The solubility of the potassium nitrate will increase as we increase the temperature because increases the kinetic energy of solute particles. More KNO₃ will dissolve in the solution and makes it unsaturated.
What is solubility?Solubility can be described as the maximum amount of Solute that can dissolve in a known quantity of solvent at a particular temperature. By changing the temperature we can increase the solubility of a solute. Sparingly soluble solids or liquids can be completely liquified by raising the temperature.
Solid solubility depends on the nature of the solute and the solvent. Substances such as sugar, common salt (NaCl), etc dissolve in water while substances such as naphthalene do not dissolve in water.
The solubility of potassium nitrate KNO₃ increases with an increase the temperature but the increasing temperature of NaCl solution does not show much change in the solubility of NaCl.
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if 0.75 g of a monoprotic weak acid required 22.50 ml of 0.510 m naoh to titrate it, what is the molar mass of the acid? select one: 86 g/mol 51 g/mol 65 g/mol 33 g/mol 153 g/mol
The molar mass of the acid: 65.36 g/mol
Calculate the molar mass of given acid?
Balanced chemical equation is:
HA + NaOH ---> NaA + H2O
let's calculate the mol of HA
volume , V = 22.5 mL
= 2.25×[tex]10^{-2}[/tex] L
using:
number of mol, n = Molarity×Volume
= 0.51×2.25×[tex]10^{-2}[/tex]
= 1.147×[tex]10^{-2}[/tex] mol
According to balanced equation:
mol of NaOH reacted = (1/1) × moles of HA
= (1/1)×1.147×[tex]10^{-2}[/tex]
= 1.147×[tex]10^{-2}[/tex] = number of moles of NaOH.
using:
number of mol = mass / molar mass
1.147×[tex]10^{-2}[/tex] mol = (0.75 g)/molar mass
molar mass = 65.36 g/mol
Therefore, The molar mass of the acid: 65.36 g/mol.
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i. determine the mass of reactants and products that will be needed if one mole of p4(s) reacts completely, as follows p4(s) 6 h2(g) →4 ph3(g) ii. what is the total mass of the reactants? what is the mass of the products? iii. what principle is illustrated by this example?
one mole of P4 react with 6 mole of hydrogen to form 4 moles of phosphine. The mass of reactant is 132g ( 30 x 4 + 6 x 2). The mass of product is 132g (4 x33). This justify law of conservation of mass.
The class of chemicals known as organophosphorus compounds includes phosphonate. Philippe Gengembre initially discovered this chemical in the year 1783. By heating up phosphorus in an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate, he was able to produce phosphine. This substance has the chemical formula PH3. This substance is present in the atmosphere in varying concentrations. It is essential to the biochemical cycle of phosphorus.
Hence, phosphine is produced from phosphorous and hydrogen.
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what would most likely happen if m-cyclin is replaced by a nondegradable m-cyclin? group of answer choices
Cells would go into the M phase but not come out of mitosis n if m-cyclin is replaced by a nondegradable m-cyclin.
As the cell enters the M phase, notably during Metaphase-anaphase, M cyclin concentration starts to rise. When the nondegradable M-cyclin is present, after sister chromatid separation, it won't degrade and as a result, the cell will not exit the mitosis phase. This prevents the cell from entering the cytokinesis phase and causing the cell to exit the mitosis phase.
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10.0 ml 10.0 ml of 0.10 m 0.10 m sodium chloride solution is mixed with 10.0 ml 10.0 ml of 0.25 m 0.25 m silver nitrate solution. what mass of silver chloride should form from this reaction?
The mass of silver chloride should form from this reaction is 27.97%.
What is mass?
It is a dimensionless quantity that expresses a particle or object's mass. The accepted unit of mass under the International System (SI) is the kilogram.
What is reaction?
A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, also known as reactants, are changed into one or more distinct substances, known as products. Either chemical elements or chemical compounds make up substances.
