Biologists divide the biosphere into ______, which are the major types of ecosystems on earth.
The biosphere is divided into biomes by biologists.
What criteria are used to categorize biomes?An place is categorized as a biome based on the species that call it home. Scientists can define a biome by defining the temperature range, soil type, amount of light, and water that are peculiar to a location and create niches for particular species.
What are the two primary categories for biomes?Deserts, woods, grasslands, savannas, tundra, and freshwater ecosystems are examples of biomes that fall under the categories of terrestrial and aquatic, respectively. Based on their overall environments, ecosystems can be divided into three basic categories: freshwater, marine, and terrestrial.
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How could an activator influence gene expression at a promoter far away from the place that it binds dna?.
there is good evidence that the internal circadian clock is located in the a. raphé nuclei. b. optic nerves. c. suprachiasmatic nuclei. d. caudal reticular formation e. basal forebrain.
A biological clock, also known as an overall coordinator, which regulates circadian rhythms is housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a small group of cells in the hypothalamus (SCN).
The anterior region of the hypothalamus has a bilateral structure called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It controls the majority of the body's circadian rhythms and serves as the circadian timing system's main pacemaker. The thalamus quiets down during the majority of the stages of sleep, allowing you to block out the outside world. However, the thalamus is active during REM sleep, sending the cortex pictures, noises, and other sensations that make up our dreams. Homeostatic sleep components including adenosine, nitric oxide, and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic portion of the hypothalamus suppress wake-promoting systems to produce sleep.
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three layers of tissue are responsible for filtration at the glomerulus. the basal lamina (basement membrane) limits passage of:
At the glomerulus, filtration is carried out by three layers of tissue. Passage of produced elements and glucose is restricted by the basal lamina (basement membrane).
The biological degree of organization between cells and an entire organ is called tissue. An assembly of comparable cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that work together to perform a particular function is referred to as a tissue. The functional fusion of many tissues results in the formation of organs.
On top of which the epithelium rests is a layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, known as the basal lamina. Although it actually make up a small component of the basement membrane, it is frequently referred to mistakenly as the basal lamina.
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3. what did you discover about the genetics of the parents and the wife's sister when you ran your gels?
Through their genes, parents transmit traits and characteristics to their offspring, such as eye color and blood type. Some illnesses and medical conditions can also be genetically passed down. A trait can occasionally take on numerous forms. Blood types, for instance, can be A, B, AB, or O.
Understanding genetics is crucial for all life sciences academics because it plays a central role in contemporary biology. Numerous facets of daily life are greatly impacted by discipline. The food we eat and the clothing we wear come from organisms that have been enhanced through the use of genetic principles.
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are unipolar neurons in a tissue sample more likely to function as sensory neurons or motor neurons?
These neurons most likely serve as sensory neurons because the majority of PNS sensory neurons are unipolar.
Bipolar, multipolar, and unipolar neurons are the three different classes of nerve cells in animals' bodies that transmit information. Between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body, neurons communicate information using electrical impulses and chemical signals.
Scientists can identify the many types of neurons based on their structure and number of constituent parts.
The most prevalent type of neuron in the human nervous system, multipolar neurons have the greatest capacity for information transfer between cells.
In this article, unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons are examined in further detail.
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by causing host cell to polymerize at one end of the bacterial cell, certain bacteria can propel themselves from the interior of one cell directly into the interior of an adjacent cell, allowing them to avoid extracellular immune response mechanisms.
By causing host cell action to polymerize at one end of the bacterial cell, certain bacteria can propel themselves from the interior of one cell directly into the interior of an adjacent cell, allowing them to avoid extracellular immune response mechanisms.
Adhesins are surface proteins present in the bacterial cell wall which binds to receptor molecules present on the surface of a susceptible host cell. This enable the bacterium to make intimate contact with the host cell, colonize, adhere, and resist flushing. Actin-based motility through the cytosol propels the bacteria through and enables spread into adjacent cell.
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Which proteins lends structural support to the chromosome and helps activate or silence gene expression?.
The chromosomes are structurally supported by histone proteins, which also aid in the packaging of DNA.
Which proteins help to activate or suppress gene expression and provide structural support for the chromosome.In the cell nucleus, histones serve as structural proteins. Histones are encircled by DNA, which gives chromosomes their structure. Histones can change by having chemical groups like methyl or acetyl groups added to them or removed from them (each consisting of two carbon, three hydrogen, and one oxygen atoms).
What protein helps a chromosome maintain its structural integrity?A chromosome's structural support is provided by a protein called a histone. Long DNA molecules found on each chromosome must fit into the cell nucleus. This is accomplished by the DNA wrapping around histone protein complexes, giving the chromosome a more compact form.
