduced form.
In the formation of a molecule of triose phosphate, ATP molecules are transformed to ADP and phosphate.
The Calvin cycle is used to repair O2. One molecule of triose phosphate (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is created for every three CO2 molecules fixed, while nine ATP and six NADPH are consumed.
4. (d) Microtubules are engaged in all of the following:
Polar microtubules constitute the majority of the structure of the spindle apparatus. The kinetochore microtubules arrange the chromosomes in the center of the cell during metaphase.
The kinetochore microtubules drag the sister chromatids to opposite ends of the spindle poles during anaphase. Sperm swim using a conspicuous flagellum, which is made up of a core of microtubules and whose sliding is propelled by flagellar dynein.
Microtubules play an important function in the movement of membrane vesicles and organelles across the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Because ribosomes are only found in the cell body and dendrites, proteins, membrane vesicles, and organelles (such as mitochondria) must be delivered from the cell body to the axon.
Microtubules have an important function in controlling... Cells begin moving by extending a WBC lamellipodium.
5. everything is correct
According to the endosymbiotic idea, several organelles in eukaryotic cells were previously prokaryotic microorganisms. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are prokaryotic cell size and divide by binary fission.
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Biodiesel can be used as a pure fuel, or blended with petroleum-derived diesel (petrodiesel) in any percentage. Such blends are referred to as BXX wherein XX stands for the percentage by volume of biodiesel in the blend.
B20—a blend of 20% by volume ____________: 80% by volume ________________— has demonstrated significant environmental benefits (fewer harmful emissions) with a minimum increase in cost.
A renewable substitute for diesel fuel made from petroleum is biodiesel.
Describe biodiesel ?A renewable substitute for diesel fuel made from petroleum is biodiesel (hereafter referred to as "petrodiesel").A lye catalyst, methyl or ethyl alcohol, and the feedstock oil (often soybean oil in the United States) are combined to create biodiesel (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide).The glycerin is separated from the fatty acid molecules of the feedstock oil during the transesterification process, and each fatty acid molecule then joins an alcohol molecule.Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines that complies with ASTM D 6751 specifications and is made from natural oils like soybean oil.To ensure proper performance, fuel-grade biodiesel must be produced in accordance with ASTM D6751, which is a strict industry standard.To learn more about biodiesel refer to:
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, in bacterial cells, the translation of blank can begin as soon as the blank of it peels away from the dna template. in eukaryotic cells, however, transcription and translation are separated in space and time as a result of the eukaryotic cell's
The transcription and translation processes in a bacterial cell are linked and occur concurrently in the cell's cytoplasm.
However, in eukaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the nucleus and the mRNA is transported to the cytoplasm for translation after numerous post-transcriptional changes.
The answer is incorrect.
In general, translation is separated into three stages: start, elongation, and termination . The binding of a particular initiator methionyl tRNA and the mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit is the initial step of the initiation stage in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
After the assembly of initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi), mRNA, and separated 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits into an 80S ribosome with Met-tRNAi positioned at the ribosomal P site at the initiation codon, translation of mRNA into protein starts.
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Full Question
In bacterial cells, the translation of mRNA can begin as soon as the leading 5’ end of the mRNA molecule peels away from the DNA template. This coupling can be used for eukaryotic cells as well: True / False
Consider an enzymatic reaction in which the initial concentration of substrate is low. If the amount of enzyme is held constant, but the amount of substrate is increased, the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction willa. stay the sameb. decrease at first, then increase in a linear fashion.c. be inhibited by the higher concentrations of substrate.d. increase at first in a linear fashion, then remain at a constant high rate.e. increase in an exponential fashion.
The rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction will increase first linearly which means option d is correct.
When the enzyme amount is small. The rate of reaction nevertheless will increase with growing substrate's concentration however ranges off at a far decrease price. By growing the enzyme amount, the rate of reaction substantially will increase. It has been proven experimentally that if the quantity of the enzyme is saved consistent and the substrate amount is then steadily increased, the response speed will boom till it reaches a most The will increase in substrate amount will now no longer boom the speed.