Given, MMNaC=0.1M;V NaCl=50 mL
M AgNO3 =0.25M ;VAgNO3=25 mL
AgNO3+ NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO3
No. of millimoles of NaCl=MNaCl × VNaCl=5 mMoles
No. of millimoles of AgNO3=MAgNO3 ×VAgNO3=6.25 mMoles
So, AgCl formed is 5m Moles
Mass of AgCl formed (5×10−3)(143)=0.715 g
% Yield =0.2/0.715×100=27.97%
Therefore, mass of silver chloride should form from this reaction is 27.97%.
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if g of methane were burned in the presence of excess oxygen gas, what is the maximum energy change that occurs? state whether the heat is released or absorbed in the reaction.
The maximum energy change that occurs when one mole of methane (CH₄) is burned in the presence of excess oxygen gas (O₂) is 890 kJ. This heat is released in the reaction.
The reaction that occurs when methane is burned in the presence of excess oxygen is as follows:
CH₄ + 2O₂ -----> CO₂ + 2H₂O
The maximum energy change that occurs is the enthalpy of the reaction (ΔH). The enthalpy of reaction is the difference between the enthalpies of the reactants and the enthalpies of the products.
In this reaction, the enthalpy of the reaction is equal to the enthalpy of combustion of methane (ΔHcomb CH₄ ) minus the enthalpy of the formation of carbon dioxide and water (ΔHf CO₂ + 2H₂O).
The enthalpy of combustion of methane is 890 kJ/mol. The enthalpy of the formation of carbon dioxide and water is -890 kJ/mol.
Therefore, the enthalpy of reaction for this reaction is 890 kJ/mol. This means that 890 kJ of heat is released when one mole of methane is burned in the presence of excess oxygen.
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do covalently bonded atoms also form ions?
Yes, covalently bonded atoms can also form ions.
Ions are atoms or molecules that have an electric charge due to an unequal number of protons and electrons. This can occur in covalently bonded atoms when one atom has a greater affinity for electrons than the other, resulting in the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to the other.
For example, in a covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen, hydrogen has a greater affinity for electrons than oxygen, so it can pull an electron away from oxygen and form an ionic bond. The oxygen atom now has a negative charge, becoming an anion, while the hydrogen atom has a positive charge, becoming a cation.
In summary, covalently bonded atoms can also form ions due to an unequal electron affinity between the two atoms. This creates an ionic bond, where one atom has a negative charge (anion) and the other has a positive charge (cation).
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what changes in the energies would you expect by covalently linking the binding groups (association 1 compared to association 4)?
The changes in the energies would be ΔG = -ve, ΔH = -ve, ΔS = +ve.
What is Gibbs free energy?
Gibbs free energy, denoted G, combines enthalpy and entropy into a single value. The equation for Gibbs free energy is: ΔG=ΔH−TΔS where G represents the change in Gibbs free energy, H represents the change in enthalpy, T represents the temperature, and S represents the change in entropy. For a reaction to be spontaneous, G must always be negative.
As we know,
ΔG = ΔH -TΔS
ΔG = Gibbs free energy
ΔH = enthalpy
T = temperature
ΔS = Entropy
So, for spontaneous process
ΔG = -ve
ΔH = -ve
ΔS = +ve
The changes in the energies would be ΔG = -ve, ΔH = -ve, ΔS = +ve.
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select true or false: the electron configuration of the outermost electrons of atoms of the halogen group is ns2np7. group starts
False because halogen group atoms' outermost electron does not have the ns2np7 electrical configuration.
Describe halogens.Halogens are nonmetals. At room temperature, bromide is a liquid while fluoride, chlorine, & bromine are all gases. Iodine and astatine are solids.
Why is group 17 known as the halogens?The word "halogen" refers to substances that produce salts. All halogens have seven electrons within their valence shell, which causes them to react with metals quickly to produce salts. Halogens are the eighth group of elements as a result. Since the halogen elements already possess seven valence electrons, they only require one extra electron to complete a full octet. This characteristic makes them more reactive as non-metal groups.
