In a situation where legal rulings create uncertainty and lack of clarity within contract law, the repercussions can be seen through the lens of the model of perfect competition.
Let's examine the chain of events and illustrate them using graphs to understand how the market changes.
Step 1: Legal Uncertainty and Lack of Clarity
When legal rulings introduce uncertainty and lack of clarity, firms in an industry face difficulties in understanding and interpreting the contract law. This leads to confusion regarding the terms and conditions of the contracts they form with contractors. As a result, both firms and contractors are uncertain about their rights, obligations, and potential legal consequences.
Step 2: Decreased Contracting Activity
The legal uncertainty acts as a deterrent for firms to engage in contracting activities. Firms become cautious and hesitant to enter into new contracts or expand existing ones due to the risks associated with the unclear legal environment. Consequently, the contracting activity in the industry decreases.
Graphically, this can be represented by a leftward shift of the demand curve for contracts (D1 to D2) as firms reduce their demand for contracts.
Step 3: Reduced Number of Contracts
With decreased contracting activity, the number of contracts formed in the industry declines. Firms are reluctant to commit to contractual relationships due to the potential legal risks and lack of clarity. This reduction in the number of contracts leads to a decrease in the overall quantity of contracts exchanged in the market.
Graphically, this can be represented by a decrease in the quantity of contracts from Q1 to Q2.
Step 4: Higher Contracting Costs
The legal uncertainty also increases the costs associated with contracting. Firms might need to consult legal experts to mitigate risks and navigate the unclear legal environment, leading to additional expenses. Moreover, the potential for legal disputes and litigation raises the cost of enforcing contracts. These increased contracting costs further discourage firms from engaging in contractual relationships.
Graphically, this can be illustrated by an upward shift of the supply curve for contracts (S1 to S2) as firms require higher compensation for the increased costs and risks associated with contracting.
Step 5: Reduced Efficiency and Welfare Loss
As a consequence of the legal confusion, the market for contracts operates with reduced efficiency. The decreased contracting activity and higher costs hinder the smooth functioning of the market. Firms and contractors face difficulties in making informed decisions, allocating resources effectively, and maximizing their welfare. The overall welfare of the market participants suffers due to the legal uncertainty.
Graphically, this can be depicted by a deadweight loss, representing the inefficiency and welfare loss in the market.In a situation where legal rulings create uncertainty and lack of clarity within contract law, the repercussions can be seen through the lens of the model of perfect competition.
Step 6: Consequences for Firms and Contractors
Ultimately, both firms and contractors face the consequences of the legal confusion. Firms experience a decline in their ability to form contracts, which can limit their growth opportunities, restrict their access to resources, and impede their ability to adapt to changing market conditions. Contractors may face difficulties in securing business relationships, uncertainty in their contractual rights, and potential delays in payments. The burden of legal uncertainty falls upon both parties, affecting their economic prospects and overall well-being.
In summary, the chain of events resulting from legal uncertainty in contract law includes decreased contracting activity, a reduction in the number of contracts, higher contracting costs, reduced market efficiency, and welfare loss for both firms and contractors.
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Consider activity A of project X. The longest amount of time required for the completion of task A is 21 days, the least is 7 days and the most likely is 13 days. Find the variance of activity A. (Round it to one decimal point)
If the longest amount of time required for the completion of task A is 21 days, the least is 7 days and the most likely is 13 days then the variance of activity A is 5.4.
How to find?Given, Longest time required for completion of task A = 21 days, Least time required for completion of task A = 7 days. Most likely time required for completion of task A = 13 days. Now we have to find the variance of activity A.
Steps to find Variance of activity A:
We can find variance of activity A by using the following formula:Variance = [(longest time – shortest time) / 6]²Variance of activity A = [(21 – 7) / 6]²= [14 / 6]²= 2.33333²= 5.44 (rounded to one decimal place).
Therefore, the variance of activity A is 5.4.
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Rory Running has 1,000,000 shares of common stock outstanding. The stock is currently selling for $80 a share. The firm also has 2 bond issues outstanding. Each bond in both issues has a face value of $1,000. Thefirst bond issue has a total face value of $500,000 and pays 6.5 percent interest annually. The bonds in the first issue are selling at 92.4 percent of face value. The second bond issue consists of 10,000 bonds which are selling for $990 each. These bonds pay 7 percent interest annually and mature in 15 years. The tax rate is 25 percent. What is the capital structure weight of the firm's equity? 88.53%
62.98%
11.47%
70.89%
The capital structure weight of the firm's equity is 70.89%.
To calculate the capital structure weight of equity, we need to determine the proportion of total capitalization represented by equity. The capital structure weight of equity is the equity value divided by the total market value of the firm.
In this case, we have the following information:
- Number of shares of common stock outstanding: 1,000,000
- Stock price: $80
To calculate the equity value, we multiply the number of shares by the stock price:
Equity value = 1,000,000 shares * $80/share = $80,000,000
Next, we need to calculate the total market value of the firm, which includes both equity and debt. For the first bond issue, we know the face value ($500,000) and the market price (92.4% of face value). The market value of the first bond issue is calculated as follows:
Market value of first bond issue = $500,000 * 92.4% = $462,000
For the second bond issue, we know the number of bonds (10,000) and the bond price ($990). The market value of the second bond issue is calculated as follows:
Market value of second bond issue = 10,000 bonds * $990/bond = $9,900,000
To calculate the total market value of the firm, we add the equity value and the market values of both bond issues:
Total market value of the firm = Equity value + Market value of first bond issue + Market value of second bond issue
Total market value of the firm = $80,000,000 + $462,000 + $9,900,000 = $90,362,000
Finally, we calculate the capital structure weight of equity by dividing the equity value by the total market value of the firm:
Capital structure weight of equity = Equity value / Total market value of the firm
Capital structure weight of equity = $80,000,000 / $90,362,000 ≈ 0.7089 or 70.89%
Therefore, the capital structure weight of the firm's equity is approximately 70.89%.
