The step that determines rate is the one that moves most slowly in a series of non-elementary reactions.
Reaction of CO(g) with NO2(g)
CO(g) + NO2(g) ? NO(g) + CO2(g)
At low temperatures, the experimentally determined rate law expression is:
Rate = k [NO2]2
A two step reaction mechanism is suggested
Step 1 SLOW NO2(g) + NO2(g) ? NO3(g) + NO(g)
Step 2 FAST CO(g) + NO3(g) ? CO2(g) + NO2(g)
CO(g) + NO2(g) ? NO(g) + CO2(g)
The step that determines rate is the one that moves most slowly in a series of non-elementary reactions. The rate-determining step is the initial reaction since it happens slowly. We can get the rate law from this.
Additionally, because the specie is not present in the overall reaction equation, it can only be an intermediate that was created in step 1 and depleted in step 2.
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describe osmosis as a special case of diffusion. distinguish between osmotic pressure and osmotic potential.
Osmosis can be thought of as a special type of diffusion in which only the solvent (water or another liquid) travels over a semipermeable membrane. Both diffusion and osmosis are examples of processes of passive transport that work to maintain the consistency of the concentration of a solution.
What is the difference between osmotic pressure and osmotic potential?Osmotic pressure is the name given to the hydrostatic pressure that maintains equilibrium and blocks the osmotic influx of water into a solution that is highly concentrated. As a consequence of the presence of dissolved solutes, a solution has the ability to draw additional water into itself via a membrane that is only partially permeable. This property is referred to as osmotic potential.
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. Scientists have developed a theory of how the universe formed. A. What is the name of this theory? (2 points) B. What happened according to this theory? (2 points) C. What is one form of evidence used to support this theory
Scientists have developed a theory of how the universe formed called the big bang (question a), which suggests the universe is expanding (question 2) and it is based on the relative temperature/light of far way celestial bodies (question 3).
What is the big bang theory?The big bang theory is a theory used to explain the origin of the universe, which is based on data from nature and astronomical observations.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the big bang theory is based on experimental and observational data and suggest the universe is continuously expanding.
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reaction of non metal with oxygen with equation
Non metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxides. For example, SO2 , NO2 , etc. These are usually acidic in nature. This is the reason for acid rain.
Examples:
C ( s ) + O 2 ( g ) → CO 2 ( g )
H 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) → 2 H 2 O ( l )
S + O2→ SO2
Answer:
A non-metal oxide is produced when a non-metal burns in oxygen.
Explanation:
The word equation for the overall reaction is as follows:
Oxygen with non-metal result in non-metal oxide.
Non-metal + oxygen → Non-metal oxide
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, decomposes upon heating to form nitric oxide and oxygen according to the following equation: 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) At the beginning of an experiment, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in a reaction vessel was 0.1103 mol/L. After 65.0 s, the concentration decreased to 0.1076 mol/L. What is the average rate of decomposition of NO2 during this time interval, in mol/(L s)?
The average rate of decomposition of NO₂ during this time interval, in mol/ L s is - 9 × 10⁻⁵ mol/ L.s.
The information given as :
The initial concentration = 0.113 mol / L
The concentration after 60 s = 0.1076 mol/L
The reaction is given as :
2NO₂ ----> 2NO + O₂
The average rate of decomposition :
r = - d [NO₂] / dt
r = - ( [NO₂] t2 - [NO₂] t1 ) / t2 - t1
r = - (0.113 mol/L - 0.1076 mol/L) / 60 s - 0 s
r = - ( 5.4 × 10⁻³ mol/L ) / 60 s
r = - 9 × 10⁻⁵ mol/ L.s
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Show how you might synthesize this compound from an alkyl bromide and a nucleophile in an SN2 reaction.
Use the wedge/hash bond tools to indicate stereochemistry.
Only draw the reactants.
If there is more than one possible combination of alkyl bromide and nucleophile, draw only one combination.
Do not include counter-ions, e.g. Na+, I-, in your answer.
To synthesize the given compound from an alkyl bromide and a nucleophile in an SN2 reaction, you need to draw the reactants using the wedge/hash bond tools to indicate stereochemistry.
If there is more than one possible combination of alkyl bromide and nucleophile , draw only one combination. Do not include counter-ions, e. g. Na+, I-, in your answer. For example, one possible combination could be:
R-Br + Nu: → R-Nu + Br-
An alkyl bromide is a type of organic compound that contains a carbon atom bonded to a bromine atom. Alkyl bromides are classified as alkyl halides, which are compounds that contain a carbon atom bonded to a halogen atom. Alkyl bromides are commonly used in a variety of organic reactions, such as in substitution reactions, in which the carbon-bromine bond is replaced by a different group. Alkyl bromides can also be used to make alkyl sulfonates, alkyl esters, and other compounds. Alkyl bromides are generally colorless liquids or solids, and have a low boiling point.
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A metal oxide with the formula MO contains 19.66% oxygen. Type the symbol for the element represented by M.
The oxygen content of something like a metal oxide matching the composition MO is 19.66%. The element M is represented by the Zn symbol.
What are metals and an example of one?The elements with boiling and melting temperatures and glossy crystalline solids are known as metals. Metals are efficient heat and electrical conductors. Metals like iron, aluminium, nickel, silver, and tin, for instance, are utilized frequently in our daily lives.
Who made the metal?Native Metals were originally discovered and used by ancient man around 5000 BC. In the following two thousand years, up until the beginning of the Bronze Age, humankind perfected the techniques for discovering, working with, and using these local metals. Gold nuggets were frequently the simplest to locate and utilize.
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How do ions form, and how does the octet rule determine if an atom becomes a cation or an anion?
When an atom gains or loses electrons from its outermost energy shell, ions form. When an electron or electrons are lost to achieve a full duplet or octet, elements form cations. An anion is formed when an element gains an electron or more than one electron.
What do you mean by octet rule ?The octet rule refers to atoms' preference for having eight electrons in their valence shell. Atoms with fewer than eight electrons are more likely to react and form more stable compounds.
Atoms can satisfy the octet rule in one of two ways. One method is for them to share their valence electrons with other atoms. The second method is to move valence electrons from one atom to another.
Thus, When an atom gains or loses electrons from its outermost energy shell, ions form.
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A student in a lab measures a current flowing three a long loop of wire if the is no battery connected to the wire witch of the follow explained the source of the current
When a current flows through a wire over an extended period of time, heating effect takes place, meaning the temperature of the wire rises, which causes the wire's resistance to rise.
What happens if a circuit's current is allowed to run continuously for a prolonged period of time? When a current flows through a wire over an extended period of time, heating effect takes place, meaning the temperature of the wire rises, which causes the wire's resistance to rise.As a result, when the current through the electric bulb is reduced, less heat and light energy are produced.So, the brightness goes down.The light bulb will light up when a capacitor is added to a circuit that also includes a battery and a light bulb because the capacitor will first charge up and the circuit will have a nonzero current flowing through it as this charging process takes place.Due to the inclusion of a second resistor to the circuit, closing the switch reduces current.To learn more about current refer
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select the mass law(s) demonstrated by the following experimental results. experiment 1: a student heats of copper and of bromine to produce of a white compound; of bromine remains. experiment 2: a second student heats of copper and of bromine to form of a white compound; of copper remains. select all that apply: Law of multiple proportions Law of definite composition Law of mass conservation
The following experimental findings illustrate the mass laws:
1. The law of definite composition states that a compound has a definite composition if the same amounts of copper and bromine are used in both tests and the same amount of the white compound is generated.
2. Law of mass conservation: In both experiments, the amount of copper and bromine utilised is equal to the amount of white compound generated plus the amount of unreacted copper or bromine. This is known as the law of mass conservation. This demonstrates the law of mass conservation since it demonstrates that the mass of the reactants and products are equal.
3. Law of multiple proportions is not demonstrated in these experiments as only one compound is formed and the same proportion of elements is used in both experiments.
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which of the following statements are true about cations? select all that are true. they are positively charged. they are negatively charged. they are formed by removing protons from a neutral atom. they are formed by adding protons to a neutral atom. they are formed by removing electrons from a neutral atom. they are formed by adding electrons to a neutral atom.
They are positively charged and they are formed by removing electrons from a neutral atom.
A cation may be defined as an atom or molecule that is positively charged.
By shedding its single valence electron, a neutral sodium atom is likely to acquire an octet in its outermost shell.
Na→Na++e−
To distinguish it from the element, the cation created in this manner, Na+, is known as the sodium ion. The second electron shell, which contains eight electrons, is the sodium ion's outermost shell. This satisfies the octet rule.
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earth is attracted to. the sun by. the. force of. gravity. why. doesn't the earth fall into. the. sun
Answer:
because of the balance in centripetal and centrifugal forces.
Answer:
The earth's momentum, its centripetal and centrifugal forces, prevent it from falling into the sun.
Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?
A
Nitrogen assimilation
B
Nitrogen fixation
C
Photosynthesis
D
Weathering
Answer:
Explanation:
To be used by plants, the N2 must be transformed through a process called nitrogen fixation. Fixation converts nitrogen in the atmosphere into forms that plants can absorb through their root systems.
predict whether the ph of pure neutral water will increase or decrease as temperature decreases and explain your reasoning using le chatelier's principle and the thermochemical equation of the autoionization of water.
The pH of pure neutral water will increase when temperature decreases.
The formation of hydrogen or hydronium ions and hydroxide ions from neutral water proceeds via an endothermic reaction. The equilibrium reaction is written as:
H₂O ⇄ H⁺ + OH⁻
In the forward reaction heat is absorbed.
According to Le Chatelier's principle, "if we increase the temperature of the water, the equilibrium will move to lower the temperature again. It will do that by absorbing the extra heat."
This means if a change is made to the conditions of a reaction in dynamic equilibrium, the position of equilibrium will move to counter the change that we have made.
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The chemical equation below shows the reaction between carbon dioxide (CO2) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH). CO2 + 2LiOH Right arrow. Li2CO3 + H2O The molar mass CO2 is 44.01 g/mol. How many moles of LiOH are needed to react completely with 25.5 g of CO2? 0.290 moles 0.579 moles 1.16 moles 1.73 moles
As per the given reaction, 2 moles or 46 g of LiOH is needed to completely react with CO₂. Then, 25.5 g of CO₂ requires 1.16 moles of LiOH.
What is lithium hydroxide ?Lithium hydroxide is an ionic compound formed by the combination of metallic lithium and water moiety. LiOH easily reacts with carbon dioxide forms an insoluble compound lithium carbonate and water.
As per the given balanced equation of the reaction between LiOH and carbon dioxide, one mole of CO₂ reacts with 2 moles of LiOH.
molar mass of CO₂ = 44 g/mol
molar mass of LiOH = 23 g/mol
mass of 2 LiOH = 46 g.
Then, mass of LiOH needed to react with 25 .5 g of CO₂ = (25.5 × 46) /44 = 26.13 g
Number of moles in 26.13 g of LiOH = 26.13/23 = 1.16 moles.
Therefore, the number of moles of LiOH are needed to react completely with 25.5 g of CO2 is 1.16 moles.
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1. 50cm³ of 0.5 mol/dm³ NaOH solution and 50cm³ of 0.5mol/dm³ HNO3 were mixed at 20°c and stirred in a calorimeter with negligible heat capacity. The temperature of the mixture rose to 23.2°c.the density of each solution is 1.0g/cm³ and the specific heat capacity of each solution is 4.18J/K/g.calculate
i.the enthalpy for the neutralization
ii.calculate the change in enthalpy per mole of water formed
The enthalpy of neutralization is -53.6 kJ/mol
The change in enthalpy per mole of water formed is 53.6 kJ/mol.
What is the enthalpy of neutralization?We have to note that the enthalpy is the heat that have been evolved or absorbed in a reaction. We can see that in this case, the reaction involved the combination of sodium hydroxide and nitric acid.
Number of moles of the reactants = 50/1000 L * 0.5 mol/dm³
= 0.025 moles
Total mass of the reactants = 50 g + 50 g = 100 g (Since the density of the solution is 1.0g/cm³)
The heat evolved = mcdT
m = mass of the solution
dT = temperature change
c = Heat capacity of the solution
H = 100 * 4.18 * ( 23.2 - 20)
H = 1.34 kJ
The heat evolved = - ( 1.34 kJ/0.025 moles)
= -53.6 kJ/mol
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true/false. most chemicals can be cleaned up with a general spill kit, but a few chemicals require specialized spill procedures. for each substance listed, determine whether a general spill kit is sufficient or if a specialized spill kit is needed.
True, most chemicals can be cleaned up with a general spill kit, but a few chemicals require specialized spill procedures.
Weak chemicals can be cleaned up easily with general spill kits as they aren't corrosive enough to cause harm to living tissues and other non living materials such as marbles and construction units. Although, strong chemicals, like strong acids (such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid) and strong bases are corrosive in nature, and need to be cleaned using specialised spill procedures for such chemicals. They can harm living tissues on contact and can degrade the quality of inanimate substances as well. Examples of some chemicals with what type of spill kit will be used for them:-
hydrofluoric acid = special
methanol = general
acetone = general
phosphoric acid = general
mercury = special
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Which statements are true regarding acids and bases?
- Aqueous ammonia does not produce toxic vapors but ammonium hydroxide does.
- All concentrated acids require a special hood to deal with the vapors.
- Hydrogen fluoride is the safest of all the hydrogen halides.
- Nitric acid causes yellowing of the skin by denaturing proteins.
- When preparing aqueous solutions of acid, it is important to add the acid to the water to dissipate heat.
- strong acids and bases, and some weak, cause irreversible damage to living tissue
-Preparing solutions of bases can cause the water to boil.
The statements that are true regarding acids and bases are: Aqueous ammonia does not produce toxic vapors but ammonium hydroxide does. Hydrogen fluoride is the safest of all the hydrogen.
halides. Nitric acid causes yellowing of the skin by denaturing proteins. When preparing aqueous solutions of acid, it is important to add the acid to the water to dissipate heat. strong acids and bases, and some weak, cause irreversible damage to living tissue It is not always true that all concentrated acids require a special hood to deal with the vapors, it depends on the acid in question and the concentration. The statements that are true regarding acids and bases are: Aqueous ammonia does not produce toxic vapors but ammonium hydroxide does. Hydrogen fluoride is the safest of all the hydrogen. Preparing solutions of bases can cause the water to boil but also depends on the base and the concentration.
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The decomposition of HI(g) at 298 K is represented by the equilibrium equation above. When 100. torr of HI(g) is added to a previously evacuated, rigid container and allowed to reach equilibrium, the partial pressure of I2(g) is approximately 3.7 torr. If the initial pressure of HI(g) is increased to 200. torr and the process is repeated at the same temperature, which of the following correctly predicts the equilibrium partial pressure of I2(g), and why?
answer choices
PI2 ≈ 14 torr, because it is directly proportional to the square of the initial pressure of HI.
PI2 ≈ 0.073 torr, because it is inversely proportional to the square of the initial pressure of HI.
PI2 ≈ 7.4 torr, because it is directly proportional to the initial pressure of HI.
PI2 ≈ 1.9 torr, because it is inversely proportional to the initial pressure of HI.
7.4 torr for PI2. Due to its direct proportionality to the initial pressure of HIHI, PI2 7.4 torrs.
The forward and reverse reactions happen simultaneously when the system is in equilibrium. Each reactant and product are present in equal amounts once equilibrium has been attained. The relationship between the concentrations of the reactants and the products is mathematically represented by the equilibrium constant equation.
The equilibrium state is the state of a system whose attributes are constant under constant external conditions. Even after equilibrium has been reached, reactants and products continue to change, making chemical equilibria dynamic in nature. However, the reaction time for moving forward and backward is the same. Balance examples include Placed on the table was a book. a vehicle that travels at a fixed speed. a chemical process where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equivalent.
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Use the diagram below to answer the question: What element does this atom likely represent?
Lithium is the element because only lithium atom with 3 protons in this diagram.
What do you mean by an element ?An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances through physical or chemical means.
Lithium is the symbol for the element. Because lithium has three protons, it has the atomic number 3. Because lithium atoms contain either 3 or 4 neutrons, it has an atomic mass of 6.94. On the periodic table, lithium is in group 1 and has one valence electron.
Thus, Lithium is the element because only lithium atom with 3 protons in this diagram.
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The color change of the copper (II) carbonate hydroxide hydrate as it was heated can help identify the product. Use the following list of copper compounds to identify the product. CuCO_3-light green powder Cu(OH)_2-blue green powder Cu_2O-reddish brown crystals CuO-black powder
The color change of the copper (II) carbonate hydroxide hydrate will be CuCO_3-light green powder.
Copper(II) carbonate or cupric carbonate is a chemical compound having chemical formula CuCO₃. At ambient temperatures, it is an ionic solid (a salt) which is consisting of copper(II) cations Cu²⁺ as well as carbonate anions CO₂⁻³. This compound is rarely encountered because it is very difficult to prepare[2] and readily reacts with water moisture from the air.
Copper carbonate will be green colored, when heated it gives out a black solid copper oxide. C u C O ₃ → C u O + C O ₂ [ g ] Zinc carbonate will be white colored, when heated it will gives a yellow solid - zinc oxide.
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The molar mass of neon gas would be about 20.2 grams per mole. What is the molar volume of neon at STP?
The molar volume of neon gas at STP is 22.44cm³.
How to calculate molar volume?Molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of a substance (especially of a gas).
At standard temperature and pressure (STP), the molar volume is the volume occupied by one mole of a chemical element or a chemical compound. It can be calculated by dividing the molar mass (M) by mass density (ρ).
Molar density of neon gas is 0.9g/cm³
Molar volume = 20.2g/mol ÷ 0.9g/cm³
Molar volume = 22.44cm³
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please help me on my living environment homework
The great nutritional value of crickets, particularly in terms of protein, makes them an excellent dietary source.
Why should we consider adding crickets as part of your school lunches?In particular, lean protein, minerals, and vitamins are all abundant in crickets, which are a great source of these nutrients. Compared to chicken, they have a greater protein content of about 65%. In addition to having a high protein content, crickets also have chitin and other fibers that have an impact on gut health.
The primary benefit of using crickets as a food source is their high nutritional value, particularly in terms of protein.
In other words, crickets metabolize their food more effectively and need less food to produce the same amount of protein as cattle. This is known as a greater feed conversion rate. Less area will need to be set aside for the production of protein sources as a result.
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How many moles of aluminum do 4.70×1024 aluminum atoms represent?
One mole of aluminum contains 6.02 × 10²³ Al atoms or formula units. Hence, 4.70 × 10²⁴ atoms of Al contains 7.8 moles of Al.
What is one mole ?One mole of a substance is its amount containing 6.02 × 10²³ atoms or molecules. This number is called Avogadro number. One mole of every elements contains Avogadro number of atoms.
Similarly one mole of every compound contains 6.02 × 10²³ molecules. The mass of one mole of an element is called its atomic mass.
Al is 13th element in periodic table. Zn is a transition metal. One mole of Al contains 6.02 × 10²³ Al atoms . Hence number of moles of 4.70 × 10²⁴atoms is:
4.70 × 10²⁴ / 6.02 × 10²³ =7.8 moles .
Hence, there will be 7.8 moles of aluminum.
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el 188497 percent of the world's water supply is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain or to use because it is in the oceans or in the form of glaciers and ice caps. Scientists are exploring methods of conserving and protecting the rest of Earth's water supply for the growing population. According to the information provided, which of the following activities most directly affects the water supply?
Producing energy and manfacturing of the following activities most Mass directly affect the water supply
what is The definition of MassAn object's mass is determined by how much matter it has. Anything that has more substance will weigh heavier overall. For instance, because an elephant contains more stuff than a mouse does, it has a heavier mass. How much energy an object contains is not determined by its size.
What does "has mass" mean?The resistance of the body to acceleration (change in velocity) when ever a net force is employed can be measured experimentally as mass, which is equivalent to inertia. The gravitational pull of an object to other bodies is also dependent on its mass.
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when a system reaches equilibrium, the transition of individual molecules from reactants to products or products to reactants stops, and all molecules remain in the respective states they were in when equilibrium was reached. True
False
The given statement, "When a system reaches equilibrium, the transition of individual molecules from reactants to products or products to reactants stops, and all molecules remain in the respective states they were in when equilibrium was reached" is true (T) because at chemical equilibrium, all molecules to remain in their respective states.
In a chemical reaction at equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. As a result, the concentration of the reactants and products remains constant over time, meaning that the transition of individual molecules from reactants to products or vice versa stops. The state of all the molecules remains unchanged from when the system reached equilibrium, making it a state of balance between the forward and reverse reactions. The position of equilibrium can shift if the conditions of the reaction change (such as temperature, pressure or concentration), but the system will always strive to reach a new balance once again.
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8.02 x 10^20 atoms of copper to grams
Answer:
Explanation:
1
atom of
Cu
has a mass of
1.055
×
10
−
22
g
.
Explanation:
1 atom Cu
⋅
1 mol Cu
6.022
×
10
23
atoms Cu
⋅
63.546 g Cu
1 mol Cu
=
1.055
×
10
−
22
g Cu
1 atom of copper must be converted in moles to express it as a quantity that can be converted into grams (our second step).
Avogadro's Number
(
1 mole
=
6.022
×
10
23
particles
)
and the relative atomic mass of copper
(
1 mole of copper = 63.546 g
)
are the equalities required to make
A mass on a spring vibrates horizontally on a smooth level surface( see the figure). Its equation of motion is x(t)=8 sin t, where t is in seconds and x in centimeters.
a, Find the velocity and acceleration at time t.
b, Find the position, velocity, acceleration of the mass at the time t=2p/3. In what direction is it moving at that time? It is speeding up or slowing downs
a) The velocity x(t) = 8sint
The position x'(t) = 8cost
The acceleration x"(t) = -8sint
b) position, x(t) = 4√3 cm.
velocity, x'(t) = 4 cm/s
acceleration, x"(t) = -4cm/s²
a) The velocity, position and acceleration at the time t is as follows :
The velocity x(t) = 8sint
The position x'(t) = 8cost
The acceleration x"(t) = -8sint
b) The position, velocity and the acceleration of the mass at the time t = 2π / 3.
The position, x(t)=8sin(2π /3)
= 4√3 cm.
The velocity, x'(t) = 8cos(2π /3)
= 4 cm/s
The acceleration, x"(t) = 8sin(2π/3)
= -4cm/s²
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please help answer that and show step by step working
The amount of electricity is required to deposit one mole of aluminium from a solution of [tex]$\mathrm{AlCl}_3$[/tex] exists Three Faradays.
What is meant by mole?The unit of measurement used by chemists known as a mole is very significant. In the same way that having a dozen eggs implies you have twelve eggs, having a mole of anything indicates you have 602,214,076,000,000,000,000,000 of that thing. When measuring very small objects like atoms, molecules, or other particles, chemists must use moles.
In the International System of Units, a substance's amount is measured in moles, which are denoted by the sign mol. The quantity of a substance is a measurement of the number of elementary entities of a specific substance present in an object or sample.
The quantity of atoms is measured in terms of moles. Mole conversion can be done for units like grams and milligrams.
[tex]$$A l^{3+}+3 e^{-} \rightarrow A l$$[/tex]
The amount of electricity required = 3 Faraday.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C. Three Faradays,
The complete questions:
What amount of electricity is required to deposit one mole of aluminium from a solution of [tex]$\mathrm{AlCl}_3$[/tex] ?
A. One Faraday
B. One ampere
C. Three Faradays
D. Three amperes
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why do object fall toward. the. center. of the. earth
Answer:
because of the downward force called gravity
The table shows examples of two different types of rocks. Which of these bedt compares the way that these rocks are formed?
1. Granite is formed from cooled molten rock, while gneiss is formed solid rock.
2. Granite is formed from layers of compacted material, while gneiss is formed from cooled molten rock.
Granite is formed from cooled molten rock, while gneiss is formed solid rock bedt compares the way that these rocks are formed.
What is molten rocks?
Molten rocks, also known as magma, is hot, liquid rock that is found beneath the Earth's surface. It is formed when heat and pressure cause rocks to melt, releasing gas and other materials. Molten rocks can contain crystals, gas bubbles, and other materials. When molten rock reaches the Earth's surface, it is called lava. Molten rocks can be made of many different minerals, including basalt, andesite, and rhyolite.
Therefore, Granite is formed from cooled molten rock, while gneiss is formed solid rock bedt compares the way that these rocks are formed.
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