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draw the lewis structure for the polyatomic hydronium anion. be sure to include all resonance structures that satisfy the octet rule.
the lewis structure for the polyatomic hydronium cation is H₃O⁺.
The hydronium ion is written as :
H₃O⁺, to fulfil the octet rule there will be 8 valence electrons.
number of valence electrons are :
number of valence electron for 1st H atom = 1
number of valence electron for 2nd H atom = 1
number of valence electron 3rd H atom = 1
number of valence electron s for O = 6
the + sign show that there is loss of one electron, the more electronegative atom is Oxygen atom that means O atom is the central atom. therefore it has 8 valence electrons. the lewis structure is shown as below :
[ H - O : - H ]⁺
|
H
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what is the minimum change of entropy that occurs in 0.200 kg of ice at 273 k when 7.40 x 104 j of heat is added so that it melts to water?
The gas's change in entropy is 243.42J/K, which is less than the minimal change in entropy that occurs when 7.40 x 104 j of heat are injected to melt 0.200 kg of ice at 273 k.
Entropy: What Does It Mean in Life?
Every aspect of daily life is impacted by entropy, a measure of chaos. Actually, you might think of it as nature's tax. If left uncontrolled, disorder worsens over time. Chaos results from energy dissipation in systems. The more disorderly something is, the more entropic it is in our eyes.
What's an illustration of entropy?
Ice melting is the ideal illustration of entropy. The individual molecules are arranged and fixed as ice. When ice melts, its molecules change to
Briefing:
ΔH=mL
ΔH=0.200*333000
=66600J
ΔS=ΔH/T
=66600/273.15
=243.42J/K
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compare and contrast sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride as reducing agents. how are they similar and how are they different.
The key difference between LiAlH4 and NaBH4 is that LiAlH4 may reduce esters, amides and carboxylic acids whereas NaBH4 can't reduce them.
Both LiAlH4 and NaBH4 are the reducing agents. But LiAlH4 is a very strong reducing agent than the NaBH4 because the Al-H bond in the LiAlH4 is
weaker than B-H bond in NaBH4.
Strong reducing agents are electropositive elements that can readily donate electrons in chemical reactions. A strong reducing agent is a weak oxidizing agent. Sodium, hydrogen and lithium are examples of strong oxidants.
Three common reducing agents are sodium borohydride (NaBH4), lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4), and diisobutyl aluminum hydride (DIBAH).
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when the following molecular equation is balanced using the smallest possible integer coefficients, the values of these coefficients are: sulfuric acid (aq) calcium hydroxide (s) calcium sulfate (s) water (l)
when the following molecular equation is balanced using the smallest possible integer coefficients, the values of these coefficients are 1,1,1,1.
Simple terms like "balanced equation" might also refer to a chemical equation. Any ionic substances or acids are denoted in a molecular equation by their chemical formulae as neutral substances. In parentheses following the formula, each substance's state is listed. In a molecular equation, the ionic compounds are stated as molecules rather than as individual ions, resulting in a balanced chemical equation.
In a chemical equation, each molecular formula is preceded by an integer coefficient that represents the quantity of each molecule that is generated or reacted, and it is used to calculate the reaction or production rates of molecules. All of the atoms in a formula are multiplied by the integer coefficients, which are the numbers put in front of equations to balance them.
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Barium-131 is used in the detection of bone tumors. The half-life of barium-131 is approximately 12 days. How long will it take for the radiation level of barium-131 to drop to 1/4 of its original level?.
Barium-131's radiation level won't reach 1/4 of its initial level for 24 hours.
ln[A] t = -kt + ln[A] 0 is the integrated rate rule for the first-order reaction A's products.
A straight line is produced when the natural log of [A] is plotted as a function of time since this equation has the form y = mx + b.
How is the length of a half-life determined?
