The amount of heat released or absorbed when a chemical reaction occurs at constant pressure is referred to as enthalpy change. An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction or physical change that produces heat. Heat is produced as a byproduct of the reaction.
(d) Around 560°C, the reaction becomes spontaneous. 13-36. The process entropy change: 2 H(g) H2(g) is -98.74 J/mol-K. The H2 molecule has an enthalpy of atom combination of 435 kJ/mol. As a result, this is a redox reaction. However, there is no change in the oxidation state of the reactants in the other reactions listed in the options. As a result, those are not redox reactions. The correct answer is option A, which is $H 2 + Br 2xrightarrow2HBr$.
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was temperature perfectly constant during your test while the water was melting and while it was boiling? explain why or why not.
Because heat is continuously used by the process of altering a substance's state by defeating the forces of attraction between the particles, the temperature of a substance stays constant at its melting and boiling points until all of it melts or boils.
The energy that is given during a change in the state of matter is used to alter the binding energies rather than boost the kinetic energy of the molecules. As a result, the temperature doesn't change. Even when heat is continuously applied, a substance's temperature doesn't change while melting or boiling because the heat is used up to change the state of the substance by dissolving the intermolecular force of attraction. Intermolecular force is the force of attraction that unites two atoms or molecules to form a molecule or other substance. In essence, nature is attractive. It also works between atoms and ions. For matter that is solid, liquid, or gaseous, the intermolecular force differs.
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Be sure to answer all parts.
Select the elements and compounds from the following lists that are gases at room temperature.
Elements
Cl
P
He
Br
F
S
Kr
O
Ge
Compounds
N2O
CO2
LiH
MgS
CaF2
AlCl3
HCl
SiO2
LiBr
The elements F and N are gases at room temperature. Both exists as diatomic gases (N2, F2), the compounds, only CO2 and N2O are gases, others are solid at room temperature.
What is gas?
A sample of matter that develops a uniform density inside a container and conforms to the shape of the container it is held in, despite gravity and regardless of the volume of the container in which it is held.
What is room temperature?
A temperature range that is comfortable for residence by humans is referred to as "room temperature." A person wearing typical attire experiences neither heat nor cold in this temperature range. When utilizing absolute temperature, it is also possible to use 300 K, or 27 o C, as the standard room temperature in science.
The elements F and N are gases at room temperature. Both exists as diatomic gases (N2, F2).
He, Xe and Kr are noble gases, they are monatomic and are gases in room temperature.
Among the compounds, only CO2 and N2O are gases, others are solid at room temperature.
Therefore, the elements F and N are gases at room temperature. Both exists as diatomic gases (N2, F2), the compounds, only CO2 and N2O are gases, others are solid at room temperature.
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Which gas is most likely to depart from the assumption of the kinetic-molecular theory that says there are no attractive or repulsive forces between molecules?.
SF₆ is the gas, that is most likely to depart from the assumption of the kinetic-molecular theory that says there are no attractive or repulsive forces between molecules.
What is Kinetic- molecular theory?
The assumption that matter is made up of microscopic particles that are always in motion forms the foundation of the kinetic-molecular theory, which explains the states of matter. The observable characteristics and behaviours of solids, liquids, and gases are explained by this theory. The theory specifically pertains to the ideal gas model of a gas. An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose behaviour exactly matches all of the kinetic-molecular theory's presumptions.
What are molecules?
The smallest component of a substance possesses both its chemical and physical characteristics. One or more atoms make up molecules. They may have the same atoms or different atoms if they have more than one (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom).
Hence, SF₆ is the gas, that is most likely to depart from the assumption of the kinetic-molecular theory.
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loss of chloride ion from 1-(chloromethyl)-4-methylcyclopentene (5) produces an allylic carbocation that has two resonance structures. complete one of these resonance structures by dragging bonds, electrons and charges to the appropriate locations.
After dragging the chlorine atom from number one carbon atom to the second one, it would be 2-cloromethyl-4-cylcopentane.
As chloride ions are larger in size than fluoride ions, oxide ions and most of cations of the metallic elements, it is difficult for them to migrate easily in solids. However, some chloride ion conductors are known although their conductivity is low compared to that of fluoride ion conductors.
SnCl2 shows higher chloride ion conductivity than a PbCl2-based conductor, but it is chemically unstable in the atmosphere.
As per the given condition we have to replace the chlorine from number one atom to the second atom in order to get the resonance structure.
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which of the following is a polyatomic ion? select one: a. iron (ii) ion b. hydroxide ion c. chloride ion d. magnesium ion
The polyatomic ion out of the given options is hydroxide ion that consists of two atoms.
Polyatomic ions are the one that are composed of two or more than two atoms/elements.
The formula for Iron (II) ion is Fe2+.
