Answer:
1,266 units
Explanation:
A lot of information is missing, but I found a similar question:
current production level = 1,500 unitscurrent plant utilization rate = 96%total plant capacity = 1,500 / 96% = 1,562.5 units
if plant utilization will decrease by 15% ⇒ 96% - 15% = 81%
plant production to meet required production goal = 1,562.5 x 81% = 1,265.625 = 1,266 units
On January 1, 2021, Legion Company sold $270,000 of 4% ten-year bonds. Interest is payable semiannually on June 30 and December 31. The bonds were sold for $169,056, priced to yield 10%. Legion records interest at the effective rate. Legion should report bond interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2021, in the amount of: (Round your answer to the nearest dollar amount.)
Answer:
Interest expense = $8453
Explanation:
We can calculate Bond interest expense by multiplying Carrying value of the bond with the effective interest rate and the period of time,
DATA
Carrying value of bond = $169,056
Effective interest rate = 10%
Period of time = 6 months
Interest expense =?
Calculation
Interest expense = Carrying value x Effective interest rate x Time period
Interest expense = $169,056 x 10% x [tex]\frac{6months}{12months}[/tex]
Interest expense = $8453
A publishing company sells 1,250,000 copies of certain books each year. It costs the company $1 to store each book for a year. Each time it must print additional copies, it costs the company $250 to set up the presses. How many books should the company produce during each printing in order to minimize its total storage and setup costs
Answer:
The Company should produce 25,000 books
Explanation:
The production size that minimizes total storage and setup costs is known as the optimum batch size.
Optimum batch size = √(2 × Annual Production Demand × Set up Cost) / Storage Cost per unit
= √ (2 × 1,250,000 × $250) / $1
= 25,000 books
Conclusion :
The Company should produce 25,000 books during each printing in order to minimize its total storage and setup costs.
Data mining is important because any customer can become a brand advocate or adversary by freely expressing opinions and attitudes that reach millions of other customers on social media.a. Trueb False
Answer: False
Explanation:
Dta mining is the generation of new information by examining large databases that are already in existence. In data mining, raw data will be eventually turned to useful information which will be used to increase sales, develop marketing strategies, and decrease costs.
The information that data mining is important because any customer can become a brand advocate or adversary by freely expressing opinions and attitudes that reach millions of other customers on social media is false.
Steady Company's stock has a beta of . If the risk-free rate is and the market risk premium is , what is an estimate of Steady Company's cost of equity?
The question is incomplete as it misses the figures. The following is the complete question.
Steady Company's stock has a beta of 0.21. If the risk-free rate is 6.2% and the market risk premium is 6.9%, what is an estimate of Steady Company's cost of equity?
Answer:
The cost of equity is 0.07649 or 7.649%
Explanation:
The required rate of return or cost of equity capital is the rate required by the investors to invest in a stock based on the systematic risk of the stock as measure by the beta. The required rate of return or cost of equity can be calculated using the CAPM equation. The CAPM equation is,
r = rRF + Beta * rpM
Where,
rRf is the risk free raterpM is the risk premium on marketr = 0.062 + 0.21 * 0.069
r = 0.07649 or 7.649%
perline, inc., has balance sheet equity of $6.2 million.At the same time, the income statement shows net income of $948600. The company paid dividends of $493272 and has 100000 shares of stock outstanding. If the benchmark PE ratio is 26, what is the target stock price in one year?
Answer:
The target stock price in one year is $264.75
Explanation:
We first calculate the ROE as below
ROE= Earnings / Book value of Equity
ROE= $948,600 / $6,200,000
ROE= 0.153
The payout ratio is:
b= Dividend / Net income
b = $493,272 / $948,600
b = 0.52
So the sustainable growth rate is:
g = ROE * (1-b)
g = 0.153 * (1-0.52)
g = 0.153 * 0.48
g = 0.07344
The earning in the first year are
EPS1 = $948,600 / 100,000 * (1 + 0.07344)
EPS1 = $9.486 * 1.07344
EPS1 = $10.1827
According to the benchmark PE ratio, the target stock price in one year is
Price = EPS1 * 26
Price = $10.1827 * 26
Price = $264.75
ZZZ-Best, Inc. recently issued $65 par value preferred stock that pays an annual dividend of $17. If the stock is currently selling for $76, what is the expected return of this preferred stock?