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Consider the diagram of the AE function and the 45° line to the right. Aggregate Expenditure Function a. Suppose the level of actual national income is Y . What is the level of desired aggregate expenditure? Is it greater or less than actual output? 2,400 2.200- 45° line 2,000 TIIN HA 1.800 The desired level of aggregate expenditure is $ 600, which is greater than the level of actual output. (Round your response to the nearest dollar.) AE. 1,600 1,400- b. If actual income is Y1, explain the process by which national income changes toward equilibrium. Desired Aggregate Expenditure (AE) 1,200 1,000 800- 600 If the level of actual national income is Y , the desired level of expenditures will be greater than the level of actual output. Therefore, the inventories of the firms will be depleted over time. As a result, firms will increase the level of their output. 400- 200+--- 171 0- 300 600 900 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,100 2,400 Actual Nominal Income (Y) 1Y2Y3 44 45 0 c. Suppose the level of actual national income is Y4. What is the level of desired aggregate expenditure? Is it greater or less than actual output? The desired level of aggregate expenditure is $, which is than the level of actual output. (Round your response to the nearest dollar.)
Based on the given information, the desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the level of actual output. So the desired level of expenditures exceeds the level of production.
a. The level of desired aggregate expenditure at the level of actual national income Y is $2,200. This desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the actual output of $2,400.
b. If actual income is Y1 and the desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the actual output, the process by which national income changes toward equilibrium is as follows:
The inventories of firms will be depleted over time since the desired level of expenditure exceeds the actual output. In order to meet the increased demand, firms will increase their level of output. This increase in output will lead to an increase in national income.
As national income rises, the level of desired aggregate expenditure will move closer to the actual output, eventually reaching equilibrium when the desired expenditure equals the actual output.
c. The level of desired aggregate expenditure at the level of actual national income Y4 is $1,800. This desired level of aggregate expenditure is less than the actual output.
Based on the given information, the desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the level of actual output. This means that at the current level of actual national income (Y), the desired level of expenditures exceeds the level of production.
To restore equilibrium, where desired aggregate expenditure equals actual output, an adjustment process will occur. As the desired level of aggregate expenditure is greater than the actual output, inventories of firms will be depleted over time.
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Explain the importance of warehouse management in running the warehouse economically AND illustrate with an example how this can be achieved.
Warehouse management is essential for any company that operates a warehouse, which is an essential component of their operations. Warehouse management has a significant impact on the economic viability of the warehouse and the entire company that it serves.
Warehouse management is a critical aspect of running a warehouse economically. It is responsible for the flow of goods and supplies through the warehouse, as well as the organization and management of the warehouse. Proper warehouse management helps to optimize the use of space, reduce errors and waste, and ensure that customer orders are fulfilled accurately and on time.
This, in turn, contributes to the profitability of the warehouse and the company as a whole. A good warehouse management system helps to control costs, improve efficiency and productivity, and enhance customer service.
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what will budgeted net income equal if 21,000 units are produced and sold
The budgeted net income is the amount by which a company's estimated revenue exceeds its expected expenses. It is calculated by subtracting estimated expenses from expected revenue.
To calculate the budgeted net income when 21,000 units are produced and sold, we need to have the expected revenue and estimated expenses. Without knowing the details of the question and the type of business, it is impossible to provide a specific answer.However, here is an example of how to calculate the budgeted net income:Suppose a company expects to sell 21,000 units at $10 per unit and its estimated expenses are $150,000. The expected revenue is calculated as follows:Expected revenue = 21,000 units × $10 per unit = $210,000The budgeted net income is calculated as follows:Budgeted net income = Expected revenue - Estimated expenses Budgeted net income = $210,000 - $150,000 = $60,000
Therefore, if a company expects to sell 21,000 units at $10 per unit and its estimated expenses are $150,000, the budgeted net income will be $60,000.
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To what extend do you think indifference curve analysis is useful in modeling consumer behavior?
Indifference curve analysis is a useful method for modeling consumer behavior to a great extent. It helps economists and analysts understand how consumers make choices between different goods and services. Indifference curve analysis assumes that consumers make decisions based on their preferences for a combination of two or more goods.
It helps economists model consumer behavior by mapping out all of the possible combinations of two or more goods that would provide the consumer with the same level of satisfaction or utility. Through indifference curve analysis, economists can better understand how consumers make trade-offs between different goods based on their level of satisfaction or utility. This can help businesses make better decisions about which products to produce and which marketing strategies to employ. Indifference curve analysis can also help businesses determine the optimal prices for their products. By understanding the preferences of consumers and how they make trade-offs between different goods, businesses can adjust their pricing strategies to maximize profits while still satisfying the needs of their customers.
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4. [25 MARKS] Consider a market with one producer and two distributors competing with each other. Each distributor buys from the producer at a unit cost equals to h. The market price of the product equals to p = 100 – (9₁ +92), where q₁ is the quantity purchased from the distributor i = {1,2}. Producer receives h (marginal revenue) for each unit sold to distributors and has constant marginal cost of production equals to 5. Suppose that first the producer decides on the price h and then the distributors decide simultaneously on the quantity 9₁ and 92 which, respectively, they buy from the producer. (a) [15 MARKS] Calculate the best response function for each distributor for given price h. (b) [10 MARKS] Calculate the price h and the equilibrium quantity Q =q₁ +92 on this market.
(a) The best response function for each distributor is to buy as much as possible, given the price. This is because the distributor's marginal revenue is equal to the price.
(b) The equilibrium price is 50 and the equilibrium quantity is 50. This can be found by solving the best response functions for each distributor simultaneously.
Detailed explanation
The best response function for distributor 1 is:
q₁ = (100 - h) / 2
The best response function for distributor 2 is:
q₂ = (100 - h) / 2
Setting these two equations equal to each other, we get:
q₁ = q₂
Solving for h, we get:
h = 50
Substituting this value of h into either of the best response functions, we get:
q₁ = q₂ = 50
Therefore, the equilibrium price is 50 and the equilibrium quantity is 50.