Therefore, the correct option is d.
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How could you increase the rate of cyclosis in
plant cells?
Answer: By adding growth hormone.
Explanation: Cyclosis also known as protoplasm streaming. By the help of this movement cells are enable to get oxygen and nutrients. Cyclosis is regulated by various factors including, temperature, pH, oxygen concentration, light, cellular injury, cellular shock etc.
Addition of growth hormone 'Auxin' increases the cyclosis i.e. rate of the movement of protoplasm.
Which area of biotechnology would most likely create ethical issues with human society?.
Area of biotechnology that would most likely create ethical issues with human society is : organ cloning for use in transplants
What do you understand about biotechnology?Biotechnology is the combination of natural and engineering disciplines to apply organisms, cells, their components and also molecular counterparts for the creation of goods and services. Genetically engineered foods are one of the example of a product created using living cells in biotechnology.
Organ cloning can defined as the process of cloning embryos, removing stem cells from the blastocyst and inducing stem cells to differentiate into the desired organ. Organ cloning might be conceivable to use a cloned body organ to replace a failing body organ like kidney or heart.
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Around the mid-1850s, Mendel crossed true-breeding purple-flowered pea plants with true-breeding white-flowered pea plants. The results of his research provided us with the basic principles of heredity. Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. Reset Help once Every gene is a sequence of at a specific position along a chromosome called a homologous pairs twice Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent that form alleles genes The homologs of a chromosome pair contain the same genetic loci. Therefore, each genetic locus is represented in a diploid cell. DNA nucleotides locus Variations in inherited characteristics is due to the presence of which are alternative versions of
Every gene is a sequence of DNA nucleotides located at a certain location along a chromosome.
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent and forming homologous pairs.
A chromosomal pair's homologs share the same genetic locus. As a result, in a diploid cell, each genetic location is represented twice.
The pure breed purple flowered plant's genotype will be PP. The pure breed white flowered plant's genotype will be pp. As a result, the dominant to recessive phenotypic ratio will be 1:0.
Mendel observed a dominant to recessive ratio of 3:1 when he set up a Parental (P) hybrid between true breeding purple and white flowered plants to develop the F1 and then allowed the F1 to self-pollinate to generate the F2.
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what is the role of antibodies in the immune system? choose all that apply.a foreign substance to the body that triggers an immune response is called a/an
The immune system creates defensive proteins called antibodies. The main role of them is to bind to antigens (foreign substances), which include poisons, viruses, bacteria, and fungus, and eliminate them from your body.
Antibodies cause the complement system to elicit the lysis of bacterial cells (punching holes in the cell wall). Antibodies help phagocytic cells engulf foreign objects more easily (opsonization). One particular antigen is recognized by each antibody. An antibody that can identify the mumps virus, for instance, cannot identify the measles virus. The mumps virus cannot be recognized by an antibody that detects the measles virus, on the other hand. "Antibody specificity" is the name of this characteristic. However, pathogens generate a huge number of hazardous elements. Any substance that triggers the production of antibodies by your immune system is referred to as an antigen. This indicates that your immune system is attempting to combat the chemical because it does not recognize it. A substance from the environment, such as chemicals, germs, viruses, or pollen, can behave as an antigen.
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What is the total number of atp molecules produced through cellular respiration per molecule of glucose?.
Cellular respiration in a eukaryotic cell can convert one glucose molecule into 30 to 32 ATP.
Is ATP 36 or ATP 38 produced?36 ATP molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle. Thus, a total of 38 ATP molecules are produced during aerobic respiration, with 2 of those molecules forming outside of the mitochondria.
ATP 30 or 32: Why?Depending on the kind of cell we are considering, the number varies. Malate-aspartate shuttle-using cells, such as those in the heart or liver, produce 32 ATP molecules per glucose, whereas glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle-using cells, such as those in skeletal muscle, produce 30 ATP molecules.