Answer:
r = 0.22368 or 22.368% rounded off to 22.37%
Explanation:
The expected or required rate of return on a preferred stock is the return provided by the stock in terms of dividend as a proportion of the current market price. The expected return on a preferred stock can be calculated as follows,
r = Dividend / current market price
r = 17 / 76
r = 0.22368 or 22.368% rounded off to 22.37%
You are docking your boat. The current is pushing you toward the dock . What is the best way to dock
The best and the most secure way to dock a boat in a dockyard is by :
moving the boat parallelly along the dock, and approaching towards the dock slowly.A dockyard is a place where ships and boats are sheltered and it provides a secure place to dock or station your boat and a secure place to access the boat.
Now when the current is pushing your boat towards the dock, the best way to dock your boat is :
Allow the current of the water to carry the boat towards the dock.We have approach slowly and parallelly towards the dock.We can also shift the gears whenever we need to adjust the position of the boat.We have to secure the bow lines as well as the stern lines.Learn More :
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In a short-run model of a large open economy with a floating exchange rate, net capital outflow ______ as the domestic interest rate increases and is just equal to the ______ in net exports. Group of answer choices increases; decrease decreases; increase increases; increase decreases; decrease
Answer:
1. decreases
2. decrease
Explanation:
When Domestic interest rate increases, as a result of floating exchange rate, the net capital outflow decreases which in turn leads to most goods to be used internally, instead of exporting it abroad, there by reducing the level of exports.
Hence, All things being equal, it is assumed or believed that, In a short-run model of a large open economy with a floating exchange rate, net capital outflow DECREASES as the domestic interest rate increases and is just equal to the DECREASE in net exports.
If a bank that faces a 10% reserve ratio received a deposit of $50,000 and makes a loan to a customer for $5,000, what is the consequence if the bank then deposits the rest of the funds at the Federal Reserve?
Answer:
Excess reserve increases by $40,000
Required reserve increases by $5,000
Explanation:
In order to calculate the reserve, we need to multiply the Deposit received by a required reserve ratio.
DATA
Reserve ratio = 10%
Deposit received = $50,000
Loan to customer = $5,000
Solution
Reserve = Deposit x Required reserve ratio
Reserve = $50,000 x 10%
Reserve = $5,000
After providing a $5,000 loan to the customer and keeping $5,000 as a reserve remaining $40,000 would be deposited in the Federal Reserve.
Unlike direct materials, the sum of all the direct labor variances is always equal to the flexible budget variance.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
A. True
Explanation:
Unlike direct materials, the sum of all the direct labor variances is always equal to the flexible budget variance. Also, a negative direct labor efficiency variance is considered favorable one. And for a direct labor, if the efficiency and rate variances are both negative, then the flexible budget variance will be unfavorable. Therefore, the statement of the question is true.
One significant way that blacks were able to enjoy economic independence was by settling in the West on federally provided public land.
a. True
b. False
Due to numerous lawsuits, major chemical manufacturer has recently experienced a market reevaluation. The firm has 15-year, 8% coupon bond, paid semiannually and par value of $1,000. The required nominal rate (yield) on this debt has now risen to 10%. What is the current price of this bond?
Answer:
Bond Price = 846.2754897 rounded off to $846.28
Explanation:
To calculate the price of the bond, we need to first calculate the coupon payment per period. We assume that the interest rate provided is stated in annual terms. As the bond is a semi annual bond, the coupon payment, number of periods and semi annual YTM will be,
Coupon Payment (C) = 0.08 * 1/2 * 1000 = $40
Total periods (n)= 15 * 2 = 30
r or YTM = 10% * 1/2 = 5% or 0.05
The formula to calculate the price of the bonds today is attached.
Bond Price = 40 * [( 1 - (1+0.05)^-30) / 0.05] + 1000 / (1+0.05)^30
Bond Price = 846.2754897 rounded off to $846.28
(1) You go to Seven-11 and see the price of a super Slurpee quoted as $1.39. (2) You buy the super Slurpee and pay with $1.39 in cash. In the first instance money serves as ___________, while in the second instance money serves as ___________.
Answer:
In the first instance money serves as Measure of Value, while in the second instance money serves as Medium of Exchange.