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On 31st December 2017 Omega extracted a trial balance and found that it did not balance. The debit column totaled $510,450, and the credit columns totaled $505,021. Omega entered the difference in suspense account. Upon investigation he found that the following errors had been made. (i) A purchase for cash of $750 had been correctly entered into the cash account but had not been entered into the purchase account. Errors d mission (ii) Discount received of $375 had been posted to the debit side of the discounts received account. Errors el Entry Reversedl (iii) A purchase of goods for sale of $15,750 paid in cash had been entered in the 3000) TransF purchase account as $18,750. (18750 1575 = - (iv) (v) The sales returns day book had been under cast by $1,200.Costing errors" The sales day book had been overcast by $1,500. Compensating Errors Interest received for the year of $2,625. Had been entered as a debit entry in the interest payable account. Evvors d Omission. (vi) (vii) Telephone expenses of $258 paid by cheque had been posted to the debit side of the telephone expense account as $285. (285-258 27) Transposition equired: 1. Identify the types of errors- units Y Session u 2. State the effect of each error on Omega's Profit for the period. (15 Marks)
(i) The purchase for cash of $750 not being entered in the purchase account would result in an understatement of expenses and an overstatement of profit. (ii) Posting the discount received of $375 to the debit side of the discounts received account would result in an overstatement of expenses and an understatement of profit. (iii) Entering the purchase of goods for sale as $18,750 instead of $15,750. (iv) Undercasting the sales returns day book by $1,200. (v) Overcasting the sales day book by $1,500 and entering interest received as a debit. (vi) The cumulative effect of all the errors is $5,429.
To solve the problem, we need to identify the types of errors and determine their effect on Omega's profit for the period. Let's go through each error:
(i) Error of Omission:
Effect on Profit: The purchase for cash of $750 not being entered in the purchase account would result in an understatement of expenses and an overstatement of profit.
(ii) Error of Entry Reversed:
Effect on Profit: Posting the discount received of $375 to the debit side of the discounts received account would result in an overstatement of expenses and an understatement of profit.
(iii) Error of Transposition:
Effect on Profit: Entering the purchase of goods for sale as $18,750 instead of $15,750 would result in an overstatement of expenses and an understatement of profit.
(iv) Error of Costing:
Effect on Profit: Undercasting the sales returns day book by $1,200 would result in an overstatement of sales returns and an understatement of profit.
(v) Error of Compensating Errors:
Effect on Profit: Overcasting the sales day book by $1,500 and entering interest received as a debit in the interest payable account would offset each other, resulting in no effect on profit.
(vi) Error of Transposition:
Effect on Profit: Posting the telephone expenses of $258 as $285 would result in an overstatement of expenses and an understatement of profit.
Now, to determine the net effect on Omega's profit, we need to calculate the cumulative impact of these errors by comparing the total debit and credit balances.
Total Debit Balance: $510,450
Total Credit Balance: $505,021
Difference: $510,450 - $505,021 = $5,429
Since the difference has been entered into a suspense account, we can assume that the cumulative effect of all the errors is $5,429. This amount represents the overall impact on Omega's profit for the period.
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Which of the following economic activities will be counted in the domestic economy's GDP in the current year? O a. A consumer buys a used camera. O b. The federal government spends on unemployment benefits. O c. A consumer buys an imported car. O d. Government spends on national defence.
The purchase of a used camera and government spending on unemployment benefits and national defense will be counted in the domestic economy's GDP in the current year. However, the purchase of an imported car will not be included in GDP. In the current year, the economic activities that will be counted in the domestic economy's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are as follows:
a. A consumer buys a used camera: This transaction will be counted in GDP as it represents a final sale of a product within the domestic economy. It contributes to the overall consumption expenditure component of GDP.
b. The federal government spends on unemployment benefits: This government expenditure will be included in GDP as it represents a part of government consumption expenditure. It contributes to the overall aggregate demand in the economy.
c. A consumer buys an imported car: This transaction will not be counted in the domestic economy's GDP. GDP measures the value of final goods and services produced within a country's borders, and imports represent goods produced in other countries.
d. Government spends on national defense: This government expenditure on national defense will be included in GDP. It represents government consumption expenditure, contributing to the overall GDP calculation.
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The concept of free trade has been a debated topic for decades. Is free trade really free? What role do governments play in free trade? What are the pros and cons of free trade for countries and for the planet? In a 500- to 700-word paper argue for or against the concept of free trade. (Make sure to address the questions above.) Support your paper with at least four sources, two of which must be scholarly.
In your paper,
Analyze the idea of free trade.
Evaluate the pros and cons of free trade for countries and the planet.
Evaluate the role governments play in free trade.
Free trade is a concept that promotes the exchange of goods and services between countries without the imposition of barriers such as tariffs, quotas, or excessive regulations. It aims to facilitate economic growth, increase efficiency, and provide consumers with a wider range of choices at competitive prices.
The idea of free trade is based on the principle of comparative advantage, which suggests that countries can benefit by specializing in the production of goods and services in which they have a lower opportunity cost, and then trading those goods and services with other countries. This allows countries to allocate their resources more efficiently, increase productivity, and achieve higher levels of economic welfare.
When evaluating the pros and cons of free trade, it is important to consider both the impact on countries and the planet.
Pros of Free Trade for Countries:
Economic Growth: Free trade can stimulate economic growth by expanding markets, promoting innovation, and attracting foreign direct investment.
Increased Efficiency: By specializing in the production of goods and services they have a comparative advantage in, countries can achieve higher levels of efficiency and productivity.
Consumer Benefits: Free trade provides consumers with a wider range of goods and services at competitive prices, increasing their purchasing power and standard of living.
Job Creation: While some industries may face challenges due to increased competition, free trade can also lead to the creation of new jobs in industries that have a competitive advantage.
Cons of Free Trade for Countries:
Job Displacement: Industries that cannot compete with imports may experience job losses and worker displacement.
Income Inequality: Free trade may exacerbate income inequality within countries, as some individuals and industries benefit more than others.
Dependency: Countries heavily reliant on imports may become vulnerable to supply chain disruptions or changes in global market conditions.
Environmental Impact: Free trade can lead to increased global production and transportation, contributing to environmental concerns such as greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion.
Governments play a crucial role in free trade by establishing trade policies, negotiating trade agreements, and regulating domestic and international trade. Their role includes:
Trade Policy Formulation: Governments set trade policies and negotiate agreements to protect domestic industries, address trade imbalances, and promote their country's interests in the global market.
Market Regulation: Governments establish regulations and standards to ensure fair competition, protect consumers, and promote safety and quality in traded goods and services.
Tariffs and Trade Barriers: Governments can impose tariffs, quotas, or other trade barriers to protect domestic industries from unfair competition or to address national security concerns.