The amount of time needed for the reactant concentration to drop to half its initial value is known as the half-life of a reaction. A first-order reaction's half-life is a constant that is correlated with its rate constant:
t 1/2 = 0.693/k.
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Which of the following is true of zinc?
a. Grains are the most reliable food sources of zinc.
b. Excess zinc can decrease copper absorption.
c. All of its functions involve it acting as a cofactor for enzymes.
d. It binds to most proteins in the body.
True statement for zinc is option B: Excess zinc can decrease copper absorption.
Long-term and excessive zinc exposure decreases the amount of copper that is absorbed from the digestive tract and results in hypocupremia. Many crucial human enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, cytochrome-c oxidase, and ceruloplasmin, contain copper as a cofactor or coenzyme.
Even though the body only requires trace amounts of zinc, nearly 100 enzymes depend on it to perform essential chemical reactions. It plays a crucial role in the production of DNA, cell growth, the synthesis of proteins, the repair of damaged tissue, and the maintenance of a strong immune system.
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one of the differences between a voltaic cell and an electrolytic cell is that in an electrolytic cell: group of answer choices o2 gas is always produced at the cathode. a non-spontaneous reaction is forced to occur. only non-aqueous electrolyte solutions can be used. an electric current is produced by a chemical reaction. electron transfer does not occur. electrons flow towards the anode.
The key difference between voltaic and electrolytic cells is that in a voltaic cell, the flow of electrons is the result of a spontaneous redox reaction, whereas in an electrolytic cell, electrons are pushed by an outside power source, such as a battery.
In an electrolytic cell, The creation of electrical energy in this instance is caused by a spontaneous redox reaction. Electrical energy must be provided to start the redox reaction since it is not spontaneous. An external voltage in an electrolytic cell causes a current to flow through the cell, which in turn triggers a chemical reaction that is not spontaneous. The development of a spontaneous chemical reaction in a galvanic cell results in the passage of an electric current.
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rank the following compounds in order of increasing boiling point, putting the compound with the lowest boiling point first.
Starting with the substance whose boiling point is the lowest. II I III the following compounds in order of increasing boiling point.
A compound example is defined.A substance in science that is created by the chemical joining of two or more distinct components Table salt (NaCl), which is derived from the elements sodium and chloride, and water (H2O), which is created from the elements hydrogen and oxygen, are two examples of compounds.
What eight organic compound examples are there?Carbon and hydrogen are covalently bound to one another, as well as frequently to other elements, to form organic molecules. Examples of organic compounds include benzoic acid, diethyl malonate, propanoic, butanoic, and malonic acids, as well as aromatic and heterocyclic compounds.
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if an orbital in the 2p subshell is completely filled before each orbital in the 2p subshell is partially filled, it is a violation of which rule?
If an orbital in the 2p subshell is completely filled before each orbital in the 2p subshell is partially filled, it is a violation of Hund's rule.
Every atomic orbital within a sublevel is singly occupied before it is doubly occupied, and all singly occupied orbitals have electrons with the same spin, according to Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity, also known as Hund's Rule. Before pairing up with another electron in the same orbital, electrons will always occupy their own suborbital. When drawing molecular orbital diagrams and electron configurations, this rule is helpful. When applying Hund's Rule, pairing electrons twice before it is necessary is the most frequent error made. Electrons should not be paired when filling out p orbitals until each suborbital has one electron.
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in this experiment, you used 45.0 ml of 1.00 m hcl in each trial. calculate the mass of mg that would produce the maximum amount of heat with 45.0 ml of 1.00 m hcl. the molar mass of magnesium is 24.305 g/mol.
The mass of magnesium that would produce the maximum amount of heat is 0.547 grams.
The chemical reaction between magnesium and HCl is
Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂
In stoichiometry, the Avogadro's law said that the coefficient for every subtances in the reaction is the ratio for the number of moles for every subtances.