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when two secondary oocytes are released from the ovaries and are fertilized by different sperm cells, this is called:
Answer: paternal twins
Explanation:
which of the following gut structures are listed in the correct order that food would pass through them, from input to exit? a. pyloric sphincter, ileum, jejunum, transverse colon. b. pancreas, jejunum, ascending colon, sigmoid colon. c. ileum, duodenum, descending colon, ascending colon. d. duodenum, ileum, caecum, transverse colon.
The correct order that food passes through is duodenum, ileum, caecum, and transverse colon.
What is digestion?
In order to be absorbed into the watery blood plasma, large, insoluble food molecules must be broken down into smaller, water-soluble food molecules during digestion. These tiny molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine in some organisms. Based on how food is broken down, digestion, a type of catabolism, is sometimes separated into two processes: mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. When a huge food item is physically broken down into smaller bits so that digestive enzymes may reach them, this process is referred to as mechanical digestion. Mastication in the mouth and segmentation contractions in the small intestine are two examples of mechanical digestion. Enzymes break down food into little molecules that the body can use during chemical digestion.
Hence the answer is d. duodenum, ileum, caecum, transverse colon.
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explain why receptors respond to specific stimuli, and how the organization of a receptor affects its sensitivity
Sensory receptors are specialized to perceive a certain kind of stimulus. When they receive the stimulus, they convert the energy from the stimulus to electric signals.
Sensory receptors have been developed to recognize particular types of stimuli. They transform the stimulus' energy into electric signals as soon as they receive it. The brain and spinal cord receive the electric signal, action potential, or impulses that are thus produced from sensory neurons or afferent neurons.
A change in potential or voltage across the membrane results from the change in ion distribution across the plasma membrane brought on by the stimulus. The stimulus's energy determines how this shift occurs. Neurotransmitters that bind to sensory or afferent neurons at the synapse can be released as a result of the receptor potential. When the membrane potential reaches a certain level, this can produce an action potential, which then conveys the data to the central nervous system.
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20 points
What is the main purpose of the cell cycle?
A. To increase the number of chromosomes in each cell for each generation
B. Growth and repair of cells
C. Increase the volume of the cell
D. Support the cell theory
Answer:
A
Explanation:
is for cells to grow, develop and carry on their metabolic functions
olney, il, is known for its white squirrel population. in this squirrel population, assume that 10% of the genes are for albino coat color and 90% are for gray coat. if hardyweinberg assumptions are true, what percentage of the squirrels are heterozygous?
Olney, il, is known for its white squirrel population. in this squirrel population, assume that 10% of the genes are for albino coat color and 90% are for gray coat. if hardyweinberg assumptions are true, 18 percent of the squirrels are heterozygous.
What do you mean by heterozygous?
When two alleles of the same gene are paired at the same spot (locus) on a chromosome, it is referred to as being heterozygous. Contrarily, homozygous occurs when the same allele is present at the same locus in two copies.
The words "hetero" and "zygous," which refer to a fertilized egg or zygote, respectively, are the roots of the word heterozygous.
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suppose a person has a mutation in their dna and the 1st triplet for the gene coding for insulin is tat (instead of cca). will this person be diabetic? how do you know?
Yes, the person will become diabetic because the subject gene has a nonsense mutation.
When the DNA's nucleotide sequence is altered in a way that prevents the typical amino acid sequence in the finished protein, this is known as a nonsense mutation. DNA gets transferred into RNA, which is then translated into a protein, according to the fundamental biological tenet. The amino acid sequence that makes up the protein gives the organism a specific function. Due to the characteristics they possess and the interactions they have, the order of amino acids defines this role. Each amino acid in DNA is identified by a codon, which is a group of three nucleotides. Approximately 21 amino acids can be identified with this technique. "START" and "STOP" are two other crucial signals.
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for which organic compounds must information be encoded in dna for green plants to synthesize the other three compounds?
The information must be encoded for the fat organic compounds.
Plants experience the process of forming the metabolism of small molecules such as starch, cellulose, protein, fat and fatty acids, into larger compounds gradually through the process of anabolism. This process requires external energy, such as the energy of sunlight. The process of anabolism in plants occurs in the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make energy from glucose by converting simple molecules into complex molecules through sunlight. In the process of photosynthesis, green plants will encode information on organic fat compounds before synthesizing other compounds to produce energy from food.
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(e) a corn farmer wanting to decrease the ecological footprint of the operation decides to shift from producing a monoculture of corn to producing a polyculture of corn, soybeans, and wheat. explain how this change in business practice will affect the ecological footprint of the farm.
This change in business practice will affect the ecological footprint of the farm as farmers will not have to use fertilizers on the farm.
The practice of cultivating multiple crop species simultaneously in the same area is known as polyculture. Polyculture attempts to imitate the diversity of natural ecosystems in this way.