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EX 1. In a village, a campaign against snakes was launched in which about all the snakes were killed. The farmers of that region were troubled by rats that year. Explain.
in a 1x1-meter excavation unit you find the remains of two human skeletons along with the antler of an antelope. how can you attempt to date these skeletons? group of answer choices you can research the antler bone to find out which species it belongs to and then use faunal dating. you can take soil samples and analyze the microscopic organisms present to determine a time period. you can assume the humans ate the antelope and find out when humans in this area began to eat meat. since they are all found in a single layer you can use stratigraphy.
I attempt to date the given skeletons by b)taking soil samples and analyze the microscopic organisms present to determine a time period. So, correct option is B.
Dating methods are methodology utilized by researchers to decide the time of rocks, fossils, or relics. Relative dating techniques tell provided that one example is more established or more youthful than another; outright dating strategies give a rough date in years.
The last option have by and large been accessible just starting around 1947. Many outright dating procedures exploit radioactive rot, by which a radioactive type of a component rots into a non-radioactive item at a normal rate. Others, for example, amino corrosive racimization and cation-proportion dating, depend on synthetic changes in the natural or inorganic creation of an example.
Lately, a couple of these strategies have come under detailed examination as researchers endeavor to foster the most potential exact dating procedures.
Hence, correct option is B.
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(Complete question) is:
In a 1x1-meter excavation unit you find the remains of two human skeletons along with the antler of an antelope. how can you attempt to date these skeletons? group of answer choices
a)you can research the antler bone to find out which species it belongs to and then use faunal dating.
b)you can take soil samples and analyze the microscopic organisms present to determine a time period.
c) you can assume the humans ate the antelope and find out when humans in this area began to eat meat. since they are all found in a single layer you can use stratigraphy.
in a deletion mapping experiment, an individual homozygous for a recessive mutation in the gene to be mapped is crossed to an individual heterozygous for a deletion, and the resulting offspring are all wild type. what is the most correct interpretation for these results?
True, the deleted region does not contain the gene. A gene located outside of the deleted regions would always be heterozygous for the wild-type allele and would not be expressed.
Alleles A and B share a chromosome. A deletion mapping experiment involves crossing an individual homozygous for a recessive mutation in the gene to be mapped with an individual heterozygous for a deletion, and the offspring are all wild type. The presence of two distinct alleles at a specific gene locus. A heterozygous genotype may comprise with one single nucleotide and one mutated genotype, or 2 separate mutated alleles.
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which cells migrate to the gonads, where they differentiate into immature cells that will eventually become sperm or oocytes?
Primordial Germ Cells , cells migrate to the gonads.
What is Primordial Germ Cells?
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are highly specialized precursors of gametes, which after meiosis grow into haploid sperm and eggs that give rise to a new creature when fertilized. PGC clusters first appear in early embryos of several animal species. PGCs are distinct from other cells because they are larger than the surrounding cells and positive for the enzymes alkaline phosphatase, esterase, and glycogen. PGCs ensure a species' survival by passing along genetic and epigenetic information from one generation to the next. Although almost all animals reserve their germ cells during early development, there is no universally shared mechanism for the determination of germ cells.
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are a type of embryonic cell that develop into gametes by migrating to gonadal precursors. PGCs are distinguished from somatic cells early in the embryogenesis process in many mammals. These cells serve as helpful models for investigations on cell motility since they travel to gonadal precursors before forming gonads. They are significant for research on development and reproduction. Comparable to somatic cells, primordial germ cells differ morphologically.
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Who is Gregor Mendel
Answer:
Explanation:
the architect of genetic experimental and statistical analysis, the acknowledged father of genetics, Mendel developed three principles of inheritance that described the transmission of genetic traits.
Answer: Gregor Mendel is the Father of Genetics. He is well-known for his work with breeding and cultivating pea plants, using them to gather data about dominant and recessive genes.
Explanation: Hope this was helpful
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Mara lives in st. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as mara adapts to the higher altitude?.
After a week in the mountains, we would expect Mara adapts to the higher altitude by decreasing PO₂ in her alveoli. the correct answer is D.