Explanation:
The measure of value and medium of exchange are two of the functions of money which are explained as follows:
a) Measure of Value
The function of money as a measure of value permits all goods and services to be attached prices. That is, every commodity is valued in terms of money. Therefore, money gives the opportunity to compare values of goods and services. Measure of value is also referred to as a unit of value.
From the question, the function of money as a measure of value is what permits Seven-11 to quote a super Slurpee as $1.39.
b) Medium of exchange
The function of money as a medium of exchange provides the opportunity use money as an intermediary instrument in order to ensure goods and services purchased, sold or traded between parties at a standard value. This is different from what obtained under the trade by barter in which commodities had to be exchanged for commodities without any standard value.
From the question, the function of money as a medium of exchange allows an amount of $1.39 which is a standard value was exchanged for the super Slurpee.
Answer:
(1) Unit of Account
(2) Medium of Exchange
Explanation:
(1) A unit of account is the measure in which prices are quoted. Thus, when the price of the super Slurpee is quoted in dollars, money functions as a unit of account.
(2) A medium of exchange is what people trade for goods and services. Thus, when you buy the super Slurpee, you are offering the $1.39 in exchange for the super Slurpee. Money here serves as a medium of exchange.
A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as
Answer:
Bounded rationality.
Explanation:
This is explained to be a model that is been used in making choices between alternatives. Models of this kind brings about use of logic, analysis and objectivity always which appear over subjectivity and insight. In this particular model, approaches like Formulating of goal, decision making, identification of criteria for decision making, performing analysis etc are seen to make this model a better type of its kind. Here individuals who are seen to posses high cognitive ability are seen handling of decisions and making quality arrangements towards its actualization.
In a lot of cases, it is seen to not consider factors that cannot be quantified, such as ethical concerns or the value of altruism.
An investor owns 5,000 shares, which is 1% of a corporation's outstanding stock before a stock repurchase. The investor did not sell any of his stock during the 25,000 share repurchase. Which one of the following statements is correct?
A. The investor still owns 1% of the corporation.
B. The stock's price is likely to drop by 5%.
C. The investor owns more than 1% of the corporation.
D. The investor now has 5,250 shares.
Answer:
C. The investor owns more than 1% of the corporation.
Explanation:
data provided in the question
Number of shares own = 5,000 shares
Outstanding stock percentage = 1%
Repurchased shares = 25,000
Based on the above information, the following statement is correct
i.e the investor owns more than 1% of the corporation as the A option, B and D options are incorrect and the option C is most appropriate option
Which of the following statements is true of the new product development process? Question 8 options: 1) Commercialization is the process of inviting broad communities of people such as customers, employees, and scientists into the new product innovation process. 2) The purpose of the idea screening stage is to create a large number of ideas. 3) The concept testing stage is the stage at which the product and its proposed marketing program are introduced into realistic market settings. 4) Under the business analysis stage, if the new product satisfies the company's objectives, the product then moves to the product development stage. 5) A product concept is the way consumers perceive an actual or potential product.
Answer: 4) Under the business analysis stage, if the new product satisfies the company's objectives, the product then moves to the product development stage.
Explanation:
The Business Analysis stage of the New Product Development Process is a more in-depth analysis of the product to find out the viability of the product in the market and what it means for the firm.
Here the big questions are asked such as;
The Cost of the product to produceIf adequate profit will be generatedProjected market demandExisting competitors etcOnce these questions have been answered and other analysis made and the company is satisfied, the product can then move to the Product Development Stage.
It is true that under the business analysis stage, if a new product satisfies the company's objectives, it moves to the product development stage.
In a New Product Development Process, the Business Analysis stage entails in-depth analysis of the product to find out the viability of the product in the market and what it means for the firm.
The questions asked in the Business Analysis stage includes:
The Cost of the product to produce If adequate profit will be generated Projected market demand Existing competitorsIn conclusion, it is true that under the business analysis stage, if a new product satisfies the company's objectives, it moves to the product development stage.
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Costs that are capitalized because they are expected to have future value are called product costs; costs that are expensed are called period costs. This classification is important because it affects the amount of costs expensed in the income statement and the amount of costs assigned to inventory on the balance sheet. Product costs are commonly made up of direct materials, direct labor, and overhead. Period costs include selling and administrative expenses.
