Southern Corporation has a capital structure of 40% debt and 60% common equity. This capital structure is expected not to change. The firm's tax rate is 34%. The firm can issue the following securities to finance capital investments: Debt: Capital can be raised through bank loans at a pretax cost of 7.2%. Also, bonds can be issued at a pretax cost of 6.4%. Common Stock: Retained earnings will be available for investment. In addition, new common stock can be issued at the market price of $68. Flotation costs will be $3 per share. The recent common stock dividend was $3.54. Dividends are expected to grow at 7% in the future.

Required:
What is the cost of capital if the firm uses bank loans and retained earnings?

Answers

Answer 1

Answer: 9.44%

Explanation:

Find the cost of equity using the Gordon Growth model:

Price of stock = Next dividend/ (Cost of equity - growth rate)

68 = (3.54 * 1.07) / (Cost of equity - 7%)

(Cost of equity - 7%) * 68 = 3.79

Cost of equity - 7% = 3.79 / 68

Cost of equity = 3.79 / 68 + 7%

= 12.57%

Cost of debt is the cost using bank loans of 7.2%

Cost of Capital:

= (Weight of debt * Cost of debt * (1 - tax)) + (Weight of equity * cost of equity)

= (40% * 7.2% * ( 1 - 34%)) + (60% * 12.57%)

= 9.44%


Related Questions

What are some solutions for schools to fix the problem of too much work/homework given by teachers

Answers

they could give out less homework

give out weekly packets instead of a lot of daily work

only do necessary work

do more work in class

give homework every 2 weeks

or stop giving homework all together

"The following accounts increased/(decreased) during 2020: Accounts Receivable ($12,000), Inventory $11,000, and Accounts Payable ($13,000). Prepare the cash flows from operating activities section of Bloom's 2020 statement of cash flows using the indirect method."

Answers

Solution :

The Cash flow from the operating activities

Sales revenue                                                                           $ 2,00,000

Less : Cost of goods sold                                                         $ 1,20,000

Less : operating expenses paid

(excluding depreciation, 50,000 - 21,000)                             $ 29,000

Cash generated from the operating activities                         $ 51,000

Increase in current assets liabilities

Increase in accounts receivable                                                $ 12,000

Increases in inventory                                                                $ 11,000

Increase in accounts payable                                                    $ 13,000

Cash flow from the operating activity                                       $ 41,000

At the beginning of the month, the Forming Department of Martin Manufacturing had 11,000 units in inventory, 40% complete as to materials, and 10% complete as to conversion. During the month the department started 61,000 units and transferred 63,500 units to the next manufacturing department. At the end of the month, the department had 8,500 units in inventory, 85% complete as to materials and 60% complete as to conversion. If Martin Manufacturing uses the weighted average method of process costing, compute the equivalent units for materials and conversion respectively for the Forming Department. Multiple Choice

Answers

Answer:

Materials ⇒ 70,725 units Conversion ⇒ 68,600 units

Explanation:

Using the weighted average method, the equivalent units are the Units transferred out plus the equivalent closing inventory.

Materials:

= Units transferred out + Closing equivalent units

= 63,500 + (85% * 8,500)

= 70,725 units

Conversion:

= 63,500 + (60% * 8,500)

= 68,600 units

There are two projects under consideration by the Rainbow factory. Each of the projects will require an initial investment of $35,265 and is expected to generate the following cash flows: First Year Second Year Third Year Total Alpha Project $32,000 $22,500 $4,500 $59,000 Beta Project 8,000 23,000 27,627 58,627 A. Calculate the internal rate of return on both projects. Use the IRR spreadsheet function to calculate internal rate of return. Alpha Project fill in the blank 1 68.275 % Beta Project fill in the blank 2 % B. Make a recommendation on which one to accept.

Answers

Answer:

Alpha = 42%

25%

I would accept the alpha project because it has the higher IRR

Explanation:

Internal rate of return is the discount rate that equates the after-tax cash flows from an investment to the amount invested

IRR can be calculated with a financial calculator  

Alpha

Cash flow in year 0 = $-35,265

Cash flow in year 1 = $32,000

Cash flow in year 2 = $22,500

Cash flow in year 3 =  $4,500

IRR = 42%

Beta

Cash flow in year 0 = $-35,265

Cash flow in year 1 =8,000

Cash flow in year 2 =23,000

Cash flow in year 3 =27,627

IRR = 25%

To find the IRR using a financial calculator:

1. Input the cash flow values by pressing the CF button. After inputting the value, press enter and the arrow facing a downward direction.