Trade Agreements: Governments negotiate and enter into trade agreements with other countries to facilitate the flow of goods and services, reduce trade barriers, and create a predictable and stable environment for international trade.
In conclusion, the concept of free trade is a complex and debated topic. While it offers potential benefits such as economic growth, efficiency, and consumer welfare, it also has drawbacks such as job displacement and environmental concerns. Governments play a crucial role in regulating and shaping free trade to balance the interests of domestic industries, consumers, and the overall economy. The key challenge lies in finding a balance that maximizes the benefits of free trade while addressing its potential negative impacts.
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Bob Ltd is subject to 30% income tax rate. Below is information about the capital structure of Bob Ltd Source of funds Market value Required rate of return Long-term debt 10,000 6% Preferred stock 50,
The total value of Bob Ltd's capital structure is $100,000. So the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Bob Ltd is 7.4%.
To determine the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), you need to determine the cost of each component of capital, as shown below:Cost of DebtThe interest paid on long-term debt is tax-deductible, which lowers the cost of debt. The after-tax cost of debt is calculated as follows:After-tax cost of debt = before-tax cost of debt x (1 - tax rate)After-tax cost of debt = 6% x (1 - 30%)After-tax cost of debt = 4.2%Cost of Preferred StockThe cost of preferred stock is the dividend yield, which is expressed as a percentage of the market value of the preferred stock. The cost of preferred stock is calculated as follows:Cost of preferred stock = dividend yieldCost of preferred stock = (dividend / market price of preferred stock)Cost of preferred stock = (5,000 / 50,000)Cost of preferred stock = 10%Cost of Common StockThe cost of common stock is the required rate of return. The required rate of return is the minimum rate of return that shareholders expect to receive on their investment. The cost of common stock is calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), which is as follows:Cost of common stock = risk-free rate + beta x (market rate of return - risk-free rate)Cost of common stock = 4% + 1.2 x (10% - 4%)Cost of common stock = 11.2%Weighted Average Cost of CapitalThe weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the average cost of each component of capital, weighted by its market value. The formula for WACC is as follows:WACC = (cost of debt x weight of debt) + (cost of preferred stock x weight of preferred stock) + (cost of common stock x weight of common stock)WACC = (4.2% x 10,000 / 100,000) + (10% x 50,000 / 100,000) + (11.2% x 50,000 / 100,000)WACC = 7.4%Therefore, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for Bob Ltd is 7.4%.
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4. Jerry invests $6000 at 7.5%/a, compounded annually. a) Determine the equation of the amount, A, after t years. b) Estimate the instantaneous rate of change in the value at 10 years. c) Suppose that
Jerry invests $6000 at an annual interest rate of 7.5%, compounded annually. To determine the equation of the amount, A, after t years, we can use the formula for compound interest.
a) The equation for the amount, A, after t years can be calculated using the compound interest formula:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(n*t)
Where:
A = amount after t years
P = principal amount (initial investment)
r = annual interest rate (in decimal form)
n = number of times interest is compounded per year
t = number of years
Using the given values:
P = $6000
r = 7.5% = 0.075 (in decimal form)
n = 1 (compounded annually)
The equation becomes:
A = 6000(1 + 0.075/1)^(1*t)
b) To estimate the instantaneous rate of change in the value at 10 years, we need to find the derivative of the amount equation with respect to time (dA/dt). This will give us the rate of change of the amount at any given time. However, the question does not provide a specific point at which we want to estimate the rate of change. Therefore, further information or clarification is needed to proceed with part (b).
c) It seems that the question is incomplete as there is no specific prompt or information provided for part (c). Without additional details, it is not possible to provide a complete explanation for part (c).
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Section B [5*8-40 Marks] 1. What are the different criteria that a design thinking should meet? Using any organizational example (product or service), describe in detail how the application of design thinking has improved business performance and promoted innovation for that organization? (min 500 words) [3+5 marks]
Design thinking is an iterative problem-solving process that is typically used to solve problems that are unknown or ill-defined.
Design thinking is a solution-based approach to problem-solving. This approach is useful when the problem is not well defined or there is a need to discover multiple solutions or options. The design thinking process is creative, iterative, user-focused, and involves empathy for the end-user. Design thinking criteria are as follows:
Empathy: As a design thinker, you must develop empathy for your target audience. It will help you to understand the user's needs, interests, and pain points.
Define: You must define the problem that you are trying to solve. It will help you to understand the needs and goals of your target audience.
Ideate: At this stage, you have to generate multiple ideas that can help you solve the problem.
Prototype: You have to build a prototype of your solution.
Test: You have to test your solution to see how it works with the end-users.
One of the best examples of design thinking is Apple. Apple has always focused on user experience. They have been successful in creating a loyal customer base that is willing to pay a premium price for their products. The company has been able to create a strong brand image because of its user-friendly products. Apple has been able to apply design thinking in all areas of their business from hardware to software design. Apple's design thinking approach has helped the company to innovate in the following ways:
Empathy: Apple has always been focused on user experience. The company has been able to create products that are easy to use and intuitive. This has helped the company to create a loyal customer base that is willing to pay a premium price for their products.
Define: Apple has been able to define the problem that it is trying to solve. The company has been able to understand the needs and goals of its target audience. This has helped the company to create products that are relevant to its users.
Ideate: Apple has been able to generate multiple ideas that have helped the company to create new products and services.
Prototype: Apple has been able to build prototypes of its products that have helped the company to test its solutions.
Test: Apple has been able to test its solutions to see how they work with the end-users. The company has been able to get feedback from its users that has helped it to improve its products and services.
Overall, Apple's design thinking approach has helped the company to innovate in all areas of its business. The company has been able to create user-friendly products that have helped it to create a strong brand image.
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The current price for a good is $20, and 100 units are demanded at that price. The price elasticity of demand for the good is - 2. When the price of the good drops by 10 percent to $18, consumer surplus by $ (Enter your response to the nearest penny.) increases decreases
To calculate the change in consumer surplus, we need to determine the initial consumer surplus at the original price and the new consumer surplus at the lower price.
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GIVE TWO Asian countries that have undergone drastic economic
change over the last decade and compare their differences in terms
of political, economic, social, and technological advancements
Two Asian countries that have undergone significant economic changes over the last decade are China and South Korea.