A service company has which of the following costs
a. Direct Material
b. Overhead Costs
c. Product Costs
d. Expensed in the period incurred
Answer:
b. Overhead Costs
d. Expensed in the period incurred
Explanation:
-Direct material refers to the cost of the material used to manufacture a product.
-Overhead costs are the costs related to the operation of the business and they can't be assigned to a good or service.
-Product Costs are the costs to manufacture a product.
-Expensed in the period incurred are the period costs which are costs not related to the production of a good.
According to these definitions, a service company has the following costs: overhead costs and expensed in the period incurred because these are costs that are not related to the creation of a product.
On the other hand, the other options direct material and product costs are not right because these costs are directly related to products.
Company A was sued by Company B. The management of Company A feels that it is probable that it will have to pay the full amount to Company 8. What is the effect of this contingent event on Company A's accounting equation?
a. Increase liabilities and decrease stockholders' equity.
b. Increase assets and increase stockholders' equity.
c. No effect on the accounting equation.
d. Decrease assets and decrease liabilities.
Answer: a. Increase liabilities and decrease stockholders' equity.
Explanation:
Contingent Liabilities are obligations that the company may owe if a future event happens such as them being ruled against in a case in court.
Contingent Liabilities are to be recorded in the financial statements only when it is probable that it will happen and that the amount to be paid is reasonably estimable.
Company A's management feels like the loss is probable and that they would have to pay the full amount to company B which means that the loss is both likely and estimable.
Company A should therefore increase their liabilities and debit loss which will come from the Equity thereby reducing it.
The involvement by a company in more than one of the activities in the entire value chain from development through production, distribution, sales, and after-sales service is called ________. opportunity cost vertical integration relevant cost avoidable cost
Answer: vertical integration
Explanation: The integrating (to include as a constituent part or functionality) of successive stages in the production and marketing process under the ownership or control of a single management organization is known as vertical integration. As such, such a firm is usually involved in various activities in the entire value chain. This helps it reduce costs, ensure tighter quality control, as well as ensuring a better flow and control of information across the value chain.
The cost-recovery method of recognizing profit for accounting purposes is permitted if a. collections in the year of sale do not exceed 30% of the total sales price. b. an unrealized profit account is credited. c. there is no reasonable basis for estimating collectibility. d. the method is consistently used for all sales of similar merchandise.
Answer:
Correct Answer:
c. there is no reasonable basis for estimating collectibility.
Explanation:
The cost recovery method of revenue recognition is a concept in accounting that refers to a method in which a business does not recognize income related to a sale until the cash collected exceeds the cost of the good or service sold. When a situation present itself where there is no reasonable basis for estimating collectibility, it justifies the use of the cost recovery method of revenue and profit recognition.
In recent years, industries with high four- and eight-firm concentration ratios include cars, cereal breakfast foods, and farm machinery.
a) true
b) false
Answer: True
Explanation:
The Four-Firm Concentration Ratio simply measures aggregate market share of the four biggest firms that are in a particular industry while the Eight-Firm Concentration Ratio measures that of the eight biggest firms.
It is true that in recent years, industries with high four- and eight-firm concentration ratios include cars, cereal breakfast foods, and farm machinery.
Ahmed Company purchases all merchandise on credit. It recently budgeted the month-end accounts payable balances and merchandise inventory balances below. Cash payments on accounts payable during each month are expected to be May, $1,400,000; June, $1,550,000; July, $1,400,000; and August, $1,500,000
Accounts Payable Merchandise Inventory
31-May 150,000 260,000
30-Jun 130,000 500,000
31-Jul 300,000 300,000
31-Aug 120,000 330,000
Required:
a. Compute the budgeted amounts of merchandise purchases.
b. Compute the budgeted amounts of cost of goods sold.