For HCl
The volume = V = 45.0 mL = 0.045 LThe molarity = M = 1.00 MThe number of molesFor Mg
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16. if pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle?
Oxaloacetate will decline and citric acid will build up if pyruvate oxidation is inhibited, as they are both components of the citric acid cycle. A crystalline organic substance is oxaloacetic acid.
HO2CC(O)CH2CO2H is its chemical formula. The conjugate base of oxaloacetic acid, oxaloacetate, is a metabolic intermediary in numerous mammalian functions. HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2 is the chemical formula for citric acid, an organic molecule. This organic acid is weak and colourless. Citrus fruits contain it naturally. It is a biochemical intermediary in the citric acid cycle, a process that all aerobic organisms use to metabolise their food. With the chemical formula C6H8O7, citric acid is a weak acid. There are two variations: monohydrate and water-free (anhydrous). Lemons, oranges, and other citrus fruits typically contain this acid.
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the selectivity coefficient (kli ,h ) for a li ion-selective electrode is 4.00 x 10-4. when this electrode is placed in 3.44 x 10-4 m li solution at ph 7.20, the potential is -0.333 v. what would be the potential (in mv) if the ph were lowered to 1.10?
The potential is -330.8mv.
What is a selectivity coefficient?
The equilibrium constant for the reaction of displacement by one ligand of another ligand in a compound with the substrate is the selectivity coefficient. Binding selectivity is crucial in biology and chemical separation processes.
According to question,
E1 = constant + 0.05916 log( [Li+] + kLi[H+])
E1 = constant + 0.05916 log( [[tex]3.44 * 10^-^4[/tex]] + [tex]4..0 * 10^-^4 * 10^-^7^.^2[/tex])
We know,
E2 = constant + 0.05916 log( [[tex]3.44 * 10^-^4[/tex]] + [tex][4..0 * 10^-^4 * 10^-^1^.^1][/tex])
subtracting E1 from E2
E2 - E1 = 0.05916 log( [[tex]3.44 * 10^-^4[/tex]] + [tex][4..0 * 10^-^4 * 10^-^1^.^1][/tex] -( [[tex]3.44 * 10^-^4[/tex]] + [tex]4..0 * 10^-^4 * 10^-^7^.^2[/tex])
E2 - E1 = 0.05916 log ([tex]\frac{3.44*10^-^4 *4 *10^-^1^.^1}{3.44 * 10^-^4 }[/tex])
E2 - E1 = 0.0022 = 2.2 mv
E2 = E1 +2.2
E2 = -333 + 2.2 = -330.8mv
The potential is -330.8mv.
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Balance the following redox reaction if it occurs in acidic solution. What are the coefficients in front of ni and h+ in the balanced reaction?.
The coefficients in front of Ni and H+ in the balanced reaction are 4 and 10.
What is net ionic equation?
A net ionic equation is defined as an equation that only represents the ions or molecules that are actively involved in the reaction or those that change.
Explanation:
To first set up the half reactions in order to balance this equation in an acidic solution:
When balancing the redox reaction, we get
4Ni2+(aq) + NH4+ (aq) +3H2O (l)→ 4Ni (s) +NO3-(aq) +10H+ (aq)
Therefore, the coefficients in front of Ni and H+ in the balanced reaction are 4 and 10.
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caammonium phosphate is an important ingrediant in many solid fertilizers. it can be made by reacitng aqeous phosphoric acid with liquid ammonia. calculate the moles of ammonia needed to produce 0.085 mol of ammonium phosphae
The moles of ammonia needed to produce 0.085 mol of ammonium phosphate is 0.027 moles.
Ammonium phosphate is the inorganic compound with the method (NH₄)₃PO₄. it is the ammonium salt of orthophosphoric acid. A associated "double salt", (NH₄)₃PO₄(NH₄)₂HPO₄ is likewise identified but is impractical use.
Both triammonium salts evolve ammonia. Ammonium phosphate is the salt of ammonia and phosphoric acid. With a chemical formula of (NH4)3PO4, ammonium phosphate is found in crystalline powder shape, and is soluble in water.