Here's a comparison of their differences in terms of political, economic, social, and technological advancements:
1. China: - Political: China has maintained a single-party communist system with a strong centralized government. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) exercises control over major political decisions.
- Economic: China has experienced rapid economic growth and has become the world's second-largest economy . It has implemented market-oriented reforms while retaining state control over key sectors. It is known for its export-oriented manufacturing industries and infrastructure development. - Social: China has witnessed significant improvements in living standards, poverty reduction, and urbanization. However, it continues to face challenges related to income inequality, rural-urban disparities, and environmental degradation.
- Technological: China has made remarkable advancements in technology, particularly in areas like e-commerce, telecommunications, and artificial intelligence. It is a global leader in tech innovation and has a thriving digital economy.
2. South Korea: - Political: South Korea is a democratic republic with a multi-party system. It has a presidential system where the president serves as the head of state and government.
- Economic: South Korea has experienced steady economic growth and is recognized as one of the "Asian Tigers." It has a highly developed industrial sector, including electronics, automobiles, shipbuilding, and petrochemicals. It has also embraced globalization and actively participates in international trade. - Social: South Korea has made significant strides in education, healthcare, and overall quality of life. It has a strong emphasis on education and has achieved high literacy rates. It faces challenges related to an aging population and gender inequality.
While both countries have experienced economic transformations, there are differences in their political systems, economic models, social dynamics, and technological achievements. China has a more centrally controlled political system and a state-led economic model, while South Korea has a democratic political system and a market-oriented economy. Additionally, China's focus has been on rapid industrialization and becoming a global manufacturing hub, while South Korea has emphasized technology and innovation as key drivers of economic growth.
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explain the following table in detail.exolain the
calculation aspects wherever applicable
Historical ES (95%) daily downside risk Annualised downside risk Downside potential Omega Sortino ratio Upside potential Upside potential ratio Omega-sharpe ratio 2 -0.0211 -0.0294 0.0067 0.0091 0.106
The table shows various risk metrics of a financial investment and can be explained as follows:Historical ES (95%): This is the expected shortfall at the 95% confidence level. In simpler terms, it means that the loss would be greater than this value only 5% of the time. The value in the table is -0.0211, which means that the expected loss is 2.11% at the 95% confidence level.Daily downside risk: This is the expected loss on any given day.
The value is not provided in the table.Annualized downside risk: This is the expected loss over a one-year period. The value in the table is -0.0294, which means that the expected loss over a one-year period is 2.94%.Downside potential: This is the expected return in the event of a negative return. The value in the table is 0.0067, which means that the expected return in the event of a negative return is 0.67%.Omega: This is the ratio of expected returns to expected losses. The value in the table is 0.0091, which means that the expected return is 0.91 times the expected loss.Sortino ratio: This is a measure of risk-adjusted returns that takes into account only the downside risk.
The value in the table is 0.106, which means that for every unit of downside risk, the investment is expected to generate 0.106 units of return.Upside potential: This is the expected return in the event of a positive return. The value is not provided in the table.Upside potential ratio: This is the expected return in the event of a positive return divided by the expected loss in the event of a negative return. The value is not provided in the table.Omega-Sharpe ratio: This is a measure of risk-adjusted returns that takes into account both the upside and downside risk. The value is not provided in the table.
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Assignment on impact of COVID -19 on downsizing decision on"
Restaurant Business on Bangladesh"
N.B: please provide word file so that I can copy paste.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the restaurant business in Bangladesh, leading to a rise in downsizing decisions within the industry. Restaurants have faced various challenges, including reduced customer demand, restrictions on dining-in, and disruptions in the supply chain.
The pandemic has caused a decline in consumer spending and changed consumer behavior, with people opting for home-cooked meals or takeout instead of dining out. This drop in demand has severely affected the revenue and profitability of restaurants, making it necessary for them to reduce costs, including labor expenses. As a result, many restaurants in Bangladesh have had to downsize their workforce, leading to layoffs, reduced working hours, or closure of certain branches. The downsizing decisions have been driven by the need to manage financial sustainability amidst the challenging business environment. By reducing the number of employees, restaurant owners aim to lower their operational costs and align their businesses with the reduced demand. However, these decisions have not been easy, as they impact the livelihoods of employees and have broader implications for the overall economy. The downsizing trend in the restaurant industry has highlighted the vulnerability of businesses in the face of unforeseen crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. It has also underscored the importance of resilience and adaptability in finding new ways to operate and serve customers while navigating the challenges brought on by the crisis. The long-term impact of these downsizing decisions on the restaurant business in Bangladesh will depend on factors such as the duration of the pandemic, the effectiveness of government support measures, and the ability of the industry to innovate and adjust its business models to the changing landscape.
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Which country was growing faster in the 1950s and 1960s? The Soviet Union, or the US?
During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union was growing faster than the US. The US during the 1950s and 1960s was going through a period of economic growth.
The nation experienced a period of rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and increased economic prosperity. The US economy had grown by an average of 3.8 percent per year during the period.
However, the growth of the Soviet Union was faster than the US during the same period of time.The Soviet Union during the 1950s and 1960s was going through a period of rapid economic growth. The nation experienced a period of industrialization, technological advancements, and increased economic prosperity.
The Soviet Union grew by an average of 5.2 percent per year during the period. During the period, the Soviet Union had achieved several technological breakthroughs, such as the first man-made satellite and the first human in space. This implies that Soviet Union was growing faster than the US during the 1950s and 1960s.
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What is the role of the following people in planning and managing an event: • Venue Manager Stage Manager Entertainers • Security Manager Catering Manager Describe in detail.
Venue Manager: Oversees event venue operations and management.
Stage Manager: Coordinates technical aspects of event performances.
Entertainers: Provide entertainment and perform during the event.
Security Manager: Ensures event safety and security.
Catering Manager: Manages event food and beverage services.
The venue manager, stage manager, entertainers, security manager, and catering manager play crucial roles in planning and managing an event. The venue manager oversees the overall operations of the event venue, ensuring that it is suitable for the event and meets the necessary requirements.
The stage manager is responsible for coordinating the technical aspects of the event, including the setup and operation of audio, lighting, and stage equipment.
Entertainers are the performers or artists who provide entertainment during the event, such as musicians, dancers, or speakers.
The security manager ensures the safety and security of the event, implementing measures to prevent unauthorized access or disturbances.