Mara resides in St. Louis, a city close to the ocean. During her summer vacation, she intends to spend a month working in the mountains outside of Denver. After a week in the mountains, we would predict that Mara will acclimate to the higher altitude by having decreased PO2 in her alveoli.
It produces Following a month of acclimatization to the higher altitude, Mara typically displays regular oxygen absorption, increased ventilation, more basic hypoxic ventilation, larger lung volumes, greater diffusing capacities, and increased blood pressure.
The barometric pressure continuously decreases at altitude, which poses challenges for the human body and results in a number of important physiological processes that aid in maintaining and controlling tissue oxygenation. It causes the body's physiological responses, including an increase in hematocrit. The development of systemic hypertension is influenced by altitude with a relatively low oxygen content, which has a substantial impact on the cardiovascular system and blood pressure control. Another element of the pulmonary response to acute altitude exposure is hyperventilation, which is done in an effort to achieve adequate tissue oxygenation.
The complete question is:
Mara lives in st. Louis, which is close to sea level. She decides to spend a month of her summer vacation working in the mountains outside of Denver. After a week in the mountains, what kinds of changes would you expect to see as mara adapts to the higher altitude?
A) decreased hematocrit
B) decreased blood pressure
C) decreased alveolar ventilation rate
D) decreased PO2 in the alveoli
E) All of the answers are correct.
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What is the conflict at the heart of the hero’s life as they know it and their eventual destiny? how do frodo baggins and katniss everdeen exemplify this stage of the hero’s journey? cite evidence from the text to explain.
He is aware that the conflict that drives the hero's existence and determines his ultimate fate forces the hero to embark on an adventure
As he knows, the hero's ultimate fate and the conflict at the center of his existence invite the hero into an adventure and ask him to leave the regular world in pursuit of anything that creates conflict.They may be able to ignore the phone at first, but they soon realize that something vital is at risk.The protagonist is in the normal world during exposure, generally in his or her hometown or native environment.The term "hero journey" refers to the tale of a figure on a quest for a certain destination. The protagonist's journey reveals all of the experiences the character had while pursuing his goals and how they shaped his character and personality.To learn more about existence please click on below link
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What sequence of exercises should you follow when training all major muscle groups in a workout?.
The optimum order to exercise the muscles for a total-body strength workout is to start with the hip and leg muscles, then the upper back and chest muscles, then the arms, abdominal, low back, and neck muscles. As long as each muscle group is worked out to the right degree of intensity,
Does it matter what sequence you perform your exercises?Always start with the trickiest moves. Maintaining form throughout your workout is important, and performing these routines early on when your muscles are still at their strongest will help you in the long run.
What does a balanced exercise plan entail?Five aspects of good health are balanced by fitness training. Make sure to incorporate flexibility, balance training, core exercises, and aerobic fitness into your routine.
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Describe the trend in atomic radius as the atomic number increases across a period.
Atomic radius increases inside a group and then gradually diminishes. While electron shielding remains constant over time, effective nuclear charge increases.
What does the periodic table's increase in period mean?As the atomic number rises, a period's metallic character decreases. Metallic character decreases from left to right as you move through the periodic table. Atoms are more willing to accept electrons in order to fill a valence shell than to give them up in order to empty the shell, which causes this.
Which trend deteriorates with time?Moving across a period causes the nuclear charge and atomic size to change, which increases the nucleus's force of attraction on the outermost shell electron.
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Suppose that the mean systolic blood pressure for women over age seventy is 132 mmlig (millimeters of mercury), with a standard deviation of 7 mmHg. Suppose that the blood pressures are normally distributed Complete the following statements (a) Approximately? mmlig and 139 mmHg. . of women over seventy have blood pressures between 125 (b) Approximately 95% of women over seventy have blood pressures between and mm mmHg 1 x 5 ?
From the data given in the question:
Approximately 65% of women over seventy have a blood pressure between 125 mmHg and 139 mmHgApproximately 95% of women over seventy have a blood pressure between and 118 mmHg and 146 mmHg.The mean value for systolic blood pressure is 132 mmHg and with a standard deviation of 7 mmHg. So, the proportion of women who have a blood pressure between 125 mmHg and 139 mmHg is
P (125 < x < 139)
125 = 132-7
139 = 132 + 7
By empirical rule, about 68% of the data lies within 1 standard deviation of the average of about 68% of women.