2. After inputting all the cash flows, press the IRR button and then press the compute button.  

Alert Security Services Co. End-of-Period Spreadsheet For the Year Ended October 31, 2019 Adjusted Trial Balance Income Statement Balance Sheet Account Title Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Dr. Cr. Cash 71 Accounts Receivable 519 Supplies 24 Prepaid Insurance 18 Land 590 Equipment 236 Accum. Depr.-Equipment 47 Accounts Payable 212 Wages Payable 24 Brenda Schultz, Capital 1,028 Brenda Schultz, Drawing 47 Fees Earned 578 Wages Expense 142 Rent Expense 71 Insurance Expense 59 Utilities Expense 41 Supplies Expense 35 Depreciation Expense 24 Miscellaneous Expense 12 1,889 1,889 Prepare the two closing entries for Alert Security Services Co. For a compound transaction, if an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank.

Answers

Answer:

Alert Security Services Co.

Closing Journal Entries:

October 31, 2019:

Debit Fees Earned $578

Credit Income Summary $578

To close the revenue account to the income summary.

October 31, 2019:

Debit Income Summary $384

Credit:

Wages Expense           $142

Rent Expense                   71

Insurance Expense         59

Utilities Expense              41

Supplies Expense           35

Depreciation Expense    24

Miscellaneous Expense  12

To close the expenses to the income summary.

Explanation:

a) Data and Calculations:

Alert Security Services Co.

End-of-Period Spreadsheet For the Year Ended October 31, 2019

                         Adjusted Trial Balance  Income Statement  Balance Sheet

Account Title                  Dr.               Cr.  Dr.                   Cr.    Dr.             Cr.

Cash                                    71                                                          71

Accounts Receivable       519                                                       519

Supplies                             24                                                         24

Prepaid Insurance              18                                                          18

Land                                590                                                       590

Equipment                      236                                                       236

Accum. Depr.-Equipment                 47                                                      47

Accounts Payable                           212                                                    212

Wages Payable                                24                                                      24

Brenda Schultz, Capital              1,028                                                 1,028

Brenda Schultz, Drawing 47                                                         47    

Fees Earned                                 578                             578

Wages Expense             142                          142

Rent Expense                   71                            71

Insurance Expense         59                           59

Utilities Expense              41                            41

Supplies Expense           35                           35

Depreciation Expense    24                           24

Miscellaneous Expense  12                            12

Total                            1,889       1,889         384               578   1,505     1,311

The 2017 balance sheet of Dream, Inc., showed current assets of $3,175 and current liabilities of $1,645. The 2018 balance sheet showed current assets of $2,920 and current liabilities of $1,620.
What was the company’s 2018 change in net working capital, or NWC?

Answers

Answer:

($230)

Explanation:

Net working capital = Current assets - Current liabilities

2017 Net working capital

= $3,175 - $1,645

= $1,530

2018 Net working capital

= $2,920 - $1,620

= $1,300

Change in net working capital

= $1,300 - $1,530

= -$230

Therefore the company's 2018 change in net working capital is ($230).

The Federal Reserve buys $30.00 million in Treasury securities. If the required reserve ratio is 20.00%, and all currency is deposited into the banking system, and banks hold excess reserves of 10%, then the maximum amount the money supply can increase is $ million. (Insert your answer in millions; if you think the answer is $30 million, just enter 30. Round your answer to two decimal places.)

Answers

Answer:

$100 million

Explanation:

Increase in the total value of checkable deposit is determined by the money multiplier

Reserves = required reserves + excess reserves

Required reserves is the percentage of deposits required of banks to keep as reserves by the central bank

Excess reserves is the difference between reserves and required reserves

Money multiplier = amount deposited / reserve requirement

$30 million / 0.2 + 0.1 = $100 million

In working with a client named Fred, you realize that he did not report income that he should have on a return. Fred reported $10,000 of income on the return but should have reported $13,500. What is Fred’s obligation going forward regarding this incident?
a) Fred must maintain records for 5 years from the year the return was filed
b) Fred must maintain records for 6 years from the year the return was filed
c) Fred must maintain records for 8 years from the year the return was filed
d) Fred must maintain records for 10 years from the year the return was filed

Answers

Answer:

b) Fred must maintain records for 6 years from the year the return was filed

Explanation:

A person that prepares tax is required by the Internal Revenue Service to keep tax returns and supporting documents for at least 3 years.