Answer:
Ahmed Company
a. Computation of the budgeted merchandise purchases:
May June July August
Cash payments $1,400,000 1,550,000 1,400,000 1,500,000
Ending balance 150,000 130,000 300,000 120,000
Total $1,550,000 $1,680,000 $1,700,000 $1,620,000
less:
Beginning balance 150,000 130,000 300,000
Purchases $1,550,000 $1,530,000 $1,570,000 $1,320,000
b. Computation of the budgeted cost of goods sold:
May June July August
Beginning Inventory 260,000 500,000 300,000
Purchases 1,550,000 1,530,000 1,570,000 1,320,000
Goods available for sale 1,550,000 1,790,000 2,070,000 1,620,000
Ending Inventory 260,000 500,000 300,000 330,000
Cost of goods sold $1,290,000 $1,290,000 $1,770,000 $1,290,000
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Accounts Payable Merchandise Inventory
31-May 150,000 260,000
30-Jun 130,000 500,000
31-Jul 300,000 300,000
31-Aug 120,000 330,000
b) Ahmed Company's purchases of merchandise can be obtained by reviewing the Accounts Payable beginning and ending balances and the cash payments made during the months. Alternatively, monthly Accounts Payable can be prepared and the differences in the debit and credit side will be the purchases as the missing figure.
c) Once the purchases of merchandise have been computed, to compute the cost of goods sold becomes easier. The cost of goods sold for Ahmed Company is the difference between the cost of goods available for sale and the ending inventories of merchandise.
"Frank bought a house for $100,000. He put 20% down and borrowed the rest from the bank. However, the value of the house has now increased to $160,000 and he has paid off $20,000 of the bank loan. What is the equity that Frank has in his home
Answer:
$100,000
Explanation:
The computation of the equity in his home is shown below;
Given that
Increased in the value of the house = $160,000
And, the amount he has to paid is
= Borrowed amount - down payment
= $80,000 - ($100,000 × 20%)
= $80,000 - $20,000
= $60,000
So, the equity is
= $160,000 - $60,000
= $100,000
hence, the equity value is $100,000
Answer:
The equity that Frank has in his home is $100000
Explanation:
The purchase price of house = $100000
The down payment = 20% or $100000 ×20% = $20000
The remaining amount paid by bank = $80000
The increased value of house = $160,000
Payment of loan amount = $20000
The Value of house is $160000 and he pays $20000 to the bank as a part of loan payment so reaming amount that he has to pay the bank is ($80000-20000) = $60000.
Thus, his equity will be $100000.
Firm J has net income of $77,605, sales of $935,000, and average total assets of $467,500. Required: Calculate Firm J’s margin, turnover, and return on investment (ROI).
Answer:
Firm J's margin= 8.3%
Firm J's turnover= 2
Firm J's ROI= 16.6%
Explanation:
Form J has a net income of $77,605
The sales is $935,000
The average total assets is $467,500
Firm J's margin can be calculated as follows
Margin= Net income/sales
= $77,605/$935,000
= 0.083×100
= 8.3%
Firm J's turnover can be calculated as follows
Turnover= Sales/Average Total assets
= $935,000/$467,500
= 2
Firm J's return on investment can be calculated as follows
ROI= Net income/Average Total assets
= $77,605/$467,500
= 0.166×100
= 16.6%
Hence Firm J's margin, turnover and return on investment is 8.3%, 2 and 16.6% respectively.
Stephanie’s company uses a job order cost system. Stephanie just made a $15,000 debit to the Work in Process Inventory account for raw materials assigned to job 1074. Which of the following steps does Stephanie also need to complete?
A. Posting a $15,000 decrease in Direct Labor to the subsidiary ledger for job 1074.B. Posting a $15,000 increase in Direct Materials to the job cost sheet for job 1074.C. Posting a $15,000 increase in Direct Labor to the job cost sheet for job 1074.D. Posting a $15,000 increase in Raw Materials to the subsidiary ledger for job 1074.
Answer:
B. Posting a $15,000 increase in Direct Materials to the job cost sheet for job 1074
Explanation:
According to the given situation, Materials account of the specific work will be debited as costs are allocated to Jobs. Assigning those costs to operate would reduce the balance of inventories.
Therefore from the above explanation the correct answer is b as it has been posted $15,000 which is rising the direct material to the job cost sheet for job 1074.
Today’s business headlines frequently cite pensions being underfunded, thus costing companies more in contributions to their pension fund as well as pensioners risking not receiving what they had planned for retirement. This has been caused by underperformance of the pension fund itself and the over promising of benefits to retirees. Take the following example:_______.
Assume $20m was invested today to provide for pension payments for a group of employees. Assume also that the average return on these funds was 8.5%
1. How big will the fund be in 25 years?
2. Suppose at year 12 the fund decreased in value by 30%. What returns would be required for the next 13 years to achieve the 25 year amount?