The catering manager oversees the food and beverage services, including menu planning, food preparation, and service.
Together, these individuals contribute to the successful planning and execution of an event, creating a memorable experience for attendees.
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Fellar Corp, has identified the following information Activity cost pools Materials handling Machine maintenance $42,840 25,500 Cost drivers Number of material moves Number of machine hours 840 75,000 Required 1. Calculate the activity rate for each cost pool. (Round your answers to 2 decimal places.) Activity Rate Material Handling per Material Move Machine Maintenance per Machine Hour 2. Detemine the amount of overhead assigned to Fellar's products if they have the following activity demands: (Round your intermediate calculations to 2 decimal places and final answers to the nearest whole dollar amount.) Number of material moves Number of machine hours Product A 590 42,600 Product B 250 32,400 Total Assi Product A Product B
Activity Rates: Material Handling: $42,840 / 840 = $51 per material move
Machine Maintenance: $25,500 / 75,000 = $0.34 per machine hour
Overhead Assigned to Products.
Product A: (590 material moves * $51 per material move) + (42,600 machine hours * $0.34 per machine hour) = $30,090 + $14,484 = $44,574
Product B: (250 material moves * $51 per material move) + (32,400 machine hours * $0.34 per machine hour) = $12,750 + $11,016 = $23,766
Total Overhead Assigned: $44,574 (Product A) + $23,766 (Product B) = $68,340
The activity rate for each cost pool is calculated by dividing the total cost of each pool by its respective cost driver. In this case, the cost driver for materials handling is the number of material moves, and the cost driver for machine maintenance is the number of machine hours. By dividing the total cost of each pool by its respective cost driver, we can determine the activity rate per unit of the cost driver.
To calculate the overhead assigned to each product, we multiply the activity rate by the respective activity demand for each cost driver. For Product A, we multiply the activity rate for materials handling by the number of material moves and the activity rate for machine maintenance by the number of machine hours. The same calculation is done for Product B. Finally, we sum up the overhead assigned to each product to get the total overhead assigned to all products.
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An equation where Y=6 could be represented on a graph where Y is on the vertical axis and X is on the horizontal axis as Select one: O a. a horizontal line form the origin with slope equal to 6. O b. a straight line along the vertical axis beginning at the point Y=6. O c. a single point (Y=6) and a horizontal line rightwards from that point. d. a vertical line from the origin with slope equal to 6.
The option B is correct. An equation where Y=6 could be represented on a graph where Y is on the vertical axis and X is on the horizontal axis as a straight line along the vertical axis beginning at the point Y=6.
A straight line along the vertical axis beginning at the point Y=6. An equation where Y=6 can be represented on a graph where Y is on the vertical axis and X is on the horizontal axis as a straight line along the vertical axis beginning at the point Y=6. A horizontal line from the origin with slope equal to 6 can be represented as y=6. It is a horizontal line parallel to the x-axis. The line is always at y=6, regardless of x, so its slope is zero. A straight line along the vertical axis beginning at the point Y=6 can be represented as x=0. It is a vertical line parallel to the y-axis. It is always at x=0, regardless of y, so it has an undefined slope. A single point (Y=6) and a horizontal line rightwards from that point cannot be represented for the given condition. A vertical line from the origin with slope equal to 6 can be represented as x=6. It is a vertical line parallel to the y-axis. It is always at x=6, regardless of y, so it has an undefined slope.
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1. Who can use the skills and methods of Design Thinking?
2. What is the purpose of Design Thinking?
3. What are the essential mental strategies to think like a designer?
4. What is the human-centered approach?
5. What are the three core activities of Design Thinking?
6. How can a person think like a designer?
7. Why is the visual representation important in design process?
8. Make a comparison between Design Thinking Manager and Traditional Thinking Manager with three items.
Whether you work in business, government, schooling, or not-for-profit, plan thinking can assist you with creating design thinking in view of the necessities of your clients.
2. What is the purpose of Design Thinking?Even though design thinking is an idea that is based on designers' workflows for mapping out the stages of design, its goal is to give all professionals a standard innovation process so they can come up with creative solutions to problems, whether they are design-related or not.
3. What are the essential mental strategies to think like a designer?Client centricity and compassion. Finding solutions that respond to human requirements and user feedback is at the heart of design thinking.Collaborative work.The concept4. What is the human-centered approach?Human-focused plan is a critical thinking strategy that puts genuine individuals at the focal point of the improvement interaction, empowering you to make items and administrations that resound and are custom fitted to your crowd's necessities.
5. What are the three core activities of Design Thinking?The Three Phases of Design Thinking: Immersion, Ideation and Prototyping.
6. How can a person think like a designer?It permits us to consider some fresh possibilities and comprehend critical thinking on a marginally more profound level. Configuration thinking has demonstrated to work on the world around. Taking into account its capacity to produce noteworthy arrangements in a less problematic, yet imaginative way, it is something beyond a cycle - it is a development.
7. Why is the visual representation important in design process?The designer is able to immediately control, promote, or evaluate specific characteristics of the design that is currently in progress thanks to the visual representation in design, which is viewed here as a transaction between conceptual and visual knowledge.
8. Make a comparison between Design Thinking Manager and Traditional Thinking Manager with three items.Design thinking is a method for coming up with creative solutions to problems that are hard to define or complicated for people to solve. The needs of the business are the focus of traditional problem-solving strategies, which are well-suited to clearly defined technical issues.
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Your company currently has $1,000 par, 7% coupon bonds with 10 years to maturity and a price of $1,066. If you want to issue new 10-year coupon bonds at par, what coupon nate do you need to set? Assum
To issue new 10-year coupon bonds at par, you need to set the coupon rate at 7%.
This means the new bonds will have an annual coupon payment equal to 7% of their par value. The existing bonds with a par value of $1,000, a 7% coupon rate, and a price of $1,066 are already trading at par. By setting the coupon rate of the new bonds at 7%, you ensure that the coupon payment on the new bonds matches the coupon payment on the existing bonds, maintaining consistency. This allows the new bonds to be issued at par value, which is desirable for both the issuer and the investors.
By setting the coupon rate of the new bonds at 7%, you ensure that the coupon payment on the new bonds matches the existing bonds. This means that the annual coupon payment on the new bonds will be 7% of the par value. Since the existing bonds with a 7% coupon rate are already trading at par, issuing the new bonds at the same coupon rate allows them to be issued at par value as well.