The nutrients in the soil are balanced by the crops in a polyculture. There are crops that take nitrogen from the soil and others that add nitrogen to the soil. This means that the farmer wouldn't have to use as much fertilizer on the farm, which would have a smaller impact on the environment.
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because ginseng has bright-red seed heads that develop from its flowers after pollination, ginseng is a(n
Because ginseng has bright-red seed heads that develop from its flowers after pollination, ginseng is a angiosperm in the Plantae.
Pollen grains are moved from a flower's male anther to its female stigma during the process of pollination. Producing young for the following generation is the aim of every living thing, including plants. The process of generating seeds is one method that plants can reproduce. The process of pollination, which is most frequently carried out by an animal or the wind, involves moving pollen from an anther of a plant to its stigma in order to facilitate fertilisation and the subsequent development of seeds.
Flowers and fruits with seeds are produced by angiosperm plants. Out of all known live green plants, angiosperms make up about 80% of the total.
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in the presence of penicillin, a cell dies because in the presence of penicillin, a cell dies because it lacks a cell membrane. it lacks a cell wall. its contents leak out. it undergoes lysis. it plasmolyzes.
In the presence of penicillin, cells die due because it undergoes lysis.
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics characterized by the presence of a β-lactam ring and is produced by some fungi (eukaryotes) to treat bacterial infections.
Penicillin inhibits cell wall formation by preventing the incorporation of acetylmuramic acid, which is formed in cells, and normally gives the bacterial cell wall a rigid shape. Without a cell wall, bacterial cells are vulnerable to outside water and molecular pressure, which causes the cell to die quickly or lyisis.
The type of cell wall destroyed by penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan (PG), which is the main ingredient in bacterial cell walls.
this question is a matter of choice:
it lacks a cell wall.
it plasmolyzes.
its contents leak out.
it undergoes lysis.
it lacks a cell membrane.
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A small lizard spends the morning hours lying in the sunlight until its body temperature rises. Later on in the day, the lizard rests in a shady area until its body temperature cools. This type of behavior is important to.
To keep equilibrium. Since lizards have cold blood, the environment affects how hot or cold they are.
Why do lizards take a sunbath after a big meal?Lizards and other creatures with chilly blood soak up the light to stay warm. A recent study reveals that they also do it for the vitamin D. It has long been believed that lizards exclusively bask in order to regulate their body temperatures.
When lizards bask in the sun, what is that known as?Animals, particularly birds, reptiles, and insects, use the thermoregulatory or comfort behavior of sunning or basking, sometimes also referred to as sunbathing, to help raise their body temperature, lower the energy required for temperature maintenance, or for comfort.
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Speckled chickens created by parents with feathers of two different colors(some black and some white). What are these chickens an example of?
A. codominance
B. incomplete dominance
C. multiple alleles
Answer:
a
Explanation:
A researcher is examining the dna sequences of a group of mice. He notices that in one of the mice, one nucleotide pair is substituted with another in the part of the dna sequence that codes for fur color. However, despite the substitution, the mouse still has the same fur color as the other mice with the correct dna sequence. Why does this substitution of nucleotides in the mouse not change its phenotype, or physical characteristics?.
The mouse's DNA is entirely distinct from that of the other mice. When one DNA nucleotide in a gene's protein-coding region changes without changing the order of amino acids that make up the protein that the gene codes for, the change is called a silent mutation.
What does the mouse's nucleotide substitution not do?A mutation known as a silent mutation does not affect the amino acid and hence has no effect on how the protein functions. The replacement mutation in the fur color gene was a quiet mutation, therefore it had no effect on the final phenotype.
When is a DNA-based protein generated by a cell necessary?When a cell wants to synthesize a certain protein, transcription from DNA produces messenger RNA (mRNA).
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3. the same second messengers are used in many different cells, but the response to second messengers is different in each cell. how is this possible?
the same second messengers are used in many different cells, but the response to second messengers is different in each cell. Proteins produced by different cells include cell-surface receptors and signalling pathway components.
As a result, they react differently to different ligands, and the second messengers activate different pathways. Signal integration can also alter the outcome of signalling. Second messengers are intracellular signalling molecules that the cell releases in response to extracellular signalling molecules, which are the first messengers. Second messengers induce cellular physiological changes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis, and depolarization.
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a progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristic of?
A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristics of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
The prostate will grow in size if you have benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It is the most common problem with the prostate in men and people who were born male, and it gets worse with age for almost everyone. Side effects incorporate trouble peeing and an unexpected need to pee. Medication, surgery, and minimally invasive procedures are all forms of treatment.
Additional signs include:
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how does the parasite, euhaplorchis californiensis, found in the carpinteria salt marsh infect it's snail host?