3. Advisor's counseled the company that a conservative investment return of 6% annually for the next 13 years would be advisable and that the company would have to contribute annually to make up the shortfall. How much would have to be contributed annually beginning year 13 if the fund earned 6% in order to achieve the 25 year goal?
Please show the method used to solve this problem.
Answer:
1) in 25 years, the pension fund should equal:
future value = present value x (1 + interest rate)ⁿ
FV = $20,000,000 x (1 + 8.5%)²⁵ = $153,735,247
2) the value in 12 years = $20,000,000 x (1 - 30%) = $14,000,000
future value = present value x (1 + interest rate)ⁿ
$153,735,247 = $14,000,000 x (1 + interest rate)¹³
(1 + interest rate)¹³ = $153,735,247 / $14,000,000 = 10.981
¹³√(1 + interest rate)¹³ = ¹³√10.981
1 + interest rate = 1.2024
interest rate = 1.2024 - 1 = 20.24%
3) if the fund only earns 6%, in 13 years it will be worth:
FV = $14,000,000 (1 + 6%)¹³ = $29,860,996
so you need $153,735,247 - $29,860,996 = $123,874,251 more
we need to use the future value of an annuity formula:
FV of an annuity = annuity payment x annuity factor
FV of an annuity = $123,874,251annuity payment = ?annuity factor (6%, 13 periods) = 18.882annuity payment = $123,874,251 / 18.882 = $6,560,441
Baker's product manager continues to perform well in the market. However, a competing product is coming on strong and is looking to take over as the market share leader in the segment. Without sacrificing contribution margin, what can the Baker product manager do in order to improve upon the buying criteria, and thus potentially increase demand
Question options :
Increase MTBF by 2000
Reposition Cake to make it even smaller and higher performing
Increase the promotion budget to gain greater awareness
Lower the selling price since it is the second most important buying criteria
Answer:
Increase the promotion budget to gain greater awareness
Explanation:
In this case, some managers might consider reducing price and may be affecting contribution margin in this way(because selling price/profit is reduced and price- variable cost =contribution margin). While price reduction might be a good strategy to compete in the market, it might not be the best option here. in order to increase demand in a case such as this, the manager should consider increasing product awareness so as to reach more potential buyers and increase market share compared to competitors.
Responsibility accounting holds managers responsible for ________.
a. all costs charged to their subunit
b. all costs charged to their subunit plus a share of company-wide fixed costs
c. only the costs that they can control
d. only the costs that they have personally approved
I think a: all cost charged to their sub unit
The correct option is C. Responsibility accounting holds managers responsible for only the costs that they can control. Accounting for responsibility holds managers accountable for the income and costs they are in charge of. Responsibility accounting is the practice of gauging top management's performance based on the choices made by lower-level managers.
What is responsibility accounting?Cost centers are accountability centers that only concentrate on costs. Responsibility centers that only concentrate on controllable costs are known as discretionary cost centers. Centers of responsibility with a revenue focus are revenue centers. Profit centers are accountability hubs that prioritize revenues and costs.
A type of management accounting called responsibility accounting is in charge of a company's internal accounting, budgeting, and management functions. The main goal of this accounting is to assist all of a company's planning, costing, and responsibility centers.
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Which of the following are assumptions of the sustainable (self-supporting) growth model? Check all that apply. The firm maintains a constant net profit margin. The firm’s liabilities and equity must increase at the same rate. The firm pays no dividends. The firm maintains a constant ratio of liabilities to equity.
Answer:
The firm maintains a constant ratio of liabilities to equity
Explanation:
Which of the following dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation is described as a forward-looking perspective characteristic of a marketplace leader that has the foresight to seize opportunities?
A) proactiveness
B) risk taking
C) autonomy
D) competitive aggressiveness
Answer:
A) Proactiveness.
Explanation:
This explained to be a conceptual development in entrepreneurial orientation that enacts a degree of anticipation in product and also increase a productivity in the entrepreneurial sphere. Some undiluted descriptions shows it to be the introduction of results based on its qualitative study, which is been aimed at the characterizing of the proactiveness in entrepreneurial software firms. Experienced researched organizations has shown that the one which are related to environment monitoring and opportunities quest been highlighted are also core part of proactiveness.