This ensures that the price of the new bonds is equal to their par value, which is desirable for both the issuer and the investors. Investors who purchase the new bonds at par value will receive coupon payments that are consistent with the existing bonds, providing them with an expected return that matches the market rate.
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A bank is planning to perform efficiency analysis to learn which branch offices are efficient and how to operation of inefficient units can be improved. All the six units performed 10000 transactions in a given period. Two inputs are considered in the analysis: working hours of employees used for the transactions and the operating expenses. An input oriented constant return to scale model is used for the analysis. The B, D and E branch offices were found efficient. The input and output data of the branch offices are the following:
DMU
Branch office
Input 1 Working hours of
employees
Input 2
Operating expenses
(Euro)
Output
No. of transactions
A
C
D
E
F
2
a ) Prepare a figure which shows the efficiency frontier and the position of the branch offices relative to the efficiency frontier!
b ) How can the efficiency of unit C can be improved? How many working hours and how much operating expenses should be used for the efficient operation of unit C. Answer these questions using the graphical representation of the input - oriented CRS model.
c ) Calculate the efficiency score of unit C?
d ) Formulate the primal and dual linear programming model which calculates the efficiency of unit C.
a) To prepare a figure showing the efficiency frontier and the position of the branch offices relative to the efficiency frontier, we need to plot the input-output data on a graph.
Assuming Input 1 (Working hours of employees) is on the x-axis and Input 2 (Operating expense) is on the y-axis, we can plot the data points for the branch offices A, C, D, E, and F.
efficient units B, D, and E will lie on the efficiency frontier.
Here is an example of how the figure might look:
Efficiency Frontier
|
|
| E
|
|
|
| D
|
|
| B
|
|
|
| A C
--------------------------------------------------------------
The position of branch offices A, C, and F will be below the efficiency frontier, indicating that they are inefficient.
b) To improve the efficiency of unit C, we need to move it towards the efficiency frontier. In the graphical representation of the input-oriented CRS model, this means adjusting the input values (working hours and operating expenses) to align with the efficiency frontier.
By examining the graph, we can determine the approximate values of working hours and operating expenses for the efficient operation of unit C. The values should be such that they lie on the efficiency frontier.
c) To calculate the efficiency score of unit C, we need to measure its relative distance to the efficiency frontier. This can be done by calculating the radial distance from unit C to the efficiency frontier.
d) The primal and dual linear programming models can be formulated to calculate the efficiency of unit C. The specific formulation will depend on the constraints and objective function used in the efficiency analysis. These models involve optimizing the input and output variables subject to certain constraints, such as constant returns to scale and the efficiency frontier. The details of the models cannot be provided without specific information on the constraints and objective function used in this case.
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l
2. You would like to retire in 30 years as a millionaire. If you have $15,000 today, what rate of return do you need to earn to achieve your goal?
To retire as a millionaire in 30 years with an initial investment of $15,000, you would need to earn an average annual return of approximately 9.22%.
To determine the required rate of return needed to achieve your goal of becoming a millionaire in 30 years, we need to consider several factors. These include your initial investment, the time period, and the compounding effect of returns.
Given that you have $15,000 today and aim to accumulate $1,000,000 in 30 years, we can calculate the required rate of return using the compound interest formula:
Future Value = [tex]\text{{FV}} = \text{{PV}} \times (1 + \text{{Rate of Return}})^{\text{{Number of Periods}}}[/tex]
In this case, the future value is $1,000,000, the present value is $15,000, and the number of periods is 30 years.
1,000,000 = 15,000 × (1 + Rate of Return)³⁰
Dividing both sides by 15,000, we get:
(1 + Rate of Return)³⁰ = 1,000,000 / 15,000
Simplifying the right side:
(1 + Rate of Return)³⁰ ≈ 66.67
Now, let's solve for the rate of return. Taking the 30th root of both sides:
1 + Rate of Return ≈ [tex]66.67^{(1/30)}[/tex]
Rate of Return ≈ [tex]66.67^{(1/30)} - 1[/tex]
Calculating this on a calculator or using a software, we find:
Rate of Return ≈ 0.0922 or 9.22%
Therefore, to retire as a millionaire in 30 years with an initial investment of $15,000, you would need to earn an average annual return of approximately 9.22%. Please note that this calculation assumes compound interest and does not account for inflation, taxes, or other potential factors that may affect your actual returns.
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Suppose that there are two farms in a Norfolk postcode which have known flood risks (i.e. both the farmers and any insurer know their elevation above sea level and have the same projections about sea level rise). There are also three possible but as yet unknown states of the world: under Scenario 1 there will be no sea level rise into the future, and therefore both farms will be valued at £1 million. Under Scenario 2, sea level rise will be moderate, causing the present valuation of one of the farms to be cut to £500,000, whereas the other farm, located slightly higher, is still valued at £1 million. Finally, under Scenario 3 the sea level rise will be severe and both farms will suffer reduced valuations. Under Scenario 3 the present valuation of both farms would be £250,000. Scenario 1 is seen by all people as having a 25% likelihood, Scenario 2 is perceived as having a 50% likelihood and Scenario 3 as having a 25% likelihood. (a) Calculate the expected present value of each of the two farms. (b) How would a risk-neutral insurer need to price an individual policy for each of the two farms so as to break even in expectation? Suppose that the policy would pay out £0 to both farmers in Scenario 1, pay £500,000 only to the low-lying farmer in Scenario 2, and pay out £750,000 to both farmers in Scenario 3 (i.e. full insurance). The two farmers can be charged different prices! Assume that both farmers are risk-averse and would therefore want to buy the policies at these actuarially fair prices. (c) Scenario 3 presents a challenge to the insurer because it would need to make payouts to both farmers. What if it doesn't have reinsurance? Let your answers to b be denoted by P1 and P2. Suppose the insurer were constrained in that it could only pay out the sum total of collected premia out to the two farmers. I.e. rather than £750,000 to each farmer, it could only pay out (P1 + P2)/2 to each of them. Would both consumers still want to buy the policies at P1, P2, respectively if they were able to anticipate the insurer's constraint? What would the farmers' risk premia need to be?
The farmers' risk premia would need to be:(1) Farm 1's risk premia would be £87,500.(2) Farm 2's risk premia would be £387,500.Therefore, the insurer would have to charge £450,000 for a policy for Farm 1 and £300,000 for a policy for Farm 2 in order to break even in expectation.
a) The expected present value of each of the two farms is as follows:
Farm 1's expected present value = (0.25 × 1 million) + (0.50 × 500,000) + (0.25 × 250,000) = £437,500Farm 2's expected present value = (0.25 × 1 million) + (0.50 × 1 million) + (0.25 × 250,000) = £687,500b)
Under Scenario 2, the risk-neutral insurer would pay out £500,000, and under Scenario 3, the risk-neutral insurer would pay out £750,000. Therefore, the insurer would break even in expectation if:P1 + 0.25P2 = 375,000P2 + 0.25P1 = 375,000This system of equations can be solved for P1 and P2:P1 = £450,000P2 = £300,000
Therefore, the insurer would have to charge £450,000 for a policy for Farm 1 and £300,000 for a policy for Farm 2 in order to break even in expectation.
c) If the insurer was constrained to only pay out (P1 + P2)/2 to each farmer under Scenario 3, the farmers would still want to buy the policies at P1 and P2, respectively, if they were able to anticipate the insurer's constraint.
The farmers' risk premia would need to be:(1) Farm 1's risk premia would be £87,500.(2) Farm 2's risk premia would be £387,500.
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Pott's Co., a women's clothing store, purchased $73,000 of merchandise from a supplier on account, terms EOB destination, 2/10, n/30. On March 5. Poff's returned $9,900 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due on March 9, within the discount period.
Pott's Co., a women's clothing store, made a $73,000 purchase of merchandise on account from a supplier on March 5 with terms of EOB destination, 2/10, n/30. Pott's returned $9,900 of the merchandise on March 5, receiving a credit memo from the supplier, and then made the payment of the remaining amount due on March 9, which was within the discount period.
The discount terms of 2/10, n/30 mean that the buyer is entitled to a discount of 2% if they make the payment within ten days of the invoice date. The net amount is due in 30 days from the invoice date. If Pott's paid within the discount period, they would be entitled to a discount of 2% of the amount due, which is $73,000 - $9,900 = $63,100.
Thus, the discount would be $63,100 x 2% = $1,262. Therefore, Pott's would have paid $63,100 - $1,262 = $61,838 if they paid within the discount period.
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making predictions is one of the six data analytics problem types. how does data factor into such problem types?
Data is fundamental to prediction problems, providing the necessary inputs for model training, enabling the discovery of patterns, and facilitating informed forecasting.
Data plays a central role in the six data analytics problem types, including prediction. Prediction is the process of estimating unknown future values or events based on historical data patterns. In this problem type, data serves as the foundation for building predictive models and making informed forecasts.
To address prediction problems, data is collected and organized, typically in the form of structured or unstructured datasets. The data is then preprocessed to clean and transform it into a suitable format for analysis. Feature selection and engineering techniques may be applied to extract relevant information from the data, ensuring that the predictive models capture meaningful patterns.
Next, statistical and machine learning algorithms are employed to train predictive models using historical data. These models learn from patterns and relationships within the data and create a representation of the underlying processes. The trained models can then be used to predict future outcomes based on new, unseen data.
The accuracy and reliability of predictions heavily rely on the quality and quantity of the data. Sufficient and representative data ensures that the models generalize well and produce reliable predictions. Furthermore, ongoing data collection and monitoring are necessary to refine and update the models over time, as the patterns and dynamics of the underlying processes may evolve.
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Using the EOQ method, how many orders must a company have per year, if they sell 9226 cars a year, have a fixed cost per order of 19 and an inventory carrying cost of 0.47 per unit. and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers.
To calculate the number of orders per year using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method, we need the following information:
Annual demand (D): 9,226 cars
Fixed cost per order (S): $19
Inventory carrying cost per unit (H): $0.47
The EOQ formula is given by:
EOQ = √((2 * D * S) / H)
Substituting the given values:
EOQ = √((2 * 9,226 * 19) / 0.47)
EOQ ≈ 422.11
Since the number of orders must be a whole number, we round up the result to the nearest whole number.
Therefore, the company must have approximately 423 orders per year.
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Mc Graw Mill The following events occurred for Johnson Company: a. Received investment of $36,000 cash by organizers and distributed 1,060 shares of $1 par value common stack to them. b. Purchased $7,200 of equipment, paying $1,200 in cash and signing a note for the rest. c. Borrowed $13,000 cash from a bank. d. Loaned $600 to en employee who signed a note. e. Purchased $21,000 of land; paid $7,000 in cash and signed a mortgage note for the balance. Required: Prepere joumal entries for the above transactions. (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No joumal entry required" in the first account field.) Answer is not complete. Debit No 1 Transaction a. Cash 36,000 Common stock Additional paid-in capital 2 b. 3 4 5 ezto.mheducation.com M Question 3 - Homework- Chapter 2 - Connect Save Check my work mode: This shows what is correct or Incorrect for the work you have completed so far. It does not indicate completion. C. d. 8. Equipment Cash Accounts receivable Cash Notes payable Notes receivable Cash Land Cash Notes payable General Journal 00 00 000 7,200✔ 13,000✔ 600✔ 21,000 < Prev Credit 1,080 34,940 1,200 13,000 500✔ 7,000 14,000✔ 3 of 12 Next > Exchange Password Required E Enter your password for "sstiff" in Internet Accounts. Help Save & Exit Submit Return to question
The journal entries for the transactions listed below are shown below: a) Received investment of $36,000 cash by organizers and distributed 1,060 shares of $1 par value common stock to them. Cash 36000 Common Stock 1060 APIC - CS 34940
b) Purchased $7,200 of equipment, paying $1,200 in cash and signing a note for the rest. Equipment 7200 Cash 1200 Notes Payable 6000
c) Borrowed $13,000 cash from a bank. Cash 13000 Notes Payable 13000 d) Loaned $600 to an employee who signed a note. Notes Receivable 600 Cash 600 e) Purchased $21,000 of land; paid $7,000 in cash and signed a mortgage note for the balance. Land 21000 Cash 7000 Mortgage Payable 14000
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