H3PO4(aq) + 3NH4OH(aq) -----------> (NH4)3PO4 + 3H2O balanced equation
Assuming that H3PO4 is not limiting, i.e. it is present in excess, then
0.085 mol NH4OH x 1 mole (NH4)3PO4/3 moles NH4OH
= 0.027 moles
= 0.027 moles (NH4)3PO4
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What is the frequency of a radio wave with an energy of 8.3x10^-24 J?
In the electromagnetic spectrum energy of waves is given by E=hυ , so the frequency of radio wave is 1.252×10¹⁰ s[tex]^-[/tex]¹.
What is electromagnetic spectrum?The electromagnetic spectrum consists of electromagnetic radiation consists of waves made up of electromagnetic field which are capable of propogating through space and carry the radiant electromagnetic energy.
Here, the frequency of electromagnetic radiation is calculated as, υ=E/h
Substituting values in above equation gives, υ=8.34×10[tex]^-[/tex]²⁴/6.626×10[tex]^-[/tex]³⁴=1.252×10¹⁰ per second.
Hence, the frequency of radio wave is 1.252×10¹⁰ s[tex]^-[/tex]¹.
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explain how sulfur dioxide, as emitted by some power plants, ends up as sulfuric acid (h2so4), and sulfate ion (so42-) in rivers and lakes.
In air, sulfur dioxide reacts to form sulfur trioxide that further reacts with water to form sulfuric acid.
Much of the sulfuric acid withinside the air is shaped from sulfur dioxide launched whilst coal, oil, and fueloline are burned. The launched sulfur dioxide slowly paperwork sulfur trioxide, which reacts with water withinside the air to shape sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid dissolves withinside the water in air and may continue to be suspended for various intervals of time; it's far eliminated from the air as rain.
Sulfuric acid in rain contributes to the formation of acid rain. Sulfuric acid in water separates to shape H+ andSO42-. The capacity of sulfuric acid to alternate the acidity of water is depending on the quantity of sulfuric acid and the capacity of different materials withinside the water to neutralize the hydrogen ions (buffering capacity).
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nitric oxide, n o no, reacts with oxygen gas to form nitrogen dioxide, a dark brown gas. if 8.0 g 8.0 g of o 2 o2 is allowed to react with 20. g 20. g of n o no, what mass of the excess reagent remains after the reaction is complete? assume the oxygen gas is limiting.
Nitrogen dioxide, the dark brown gas, is created when nitric oxide, or "no no," mixes with oxygen gas. 8.0 g 8.0 g o o 2 o2 will react with if it is allowed to. This reaction generates 0.886 moles of NO2.
Can people produce gas?Both swallowing air and the large intestine's microorganisms aiding in food digestion cause you to produce gas. Food that is not digested travels from the small to the large bowel. When it arrives, the bacteria begin their work by producing hydrogen, carbon dioxide, or methane, which are subsequently expelled from your body.
Briefing
This reaction's chemical equation is:
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
In this limiting reagent reaction, 2 moles of NO reacts with one mole of O2 to produce 2 mole of 2NO2
0.886 mole of NO * (2 mole of NO2/2 mole of NO) = 0.886 mole of NO2
0.503 mole of O2 * (1 mole of NO2/1 mole of O2) = 1.01 mole of NO2
Hence, NO is the limiting reagent.
In this reaction 0.886 mole of NO2 is produced
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During the synthesis and purification of biodiesel, what should be done if an emulsion forms?
A. Add sodium chloride and swirl the mixture.
B. Add water and stir the mixture with a glass stirring rod.
C. Cool the mixture in an ice bath.
D. Warm the mixture over low heat on a hot plate.
A mixture is a substance that contains two or more components which are mixed together but they are not chemically combined to each other.