However when the tax preparer fails to report correct income amount they are required to keep records for at least the last 6 years.

The underreported income must be greater than 25% of the income.

In the given scenario the Fred reported $10,000 instead of $13,500.

The unreported amount is $3,500

Percentage not reported = (3,500 ÷ 13,500) * 100 = 25.925%

So Fred will need to keep records for the next 6 years

A worker who loses a job at a call center because business firms switch the call center to another country is an example of which type of unemployment?

Answers

Answer:

"Structural unemployment" is the right approach.

Explanation:

The terminology economists mischaracterize unemployment, which seems to be the consequences of such an absence or failure of coordination of talents as well as of opportunities, is defined as Structural unemployment.This would be caused by economic shifts that prevent jobless persons from finding opportunities throughout different firms with very high qualifications.

The expected cash balance at January 1, 2016, is $62,000. Brewster wants to maintain a cash balance at the end of each month of at least $60,000. Short-term borrowings at 1% interest per month will be used to accomplish this, if necessary. Borrowings (in multiples of $1,000) will be made at the beginning of the month in which they are needed, with interest for that month paid at the end of the month. Prepare a cash budget for the quarter ended March 31, 2016.

Answers

Answer: Check attachment

Explanation:

The cash budget for the quarter ended March 31, 2016 has been attached.

Note that in the calculation that is attached:

Cash available = Beginning cash balance + Cash receipt + Short term borrowing

Ending balance = Cash available - Total cash disbursement

Check attachment for further details and explanation.

Suppose that the Federal Reserve is conducting an expansionary monetary policy. It will _____ Treasury bills on the open market, so that the money supply will _____, interest rates will _____, planned investment spending will _____, and the AD curve will shift to the _____. sell; increase; rise; rise; left buy; increase; fall; rise; right sell; decrease; rise; fall; left buy; decrease; fall; fall; left

Answers

Answer:

buy; increase; fall; rise; right.

Explanation:

Fiscal policy in economics refers to the use of government expenditures (spending) and revenues (taxation) in order to influence macroeconomic conditions such as Aggregate Demand (AD), inflation, and employment within a country. Fiscal policy is in relation to the Keynesian macroeconomic theory by John Maynard Keynes.

A fiscal policy affects combined demand through changes in government policies, spending and taxation which eventually impacts employment and standard of living plus consumer spending and investment.

An inflationary gap, also known as the expansionary gap in economics is used to measure the difference between the gross domestic product (GDP) and the current level of real Gross Domestic Products that exists when a country's economy is guaged at a full employment rate. This eventually causes the price of goods and services to go up with a low income level.

Basically, an expansionary fiscal policy will cause the total increase in aggregate demand to be greater than the initial increase in aggregate demand due to the multiplier process.

Hence, the Fed will buy Treasury bills on the open market, so that the money supply will increase, interest rates will fall, planned investment spending will rise, and the aggregate demand (AD) curve will shift to the right.

Aggregate demand (AD) can be defined as the total quantity of output (final goods and services) that is demanded by consumers at all possible price levels in an economy at a particular time.

An aggregate demand curve gives a negative relationship between the aggregate price level for goods or services and the quantity of aggregate output demanded in an economy at a specific period of time.

Duane Miller wants to know what price home he can afford. His annual gross income is $60,000. He has no other debt expenses and expects property taxes and insurance to cost $500 per month. He knows he can get a 6%, 15 year mortgage so his mortgage payment factor is 8.43. He expects to make a 10% down payment. What is Duane's affordable home purchase price

Answers

Answer: $151,576

Explanation:

Affordable home purchase price = Affordable mortgage loan / (1 - Down payment percentage)

       Affordable mortgage loan = Affordable monthly payment * 1,000 / Factor

             Affordable monthly payment = Monthly income * 33% - Property taxes

             = (60,000 / 12) * 33% - 500

             = $1,150

       Affordable mortgage loan = 1,150 * 1,000 / 8.43

       = $136,418

Affordable home purchase price = 136,418 / ( 1 - 10%)

= $151,576

9,432 written verbal is?

Answers

Answer:

Poetry?????????????????

9,432 written in verbal is: nine thousand, four hundred and thirty-two.