The formula for Chloride ion is Cl-.
The formula for magnesium ion is Mg2+.
The formula for hydroxide ion is OH-.
In hydroxide ion, there are two atoms i.e., one hydrogen and one oxygen atom. Therefore, it is considered as a polyatomic ion.
Thus, option b is the correct choice.
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a sample of gas is heated steadily in a closed rigid container. which of the following correctly describes the result? multiple choice question. the pressure in the container will increase. the pressure in the container will decrease. the volume of the gas will decrease. the volume of the gas will increase.
a) the pressure in the container will increase when a sample of gas is heated steadily in a closed rigid container.
Both the kinetic energy and the gas pressure will rise as a result. Typically, a rise in temperature will result in a rise in volume. The volume of the container cannot rise since the gas is contained inside a rigid container.
By definition, an increase in temperature results in an increase in kinetic energy. The gas's molecules will travel more quickly as a result of the increase in kinetic energy. The molecules smash more forcefully with one another as they move more quickly. Pressure will rise as a result of these encounters.
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at a certain concentration of h2 and i2, the initial rate of reaction is 98.0 m / s. what would the initial rate of the reaction be if the concentration of h2 were doubled? be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
Learn the concentration and beginning rate in order to determine the correct number of significant digits. The starting rate of reaction is 98.0 m/s at a specific concentration of h2 and i2.
What, using an example, is concentration?
1) Percent Concentration:
The amount of solute that completely dissolves in 100 g of solvent. We know that there are 20 g of solute in 100 g of solution if the solution's concentration is 20 percent. Example: The solution is made by combining 10 g of salt with 70 g of water. Find the solution's concentration using mass percent.
What would you say about concentration?
The amount of solute contained in a specific amount of solution is the substance's concentration. Typically, concentrations are described in terms of molarity, which is the number of
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explain why there is no minus sign in this equation for heat (unlike the equation for work). (think in terms of microscopic definition of entropy.)
Entropy generation cannot be negative, but entropy change can be for a system or its surroundings.
Can entropy be negative?The total entropy is negative if the amount of heat released exceeds the amount of heat absorbed. As a result, total entropy can be negative, and a reaction loses its spontaneity in this case.
What occurs when the entropy is negative?When the entropy changes negatively, it means that an isolated system's disorder has diminished. Because liquid particles are more disordered than solid particles, the reaction that turns liquid water into ice, for instance, represents an isolated decrease in entropy.
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convert the following potentials. the ag | agcl and calomel reference electrodes are saturated with kcl. (a) 0.523 v versus s.h.e. ? versus ag | agcl (b) 0.111 v versus ag | agcl ? versus s.h.e. (c) 0.222 v versus s.c.e. ? versus s.h.e. (d) 0.023 v versus ag | agcl ? versus s.c.e. (e) 0.023 v versus s.c.e. ? versus ag | agcl
the ag | agcl and calomel reference electrodes are saturated with kcl.
a) +0.326 V vs Ag/AgCl for 0.523 V vs Ag/AgCl
+0.523- 0.197= 0.326
e) 0.021 V vs Ag/AgCl
+0.218-0.197= 0.0021
Calomel reference electrode is a salt electrode that is readily soluble in metals. It serves as a supplemental reference electrode to ascertain the electrode's standard potentials. Construction: The electrode is made of a glass tube with a bent side tube and another side tube, designated B.
Using a platinum wire contained in a glass tube and submerged in a layer of mercury, an external electrical contact is created. A salt bridge and the side tube come into touch electrically. The calomel electrode can act as either an anode or a cathode depending on the makeup of the other electrodes in the cell.
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Which gas law can be used to calculate the pressure of hydrogen gas collected over water.
High pressure from hydrogen gas gathered over water can be calculated using Dalton's Principle of Partial Pressures.
Describe hydrogen.The chemical element hydrogen is represented by the letter H and atomic radius 1. The lightest element is hydrogen. Under normal circumstances, hydrogen is a gas made up of diatomic molecules with the formula H 2. It is non-toxic, tasteless, colorless, odorless, and extremely flammable.
Why is hydrogen essential?Hydrogen may be utilized to heat both homes and places of business in addition to powering vehicles and producing electricity. To reach net zero, it will be crucial to reduce our carbon emissions significantly. The handling and usage of hydrogen is safer than that of the current fuels due to a number of its characteristics. For instance, hydrogen is not poisonous.
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consider neutralization of milk of magnesia (solid magnesium hydroxide) with hydrochloric acid. what volume of 5.00 m hydrochloric acid(aq) is required for complete reaction with 5.83 g solid magnesium hydroxide (molar mass
Magnesium hydroxide, or Mg(OH)2, is a milky white suspension that is used as an antacid and laxative. