The Actual cost is less than the Budgeted, so the difference between actual and budgeted costs is $3,000 is favorable.
The computation of actual and budgeted costs is shown below:-
Budgeted Actual
(18,000 units) (18,000 units)
Variable $54,000
($48,000 ÷ $16,000) × $18,000
Fixed $270,000
Total $324,000 $321,000
Therefore, the Actual cost is less than the Budgeted, so the difference between actual and budgeted costs is $3,000 is favorable.
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how many discount points are necessary to raise the yield of a 12% loan with 360 monthly payments of $514.30 to 12.42%?
Discount points of 3.06% are required to boost the yield on a loan with a 12% interest rate and 360 payment of $514.30 a month to 12.42%.
How would you define "discount explain"?A dollar amount or a % deducted from an item's typical selling price is referred to as a discount. Make sure that need all of the items you plan to get before waiting after the holiday to make a purchase.
What is the discount procedure?A value obtained in the future is replaced by an equivalent benefits created right away through the process of discounting. Discounting determines this relative value, so a dollar received in 50 years may be actually quite low received today.
Briefing:Present value of loan=PV(12%/12,12*30,514.3)
=50000
PV(12.42%/12.12*30,514.3)
=48470
Discount=50000 - 48470
=1530
So discount points=1530/50000
Discount points =3.06%
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the main reason auditors investigate property, plant, and equipment that has been replaced, sold, dismantled, or abandoned during the year is to
This is the text of the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board's (AASB) Guidance Note on Audit of Property, Plant, and Equipment (PPE).
which deals with real estate, machinery, and equipment?According to this recognized concept, an organization examines all of its costs for property, plant, and equipment as they are incurred. These expenses cover both the original expenditures of purchasing or building a piece of property, plant, or equipment as well as the ongoing costs of maintaining, repairing, or adding to it.
What are the goals of an audit of property, plant, and machinery?Determine whether the listed property, plant, and equipment are complete. Check the clerical accuracy of the property, plant, and equipment schedules. Identify whether the cost of the valuation or allocation of General accepted accounting principles are followed with regard to property, plant,
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a person receives social security at age 63 and is earning $23,000/year at a part-time position, how much of their allotted $12,000 yearly social security payments would they receive? assume $12,000 is the amount after deducting the early withdraw penalty.
Social security is the security provided to individuals by society to guarantee income security. This is helpful in case of old age and unemployment as many benefits can be reaped like healthcare.
Suppose, the individual starts working at the age of 18
63 - 18 = 45 years of work
Social security: $12,000 per year
Total security: $12,000 * 45 = $5,40,000
Alloted social security: $5,40,000
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If a person gets social security at age 63 and is earning $23,000/year at a part-time position, he would earn $5,40,000 alloted social security.
If the person begins working at the age of 18, then 63 - 18 = 45 years of work.
Social Security: $12k annually
Security in total: $12,000 x 45 = $5,40,000
Social Security allocation: $5,40,000
Social security is the safety net that society offers to people and families to assure access to health care and to ensure income stability, notably in circumstances of old age, unemployment, sickness, invalidity, a job accident, maternity, or loss of a breadwinner. Workers with disabilities who satisfy the medical and insurance requirements receive payments from Social Security.
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TRUE/FALSE. credit is a term used to describe any situation in which goods, services, or money is received in exchange for a promise to repay at a future date.
It is true that the phrase "redit" refers to any circumstance in which items, services, or cash are given in exchange for a promise to pay back later.
How does REPAY operate?Using a customer's mobile device or digital wallet, our only ever web gateway, and other methods, lenders and businesses may easily and securely accept cards as payment online.
Repaying a loan: Is this a resource?On the other hand, when a loan is given, the client signs a contract promising to pay back the entire amount borrowed plus interest. This legally enforceable agreement is worth more than the borrower agrees to pay back (presuming they would), and as such, it can be viewed as an investment in accounting terms.
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jeremiah brown has been making contributions into an individual retirement account for his retirement. his contributions are not tax deductible but his earnings accumulate tax free. what type of individual retirement account does he have? multiple choice 401(k) traditional ira roth ira coverdell education savings account spousal ira
According to the Jeremiah brown, the type of individual retirement account does he have is Roth IRA. The correct option is (B).
What do you mean by the individual retirement account?The term "individual retirement account" (IRA) refers to a retirement savings account opened with a bank or brokerage firm that provides tax benefits to investors who contribute money for their retirement.
An individual, a self-employed person, or a small business owner can open an IRA.
You can save money for retirement tax-advantageously with an individual retirement account (IRA).
An Individual Retirement Account (IRA) that accepts after-tax contributions is known as a Roth IRA.
Therefore, according to the Jeremiah brown, the type of individual retirement account does he have is Roth IRA.
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government rules on equal treatment of employees include: discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited in all employment practices. government contractors must have written positive affirmative action plans to overcome the past and present effects of discrimination in their work force. affirmative action plans must be permanent. women and men must receive equal pay for performing equal work, but only if the woman is not pregnant.
Affirmative action must be taken by covered employers to recruit and advance qualified minorities, women, people with disabilities, and covered veterans for federal contractors and subcontractors.
Training programs, outreach efforts, and other positive steps are examples of affirmative actions.
What are affirmative action programs for?
Fair access to employment opportunities is the goal of affirmative action in order to create a workforce that accurately reflects the demographics of the qualified workforce in the relevant job market.
How far along is affirmative action?
In Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), the Supreme Court partially upheld affirmative action as a practice, while the Court simultaneously declared racial quotas for college admissions unconstitutional.In American politics, affirmative action continues to be contentious.
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dante co. allows employees to take two weeks vacation during each year. to account for the two weeks off each year, dante will accrue the vacation benefits with a credit to the account.
The entry that Dante Co. will make to account for the vacation benefits would be a credit to the Vacation Benefits Payable .
How are vacations accounted for ?When a company makes a benefit available to its employees , these benefits will be taken out of the companies revenues because the employees will either get monetary compensation, or get time off which means less production for the company . The company would therefore debit these benefits to the relevant expense account to show that they are indeed, expenses .
There will then be a credit to a liability account to show that the company owes its employees these benefits . The credit in this case would be the Vacation Benefits Payable which is the liability account for the vacation benefits promised by Dante Co . to its employees .
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What aspect of marketing contains, protects, displays, increases the utility, and promotes a product, as well as conveying the product and brand messages?.
Packaging is a branch of advertising in which a producer creates the wrapping or container to facilitate handling, delivery, and communication of the producer and commodity records by making it appear appealing.
What role does packaging have in marketing?
Packaging does so much more than only safeguard a product. It is an essential marketing tool that promotes branding, highlights the positive features of the product, and gives customers an unforgettable experience.
How can packaging boost sales?
Because of the attention it attracts, packaging that catches consumers' attention and emphasizes the value of the product frequently increases sales. Packaging for products conveys quality. In general, a product's packaging speaks volumes about its integrity, quality, and legality.
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he best beer corporation has a beer-processing facility located in columbus, ohio. the beer facility has a system efficiency of 90 percent, and the utilization is 80 percent. three sub-facilities are used for processing. the facilities operate five days a week and three 8-hour shifts per day. what is the rated weekly capacity for the facility?
The best beer corporation has a beer-processing facility located in columbus, ohio. 259.2 is the rated weekly capacity for the facility.
System efficiency=90% utilization=80% no. of sub facilities=3 operates 5 days a week 8 hrs. per shift
3 shifts per day
Rated capacity = no. of resources scheduled hours per period x Effective Capacity Utilization Capacity Efficiency
= (3x5×8×3)×0.9×0.8
= 360xx0.9x 0.8
259.2
Therefore, 259.2 is the rated weekly capacity for the facility.
A corporation is an organisation—normally a group of humans or a organization—authorized through the nation to behave as a unmarried entity and diagnosed as such in regulation for sure functions. Early integrated entities were established through constitution. maximum jurisdictions now allow the creation of recent organizations thru registration.
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to sell a ranch that parker owns. austin finds a buyer and signs a sales contract on behalf of parker to sell the ranch. which rule applies here?
Power of attorney rule applies in case of to sell a ranch that parker owns. austin finds a buyer and signs a sales contract on behalf of parker to sell the ranch.
What is Power of attorney?A power of attorney, also known as a letter of attorney, is a formal directive to represent or act in another person's interest in business, personal matters, or other legal matters. The principle, grantor, or donor is the one giving another party the go-ahead to do anything.
The POA grants the agent—also referred to as the attorney in fact—the authority to manage your affairs. Which affairs you assign power over depend on the type of POA you draft. Depending on which POA you select, the decision-making authority of an attorney-in-fact takes effect at various periods. Any POA, regardless of its type, is void once the person it is intended to represent dies.
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The ________ of an asset or liability is its cost carried on the balance sheet.
The book value of an asset or liability is its cost carried on the balance sheet.
The book value of a company is the net distinction between that company's total resources and total liabilities, where book value mirrors the total value of a company's resources that investors of that company would get assuming the company were to be sold.
A resource's book value is identical to its conveying value on the balance sheet.
Book value is much of the time lower than a company's or alternately resource's fairly estimated worth.
Book value per share (BVPS) and the price-to-book (P/B) proportion are used in essential examination.
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One of the main criticisms of the theory of contestable markets is that the assumption of extremely free entry into (and costless exit from) the industry is unlikely to hold in the real world.
True
This statement is True. One of the main criticisms of the theory of contestable markets is that the assumption of extremely free entry into (and costless exit from) the industry is unlikely to hold in the real world.
Criticism is the development of a judgment about the negative characteristics of someone or something. criticism can variety from impromptu feedback to a detailed written reaction. grievance falls into several overlapping sorts together with "theoretical, practical, impressionistic, affective, prescriptive, or descriptive".
criticism may also talk over with an expression of disapproval. while complaint of this nature is positive it may make a person aware of gaps in their know-how and offer incredible routes for development. research supports the perception that user comments and constructive criticism inside the studying manner are very influential.
The two phrases both translate as critique, Kritik, and critica, respectively. within the English language, philosopher Gianni Vattimo indicates that criticism is used more regularly to denote literary complaints or artwork complaints at the same time as critique refers to a different standard and profound writing as Kant's Critique of a pure motive. some other distinction this is from time to time made is that the review is neither personalized nor advert hominem and is offered in a manner that encourages rebuttal or enlargement of the expressed ideas. though, the differences are diffused and ambiguous in quality.
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a bank statement provided by a bank includes all of the following except: group of answer choices a list of deposits recorded by the bank. the beginning and the ending balance of the bank account. a list of bank fees. a list of outstanding checks. g
Such as processed deductions and deposits, our average daily balance, and any interest earned.
A deposit is an act of setting coins with a few entities, most commonly with a monetary institution, inclusive of a financial institution. traditionally, there are 4 varieties of bank deposits in India, which are - cutting-edge Accounts, habitual Deposits, financial savings money owed, and Fixed Deposit accounts.
A deposit is an amount of money stored in a bank account. the two styles of deposits are demand deposits and time deposits. call for deposit money owed include checking bills, financial savings accounts, and money marketplace money owed. Time deposit accounts encompass certificates of deposit money owed and character retirement money owed.
Deposits are savings products that clients can use to preserve a sum of money at a bank for a particular length of time. In go back, the economic group pays the consumer the applicable amount of interest, based on how a lot they choose to deposit and for how long.
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A marketing channel relies on logistics to make products available to consumers and industrial users. Logistics involves those activities that focus on getting the right amount of the right products to the right place at the right time at the lowest possible cost. The performance of these activities is logistics management—the practice of organizing the cost-effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished products, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption to satisfy customer requirements. A supply chain is a sequence of firms that perform activities required to create and deliver a product or service to ultimate consumers or industrial users. It differs from a marketing channel in terms of membership. A supply chain includes suppliers that provide raw material inputs to a manufacturer as well as the wholesalers and retailers that deliver products. The management process is also different. Supply chain management is the integration and organization of information and logistics activities across firms in a supply chain for the purpose of creating and delivering products and services that provide value to consumers.
In order to make items accessible to consumers and industrial users, a marketing channel depends on logistics.
In order to make items accessible to consumers and industrial users, a marketing channel depends on logistics. Logistics refers to the actions that are focused on delivering the proper quantity of the proper products to the proper location at the proper time for the least amount of money.
The execution of these tasks is known as logistics management, which is the process of planning the reasonably priced movement of raw materials, inventory of goods still being manufactured, finished goods, and related information from the point of production to the point of consumption to meet customer requirements.
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Flowerland is an open economy with a flexible exchange rate regime. The natural rate of unemployment is 5%, the frictional rate of unemployment is 4%, and the actual rate of unemployment is 7%.
The numerical value of the cyclical rate of unemployment is 2%, according to the Flowerland is an open economy with a flexible exchange rate regime.
What do you mean by the cyclical rate of unemployment?The portion of overall unemployment that is specifically caused by cycles of economic expansion and contraction is known as cyclical unemployment. Typically, unemployment increases during economic downturns and decreases during boom times.
The cyclical unemployment rate is the difference between the present rate and the natural unemployment rate (unemployment brought on by workers moving about or looking for new employment) (the total amount of unemployed).
Cyclical rate of unemployment = Actual rate of unemployment - natural rate of unemployment
Cyclical rate of unemployment = 7% - 5%
Cyclical rate of unemployment = 2%.
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the miller company earned $99,000 of revenue on account during year 1. there was no beginning balance in the accounts receivable and allowance accounts. during year 1, miller collected $70,000 of cash from its receivables accounts. the company estimates that it will be unable to collect 3% of its sales on account. what is the amount of uncollectible accounts expense that will be recognized on the year 1 income statement?
The miller company earned $99,000 of revenue on account during year 1. there was no beginning balance in the accounts receivable and allowance accounts. during year 1, miller collected $70,000 of cash from its receivables accounts. the company estimates that it will be unable to collect 3% of its sales on account. The company has 3 % of bad debts.
What are the Bad Debts?Bad debt, also known as uncollectible account holders expense, is a sum of money owed to such a creditor that is likely to go unpaid and for which the debt collector is unwilling to take activity to collect for a variety of reasons, frequently because the debtor lacks the funds to do so, for instance, because a company is going bankrupt or into liquidation.
Bad debts are those that are never longer collectible and are written off as losses or expenses. For instance, bank loans as well as purchases made on credit fall underneath the heading of bad debt.
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calculate the wacc for optimus. as a reminder, optimus is funded with 40% debt and 60% common stock; there is no preferred stock in the capital structure. the debt has an after-tax cost of 4%. use the optimus required rate of return on equity that you calculated using the capm. explain why it is appropriate for optimus to value the electrobicycle project using its wacc. compare using the wacc to using solely the cost of equity in valuing the electrobicycle project.
The wacc to using solely the cost of equity in valuing the electrobicycle project is 7.96%. Required rate of return on equity using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM)
required return on equity = risk-free rate + (beta of of stock*Market risk premium)
required return on equity = 4% + (1.10*6%) = 4% + 6.6% = 10.6%
Optimus' required rate of return on equity using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is 10.6%.
WACC (weighted average cost of capital) = weight of debt*after-tax cost of debt + weight of equity*Cost of equity
weight of debt and equity are given as: 40% debt and 60% equity.
Cost of equity is the required return on equity of 10.6% an after-tax cost of debt is given as 4%.
WACC = 0.40*4% + 0.60*10.6% = 1.6% + 6.36% = 7.96%
the WACC for Optimus is 7.96%.
Optimus should use WACC to value its Electro bicycle project because its capital structure includes more than one source of capital i.e. it includes both debt and equity.
If optimus uses solely the cost of equity in valuing the Electro bicycle project instead of WACC then there will be mismatch between cash flows from the project and discount rate. WACC is the required return for all the investors/capital providers of the project.
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inventory is reported on the . later, when the inventory is sold, it becomes . multiple choice question. balance sheet as noncurrent asset; gross profit on the income statement income statement as gross profit; cost of goods sold on the income statement income statement as in transit inventory; cost of goods sold on the balance sheet balance sheet as a current asset; cost of goods sold on the income statement
inventory is reported on the balance sheet as a current asset. Later, when the inventory is sold, it becomes the cost of goods sold on the income statement.
Inventory is a vital current asset for retailers, wholesalers, and manufacturers. Inventory comprises of goods (items, merchandise) awaiting to be offered to clients as well as a manufacturers' raw materials and work-in-process that will become completed goods. Inventory is recorded and covered a company's balance sheet at its cost.
At the point when an inventory thing is sold, the thing's cost is eliminated from inventory and the cost is accounted for on the company's pay statement as the cost of goods sold. The cost of goods sold is logically the largest cost given an account of the pay statement. At the point when the cost of goods sold is subtracted from sales, the remainder is the company's net profit.
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at the point where the benefit of another hour of work exactly equals the opportunity cost, the worker becomes indifferent between spending the next hour on
When there is a shortage of resources, there must be unavoidable trade-offs; achieving one goal more often implies achieving other goals less.
What is a resource?When we talk about resources, we're talking about all the things that are available to us that are environmentally friendly, economically viable, and culturally sustainable and that help us meet our needs and desires. Resources can be broadly categorized based on their availability into renewable and non-renewable resources. With time and evolving technology, an object might become a resource. Increased wealth, the smooth operation of a system, or improved wellbeing are only a few advantages of resource use. Resources have been produced in a variety of well-established fields of study, including economics, biology and ecology, computer science, management, and human resources, for example. These concepts are linked to those of competition, sustainability, conservation, and stewardship. Commercial or non-commercial elements that are applied within human civilization necessitate resource management and resource allocation.
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Year-end current liabilities and current expenses would be understated as a result of a failure to record which of the following adjusting entries? Accounts receivable that are uncollectible The expiration of prepaid insurance Accrued wages due and unpaid at year-end None of the above
Because of a specific event that necessitates adjusting the accounts, the expenses or revenues have not been recorded in the accounts receivable that are uncollectible.
Unearned revenue is money received by a person or business for a good or service that hasn't yet been rendered or supplied. It can be viewed as a "prepayment" for products or services that an individual or business expects to provide to the buyer at a later time. This prepayment accounts entails a duty on the part of the seller up to the good or service is delivered equal to the income earned. Since it is anticipated to be paid off within a year, this liability is listed under current liabilities.
Unearned revenue is money received by a person or business for a good or service that hasn't yet been rendered or supplied.
It appears as a liability on a company's balance sheet.
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posting a notice of unfair practices in the workplace, issuing a cease and desist order, providing back pay for lost wages, reinstating dismissed workers, and issuing an order to bargain with the union are all examples of:
The union are all examples of employees have freedom to self-organize, form, join, or aid labor unions, as well as the right to collectively bargain through their own representatives.
What are labor unions?Since the National Labor Relations Act was passed in 1935, labor unions in the US have existed as organizations that represent employees in a variety of industries. The majority of their current work is representing their members in disputes with management over alleged violations of contract terms as well as collective bargaining for their membership's pay, benefits, and working conditions. At the state and federal levels, larger trade unions frequently take part in electioneering and lobbying efforts. The AFL-CIO, founded in 1955, and the Change to Win Federation, which broke away from the AFL-CIO in 2005, are the two bigger umbrella organizations with which the majority of unions in the United States are affiliated. On behalf of employees in the US and Canada, both push for laws and policies.
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true or false: firms that pursue either related or unrelated diversification generally employ a multidivisional structure.
The following Statement "firms that pursue either related or unrelated diversification generally employ a multidivisional structure" is True.
A firm is a legal designation for a group of individuals with a particular goal who are either naturally occurring, legally created, or a combination of both. Employees of the organisation cooperate to accomplish explicitly stated objectives. There are several types of companies.
A business can be established as a legal entity with limited liability as long as its members fulfil or fail to fulfil their obligations in accordance with the publicly proclaimed incorporation or published policy. If a business shuts, it might need to be liquidated in order to discharge any outstanding debts.
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As far as this safety spanish program is concerned, what is the only day you should be shopping at wal-mart?
Answer: Tuesday.
Explanation: "Wal-Mart Tuesdays . . . Wal-MARTES, get it?"
Answer:
Explanation:
tuesday?
Say you own 5,715 shares of sanden research labs, each of which pays a yearly dividend of $14.66. how much do you receive in dividends every year? a. $83,781.90 b. $81,729.50 c. $75,865.50 d. $93,954.60 please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Take ownership of 5,715 shares in Sanden Research Laboratories, each of which is worth $14.66 per year in dividends. You receive $83,781.90 in dividend payments annually.
Which annual dividend is the best?An acceptable or at least above average dividend yield would be between 2% and 4%. And the highest-yielding perform better than that, typically between 4% and 5%.
How are yearly dividends calculated?If a corporation pays dividends on a monthly basis, the dividend per share can be calculated by multiplying the value of each payment by the number of payments made during the year (12 in this case).
Do dividends incur taxes?Ordinary and qualified dividends both fall under the same category. While qualified dividends that satisfy specific criteria are taxed at reduced capital gain rates, ordinary dividends are taxed as ordinary income.
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john brown raided the federal arsenal at harper's ferry in 1859 in order to precipitate a war between the states discredit the northern abolitionist movement obtain arms for a slave insurrection expose southern preparation for a civil war
John Brown raided the Federal Arsenal at Harper's Ferry in 1859 option c, to obtain arms for a slave insurrection.
John Brown was a staunch American Abolitionist leader. He incited a raid in Harpers Ferry against the Federal armory to supply arms for an anti-slavery revolt. The slave rebellion started by Brown is also known as the slave insurrection. He even drafted a provisional constitution which he hoped to bring forth in slavery-free America.
Brown also participated in Kansas bleeding. Brown was captured during the rebellion and tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, inciting slave inresurrection and murder of five men. He was hanged on 2 December 1859 after he was found guilty of all charges against him.
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Because services are __________, it is often difficult for marketers to convey the benefits to consumers.
Because the services are intangible, it is often difficult for the marketers to convey benefits to consumers.
What is a service?The term "services" refers to any intangible tasks or functions that a client, company, or government is ready to pay for. Consider the work done by professionals like barbers, doctors, lawyers, mechanics, banks, insurance companies, and others as examples. The funding of public services is the responsibility of the entire community (a nation-state, fiscal union, or region). Service users profit from the use of resources, knowledge, creativity, and experience by service providers. The service must be provided at the precise moment when the service is consumed. A physical thing that is separate from the provider does not represent the service. The consumer of a service and service delivery are inextricably linked.
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parker (i.e., the principal) orally asks austin (i.e., the agent) to sell a ranch that parker owns. austin finds a buyer and signs a sales contract on behalf of parker to sell the ranch. which rule applies here?
As soon as Austin finds a buyer and executes a sales contract on Parker's behalf to sell the ranch, the power of attorney rule is in effect.
What is power of attorney?A power of attorney (POA), sometimes known as a letter of attorney, is a document that grants someone the right to represent or handle another person's interests in business, legal, or other private matters (including financial and health-related matters).
The principal, grantor, or donor is the party giving the other permission to act (of the power). The agent, attorney, or, in some common law countries, the attorney-in-fact, is the one who has the power to act.
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What kind of advertisements would
company be unable to measure with standardized tests?
lisa promised to pay david $1000 if he would paint her house on saturday, and he agreed. however, he didn't listen closely to her address, and on saturday, arrived at the neighbor's house and painted it. the neighbors were on vacation out of town and didn't learn of the painting until they arrived home. when david tried to collect payment, the neighbors refused to pay. can david recover?
No David cannot recover as he did not have a contract with the neighbors but with Lisa. He also did not fulfill his part of the contract with Lisa therefore, david is not entitled to any payment.
A contract is an agreement between parties that establishes legal duties for both parties. The fundamental components necessary for the agreement to be a valid offer and acceptance, adequate consideration, capacity, and legality are: mutual assent, expressed through a contract-compliant offer, In some states, a legitimate alternative can satisfy the requirements of consideration. General damages, consequential damages, reliance damages, and specific performance are all possible compensation for contract breaches. Contracts are legal obligations that contain promises.
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(Figure 67-5: Profit Maximization in Monopolistic Competition) In panel B, the profit-maximizing price is P, and the ATC curve is tangent to the new demand curve. The portion of the ATC that lies to the right of the tangency and continues down to the intersection of MC with ATC indicates: (Critical thinking) a. that the firm is experiencing an economic loss, b. that the firm is earning an economic profit. c. overutilization d. excess capacity. e deadweight loss
The correct option are option (d) excess capacity.
In panel B, the ATC curve is tangent to the new demand curve, and P2 is the price that maximizes profit. Because in the long run under perfect competition the price is equal to the marginal cost=minimum ATC, the portion of the ATC that lies to the right of the tangency and continues down to the intersection of MC with ATC indicates excess capacity. As a result, choice (D) is correct.
What is meant by excess capacity?
A firm producing at a lower scale of output than it was intended for is said to have excess capacity. It exists when marginal cost is lower than average cost and average (unit) cost can still be decreased by producing more goods and services.
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