On December 31, 2019, the unadjusted credit balance of the Allowance for Overvaluation of Inventories: Hope Branch ledger account in the accounting records of the home office of Farah Company was $60,000. The home office of Farah ships merchandise to the branch at a markup of 20% on billed price. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, the branch had reported a net loss (based on billed prices of merchandise shipped from home office) of $18,400 and ending inventories (all received from home office) of $132,000 at billed prices.

Required:
Prepare journal entries for the home office of Farah Company on December 31, 2019, to record the foregoing information.

Answers

Answer:

                                Journal entries

Date           Particulars                                    Debit         Credit

31, Dec 19  Investment in Branch Office     $132,000

                         To Inventories                                         $110,000

                         To Allowance for Overvaluation of        $20,000

                         Inventories

31, Dec 19    Profit and loss                          $18,400

                           To Investment in Branch Office            $18,400

31, Dec 19     Allowance for Overvaluation   $10,000

                     of Inventories

                           To Realized Gross Profit: Branch Sales  $10,000

Workings

1. Unrealized Inter-company Inventory Profit = (132,000/120) * 20 = $22,000

Shipment to Branch = 132,000 - 22,000 = $110,000

2. Unrealized Inter-company Inventory Profit = (60,000/120) * 2 = $10,000

Rachel Sells is unable to reconcile the bank balance at January 31. Rachel’s reconciliation is shown here.

Cash balance per bank $3,767.20
Add: NSF check 590.00
Less: Bank service charge 45.00
Adjusted balance per bank $4,312.20
Cash balance per books $4,065.20
Less: Deposits in transit 573.00
Add: Outstanding checks 910.00
Adjusted balance per books $4,402.20

Required:
a. What is the proper adjusted cash balance per bank?
b. What is the proper adjusted cash balance per books?
c. Prepare the adjusting journal entries necessary to determine the adjusted cash balance per books.

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

a. The proper adjusted cash balance per bank is

Cash balance per bank $3,767.20

Add: Deposits in transit 573.00

Less: Outstanding checks 910.00

Adjusted cash balance per bank $3,430.20

b. The proper adjusted cash balance per books is

Cash balance per books $4,065.20

Less: NSF check 590.00

Less: Bank service charge 45.00

Adjusted cash balance per book $3,430.20

c. The journal entries are

Account receivable Dr $590

   To cash $590

(being cash paid)

Bank service charges $45

   To cash $45

(being cash paid)

Suppose that you are in charge of hiring a new employee for your firm. You have to decide between two persons. One is a person with many years of experience in a company very similar to yours who has only a high school education. The other person is a recent university graduate with a degree in a field closely related to your company's business. Which person would you choose? Discuss.​

Answers

Answer:

The one with many years ofexperience

Explanation:

1 experience

2 knows the job

3 proven to be dependable hence the many years of experience

Which of these scenarios best describe an open account?

A: Goods are shipped to the importer with terms of remittance in 30, 60, or 90 days.
B: The exporter (seller) receives payment in advance through wire transfers, credit cards, or Internet escrow accounts, similar to PayP/al.
C: A bank commi/ts to the exporter to pay for the goods on behalf of the importer as long as the terms of the sale are met.
D: Goods are shipped to the importer/buyer for resale to other customers. Good are paid for only when the goods have been sold.

Answers

Answer:it is A

Explanation:

Just took the test. Goods are shipped to the importer with terms of remittance in 30,60, or 90 days.

Goods are shipped to the importer with positions of remittance in 30, 60, or 90 days is scenarios best describe an open account. The remittance is paid to the importer.

What is open account?

Open account is the sales transaction where the goods are delivered before the payment is due. This is beneficial for the importer, but it involves the high risk to the exporter.

It is also called account  payable by the bearer. The example of Open account is trade credit which is not fully pay off, a deferred cost schedule for an goods, a past due account.

Thus, option A is correct.

For more details about open account, click here:

https://brainly.com/question/18963524

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Tim and Tammy are updating their financial plan and are concerned that they might not have enough life insurance coverage for their family, which includes two children, ages 5 and 12. they have determined that their annual income is $60,000 and their net worth is now $150,000. What is the amount of life insurance they should carry using the Easy Method?