What should be done if an emulsion forms?The salt and sand can be separated on the basis of solubility, as we know the salt is chemically known as sodium chloride, which have good solubility in water. The most general method is the mixture is taken into a flask or beaker and water is added with stirring, where salt get dissolved and sand remain as it is, because NaCl is capable enough to form hydrogen bonding with water, while sand have absence of such property. Then this solution containing insoluble sand is filtered by using filter paper. The sand is received in filter paper while filtrate in beaker is evaporated by boiling it in order to receive salt as residue.The best way to obtain pure, solid household salt from a solid mixture of household salt and sand is to "add water, stir, filter and evaporate the filtrate".The best way to obtain pure, solid household salt from a solid mixture of household salt and sand is to "add water, stir, filter and evaporate the filtrate".To learn more about synthesis refer to:
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the ground-state valence-shell configuration of a particular atom is 4d105s25p1. the element to which this atom belongs is a
The element to which this atom belongs is a p-block main-group element.
What is general electronic configuration?
Electronic configuration or general electron configuration or electronic structure of atoms or ions is the arrangement of orbital energy levels for s, p, d, and f-block elements of the periodic table.
Which group are p-block elements in the periodic table write the general electronic configuration of a p-block element?
Groups 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 elements comprise the p-block elements. The general configuration of p-block elements is ns2np(1−6).
What is the general configuration of p- block elments?
The general electronic configuration of p-block elements is ns2np1-6 (Except Helium). The number of electrons in the p-block element's penultimate shell is either 2 or 8 or 18.
Therefore, the element belongs to the p-block.
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What are the values of δs for the water, the surroundings, and the universe for the evaporation of water from an open pan at 25°c?.
The values of ∆S for the water, the surroundings, and the universe for the evaporation of water from an open pan at 25°C are positive, negative, positive.
The described system can be expressed as:
H₂O(l) ---------> H₂O(g)
Gases have a higher entropy than liquids, which in turn has a higher entropy than solids. The entropy of water increases when it transforms from a liquid to a gas (∆Swater is positive).
Endothermic phase changes need the supply of thermal energy from the environment, which means that the environment's entropy must drop (∆Ssurr must be negative).
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that if a process is spontaneous—which water evaporation is—then ∆Suniverse > 0 must exist. (This implies that the liquid water's entropy growth must be greater than the environment's entropy drop.)
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combustion reaction released 85.0 kj when one gram of a reactant was burned. how much of this mass was lost in the process? report your answer to 3 significant figures.
The amount of mass which is lost in the given process is 9.458 x 10^-10g using Einstein's equation.
The famous Einstein's equation given by E= m^c2, was proposed by German-born physicist Albert Einstein based on his theory of special relativity that expresses the fact that mass and energy are the same physical entity and can be changed into each other. Although it is not usually used, Einstein's equation, E = mc2 applies to chemical reactions and nuclear reactions. According to the provided data,
E = 85 kj = 85000j = 85000 kilogram-meters^2/second^2 (where 1 joule = 1 kilogram-meter^2/second^2)
c = speed of light = 299 792 458 m / s
Hence, using the Einstein equation:
E = mc^2
85000 = m * (299792458) ^2
m = 9.458 x 10^-13 kg = 9.458 x 10^-10 g
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identify the substitution product that is expected when 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane undergoes an sn1 reaction in the presence of water.
A tertiary cyclohaloalkane is 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane. This indicates that it hinders carbon-1 sterically. As a result, committing to SN1 is more likely than SN2.
Describe carbon.The number of protons six and letter C are attributed to the chemical element carbon. Four of its four available electrons can be used to create covalent chemical connections because it is a nonmetallic, tetravalent atom. The periodic table's group 14 includes it. Just 0.025 percent of the carbon on Earth is found in its crust.
What uses does carbon serve?Coal, toxic gases, and crude oil are all utilized as fuel in it. It is employed to create a wide range of products, including polymers and steel alloys. Even black ink for printing or painting is produced with it.
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