The marine parasite California hornsnail (Euhaplorchis californiensis), the first intermediate host, can be found in salt marshes and brackish water along the Californian coast.
The parasite, which is physically adapted to this way of life, lives on or inside the host and harms it while doing so. The term "parasitism" refers to this close interaction between species. Parasites are described as "predators that consume prey in units of less than one" by the entomologist E. O. Wilson. In addition to animals like hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats, parasites also include single-celled protozoans like those that cause malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery, fungi like honey fungus and ringworm agents, and plants like mistletoe, dodder, and broomrapes. The primary six methods used by parasites to take advantage of their animal hosts are parasitic castration, direct transmission (by contact), trophically transfer (by ingestion), vector transmission, parasitoidism, and micropredation. An important categorization axis is that endoparasites live inside the host's body whereas ectoparasites live on the host's surface. Although both predation and parasitism involve interactions between consumers and resources, parasitism differs from predation in that, with the exception of parasitoids.
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a fruit fly (drosophila) has n=4 chromosomes. how many chromosomes should be in a sperm cell from a male fruit fly?
List the different process that occur for each transport process.
active transport and passive transport
The different process that occur for each transport process Osmosis is facilitated by a diffusion gradient. Movement is from high to low concentration no energy required. Only a passive membrane would be required.
What is energy transformation?The question is incomplete as the system is not shown but I will try to help you the much I can. First of all, this question deals with the idea of energy transformation. We must note that energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another.
The system ought to have been composed of many systems in which energy transformations occur ad each of these must obey the law stated above. These energy transformation are not 100% efficient as some energy is lost as heat along the way.
Therefore, The different process that occur for each transport process Osmosis is facilitated by a diffusion gradient. Movement is from high to low concentration no energy required. Only a passive membrane would be required.
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a new strand of dna is made. write the name of the process and the main enzyme involved. process is called : enzyme that adds new nucleotides is called:
A new strand of DNA is made. The name of the process and the main enzyme involved is given below.
The process is called DNA replication.
Enzyme that adds new nucleotides is called DNA polymerase.
What is DNA replication?
The biological process of creating two identical copies of DNA from a single original DNA molecule is known as DNA replication. All living things replicate their DNA, which is the primary mechanism for biological heredity. This is necessary for cell division during tissue growth and repair, and it also ensures that each new cell gets a copy of the DNA. DNA replication is necessary because the cell's ability to divide makes it distinctive from other organisms.
The family of enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the basic building blocks of DNA, includes DNA polymerase. These enzymes, which are required for DNA replication, typically function in groups to divide an initial DNA duplex into two identical copies.
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which of the following occurred by active transport? a. albumin in the urine b. re-absorption of amino acids c. re-absorption of water at the proximal tubule d. creatinine in the urine
The correct answer is b) re-absorption of amino acids occurred by active transport.
The portion of renal physiology known as renal protein reabsorption is responsible for retrieving filtered proteins and preventing their excretion through the urine. Because amino acid transporter molecules are present, amino acids are absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of the renal tubule of a nephron. In the proximal tubule, reabsorption occurs almost exclusively. In the final urine, there is only 1% left. Through endocytosis, the proteins pass through the apical membrane. They are then broken down into lysosomes. Amino acid transporters move the remaining free amino acids through the basolateral membrane.
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if the atmosphere is about 80% nitrogen and therefore constantly in contact with the oceans, how can parts of the ocean be nitrogen limited? how do organisms eventually get to use it?
In order for phytoplankton to use it, it must be nitrogen-fixedated by cyanobacteria where it's turned into nitrates- phytoplankton use the broken down nitrates.
Phytoplankton uses nitrate for what purposes?The presence or absence of nutrients in the water, like phosphate and nitrate, affects the amount of phytoplankton in the water.Phosphorus and nitrate, which are markers of the quality and quantity of water fertility, are crucial for the growth & metabolism of phytoplankton, according to .
How is phytoplankton impacted by nitrate?So because high levels of nitrate are consumed by low levels of phytoplankton, a concentration of nitrate drops correspondingly as the bloom develops.
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Which type of moderately repetitive dna would be least likely to change its location in the genome?.
The least probable type of tRNA gene to move within the genome is one with a somewhat repetitive DNA sequence.
What kind of DNA sequence is seen most frequently in eukaryotic genomes?Abstract. The majority of the nuclear DNA in most eukaryotic genomes is composed of repetitive DNA, which are sequence motifs repeated hundreds or thousands of times throughout the genome.
Is a DNA sequence's specific position known?Repetitive DNA sequences are abundant in eukaryotic genomes and are present in multiple copies (thousands, in some cases). The term "unique-sequence DNA" is used to describe the coding sections of genes, which are normally found in a single copy per haploid genome.
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