Answers

Answer:

the amount of the life insurance when the easy method is used is $294,000

Explanation:

The computation of the amount of the life insurance when the easy method is used is given below:

= Annual gross income × 70% × 7 times

= $60,000 × 70% × 7 times

= $294,000

Hence, the amount of the life insurance when the easy method is used is $294,000

The same is to be considered and relevant

If the buyer perceives a buyer-supplier relationship is in the desirable region on the purchaser-supplier satisfaction matrix, but there are problems, the buyer is most likely to: a. use or threaten legal action. b. sever purchases without advance notice. c. refuse to accept shipments. d. share information to find a mutual solution.

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is the option D: share information to find a mutual solution.

Explanation:

To begin with, the concept known as "Supplier Satisfaction" has long been a dead term for many companies in all the industries, however very recently the acquisition of this method has been implemeted in order to increase the benefits that it brings to understand better the relationship with the costumer. Moreover, the model itself seeks for the proper creation of a high quality relationship established in communication between the costumer and the supplier who is able to make a confortable sale and create and environment suitable for the buyer. That is why that the correct action will be to share information in order to find a mutual solution in the case where the situation is in that desirable region of the matrix.

For the month of June, Beeman Corp. estimated sales revenue at $600,000. Beeman pays sales commissions that are 4% of sales revenue. The sales manager's salary is $285,000. Additional estimated selling expenses that total 1% of sales revenue Miscellaneous selling expenses are $15,000. How much are budgeted selling expenses for the month of July, if Beeman estimates sales revenues to be $540,000

Answers

Answer: $327000

Explanation:

The budgeted selling expenses for the month of July, if Beeman estimates sales revenues to be $540,000 will be:

Sales Commission = $540000 × 4% = $21600

Add: Sales Manager Salary = $285,000

Add: Additional Selling Expense = $540000 × 1% = $5,400

Add: Miscellaneous Selling Expense = $15,000

Therefore, Buedgeted Selling Expense = $327000

A company making tires for bikes is concerned about the exact width of its cyclocross tires. The company has a lower specification limit of 22.8 mm and an upper specification limit of 23.3 mm. The standard deviation is 0.14 mm and the mean is 23.1 mm. What is the process capability index for the process?

Answers

Answer:

the process capability index for the process is 0.4761

Explanation:

The computation of the process capability index for the process is shown below:

= minimum of [(23.3-23.1) ÷ (3 × 0.14),(23.1 - 22.8) ÷ (3 × 0.14)]

= minimum of (0.4761, 0.7142)

= 0.4761

Hence, the process capability index for the process is 0.4761

The same should be considered and relevant  

What does job title mean on a work application?

Answers

Answer:

The position or name for the job or thing a employee is doing.

Examples:

Administrative Assistant

Receptionist

Office Manager

Auditing Clerk

Bookkeeper

Account Executive

Branch Manager

Business Manager

Team Leader

Manager

Assistant Manager

Executive

Director

Coordinator

Administrator

Controller

Officer

Organizer

Supervisor

Superintendent

Hope this helps!!

define customer satisfaction​

Answers

Answer:

Customer satisfaction is a term frequently used in marketing. It is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation.

Explanation:

~hope this helps

The probability of the economy booming is 10 percent, while it is 60 percent for being normal, and 30 percent for being recessionary. A stock is expected to return 16 percent in a boom, 11 percent in a normal economy, and lose 8 percent in a recession. What is the standard deviation of the returns?

Answers

Answer:

9.15%

Explanation:

Expected return = Respective return * Respective probability

Expected return = (0.1*16) + (0.6*11) + (0.3*-8)

Expected return = 5.8%

Probability        Return        Probability*(Return-Expected Return)^2

0.1                         16                   [0.1*(16-5.8)^2] = 10.404

0.6                        11                    [0.6*(11-5.8)^2] = 16.224

0.3                       -8                     [0.3*(-8-5.8)^2] = 57.132

                            Total =                                         83.76%

Standard deviation = [Total probability*(Return-Expected Return)^2/Total probability]^(1/2)

Standard deviation = (83.76)^(1/2)

Standard deviation = 9.15204895092%

Standard deviation = 9.15%

You are responsible for putting together a presentation for an art gallery. The presentation must be simple: a page to introduce the name of the gallery followed by slides containing images of the art. Each slide should contain one image and a caption with the artist’s name and title of the piece. Which slide layout should you use for the images?

title only

comparison

content with caption

picture with caption

Answers

Answer:

D. Picture with caption is the answer

Explanation:

The net income reported on the income statement for the current year was $93,700. Depreciation recorded on store equipment for the year amounted to $31,200. Balances of the current asset and current liability accounts at the beginning and end of the year are as follows:

End of Year Beginning of Year
Cash $24,100 $19,700
Accounts receivable (net) 65,000 56,000
Inventories 47,200 50,000
Prepaid expenses 3,250 8,000
Accounts payable (merchandise creditors) 23,400 17,200
Wages payable 5,300 6,400

Required:
a. Prepare the "Cash flows from operating activities" section of the statement of cash flows, using the indirect method.
b. Compute the increases and decreases in the current asset/liability accounts over the period. Determine what affect these changes would have on cash.

Answers

Answer and Explanation:

a. The preparation is presented below:

Cash flows from operating activities:  

Net income $93,700.00  

Adjustments made  

Depreciation $31,200.00  

Changes in current operating assets and liabilities:  

Increase in accounts receivable $(9,000.00) ($65,000 - $56,000)

Decrease in inventories $2,800.00 ($47,200 - $50,000)

Decrease in prepaid expenses $4,750.00 ($3,250 - $8,000)

Increase in accounts payable $ 6,200.00 ($23,400 - $17,200)

Decrease in wages payable $(1,100.00) ($5,300 - $6,400)

Net cash flow from operating activities $128,550.00

b.

If there is decrease in the current liabilities and increased in current assets so both can be deducted here the cash is decreased and if this case is opposite so it would be added to the net income here the cash is increased

You have $20 to spend. You want to buy a new bike helmet because your old one is
damaged. You also want to buy a new CD. However, you can only afford one of them. How
would you decide which item to buy?

Answers

Answer: I would buy the bike helmet.

Explanation:

The bike helmet is needed, but the CD is only wanted. Therefore, it would be smarter to buy the bike helmet and invest in buying the CD later.

Autonomous consumption is defined as: Group of answer choices the level of consumption that depends only on the exchange rate. the consumption expenditures incurred by the government. the level of consumption that does not depend on income. an equilibrium condition that needs to be met for the aggregate expenditure model to work. the part of consumption that is related to investment.

Answers

Answer:

the level of consumption that does not depend on income.

Explanation:

Autonomous consumption means that the expenditures that should be incurred at the time also when the consumer has no income. Like food, shelter, heathcare, etc are needed for survival even in the case when the person has no money

So according to the given situation, it is consumption level which does not based upon the income

Hence, the third option is correct

A manufacturing company can make 100 units of a necessary component part with the following costs: Direct Materials $120,000 Direct Labor 25,000 Variable Overhead 45,000 Fixed Overhead 20,000 If the manufacturing company can purchase the component externally for $190,000 and $5,000 of the fixed costs can be avoided, what is the correct make-or-buy decision

Answers

Answer: See explanation

Explanation:

Based on the information given, the relevant cost to make will be:

Direct Materials = $120,000

Add: Direct Labor = $25,000

Add: Variable Overhead = $45,000

Add: Fixed Overhead = $5,000

Relevant cost to make = $195,000

The relevant cost to buy is $190,000.

Therefore, the cost to buy is less as there'll be a net operating Income increase of $5000.

Mars, Inc. follows IFRS for its external financial reporting, while Jerome Company uses GAAP for its external financial reporting. During the year ended December 31, 2021, both companies changed from using the completed-contract method of revenue recognition for long-term construction contracts to the percentage-of-completion method. Both companies experienced an indirect effect, related to increased profit-sharing payments in 2021, of $30,000. As a result of this change, how much expense related to the profit-sharing payment must be recognized by each company on the income statement for the year ended December 31, 2021

Answers

Answer:

Mars, Inc (IFRS) and Jerome Company (GAAP) for External Reporting

Change from completed-contract method of revenue recognition for long-term construction contracts to the percentage-of-completion method.

                                               Mars, Inc    Jerome Company

Expenses to be recognized        $0                $30,000

Explanation:

GAAP and IFRS previously recognized two methods for accounting for long-term construction contracts: the completed contract method and the percentage of completion method.  GAAP allowed for an adjustment to be made to the income as a result of a change in method for unrecognized expenses in the previous period, whereas IFRS did not allow such an adjustment.  However, the harmonized revenue standards under GAAP ASC 606 and IFRS 15 now stress the performance obligations that have been met under any contract as the standard criteria to measure revenue recognition.

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