132 - 2*7 = 118
132 + 2*7 = 146
About 95% of women over 70 years have a bp between 118 mmHg and 146 mmHg.
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once the modifications are made to the insulin dna, it is then prepared to be combined with the vector. but first, the dna must be cut in a way to allow for insertion. what enzyme cuts at specific sites in dna, leaving sticky ends ready for ligation? a) dna helicase b) dna polymerase iii c) dna exonuclease d) restriction endonuclease
The enzyme that cut DNA at a specific site to produce sticky ends is referred to as restriction endonuclease.
Restriction endonuclease is a type of enzyme that helps cleave the DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules called restriction sites. Since this enzyme cut the fragments within the molecule it is referred to as an endonuclease type of enzyme.
When the restriction enzyme first cuts on one end of the sequence, between two bases on the same strand, and then cuts on the other end of the complementary strand, a "sticky" end is created.
Two ends of DNA will result from this, and some nucleotides will have no complementary bases. This type of sticky ends thus helps to combine the target DNA with the vector during recombinant DNA technology.
Therefore, option d) restriction endonuclease is the correct option.
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The statements below describe the process of phagocytosis. Drag and drop the statements to reflect the correct order in which they occur. Drag the text blocks below into their correct order. Alysosome fuses with the phagosome forming a phagolysosome Digestion proceeds as hydrolytic enzymes break down the cells Phagocytes are attracted by chemicals and move to the injured or infected area PRRs on host phagocytes bind to PAMPS on microbes The residual cell debris is expelled from the cell by exocytosis Endocytosis is initiated forming a phagosome Reset
phagocytosis is a critical mechanism for nourishment a function of specialized cells called phagocytes. The process of phagocytosis involves recognizing and ingesting particles called a phagosome.
The following stages are taken during phagocytosis:
Chemicals draw phagocytes to the damaged or infected location, where PAMPS (Pathogen-associated molecular patterns) on microorganisms bind to PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) on host phagocytes.
An first phagosome is formed during endocytosis.
A phagolysosome is created when a lysosome combines with a phagosome in phagocytosis .
As cells are broken down by hydrolytic enzymes, digestion continues.
Exocytosis is used to remove the remaining cells from the cell.
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Which of the following best describes the structure of hemoglobin? Select all that apply.
a. Globin molecules contain iron.
b. Hemoglobin consists of four globin molecules.
c. Hemoglobin consists of two globin molecules.
d. Each globin molecule associates with numerous heme groups.
e. Each globin molecule surrounds a heme group.
f. Heme groups contain iron.
Option B,E,F. Each of the four globin molecules cells that make up hemoglobin encircles an iron-containing heme group. The quaternary structure of hemoglobin. It is made up of two distinct protein pairs called the and chains.
The and chains of hemoglobin contain 141 and 146 amino acids, respectively. Each component is covalently connected to a heme molecule, just like in myoglobin. Red blood cells include hemoglobin, which transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissue cells.
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The meninges are protective membranes that surround the brain. CSF is a liquid found within the meninges that help to protect and cushion the brain, increasing its buoyancy. If a tear occurs in the meninges, CSF will begin to leak, leading to:
By offering defense, sustenance, and waste elimination, CSF benefits the brain. The neuroaxis is protected hydromechanically by CSF.
What part does CSF play in the brain?The tissue that lines the ventricles (empty spaces) in the brain produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, seen in blue). It moves through and around the brain and spinal cord to protect them from harm and supply nutrition.
Does the brain receive buoyancy support from CSF?CSF protects the neuroaxis hydromechanically in two different ways. First, CSF works as a cushion, protecting the brain from the skull. Second, CSF makes the brain and spinal cord buoyant, lowering the brain's effective weight from its usual 1,500 grams to a much smaller 50 grams.
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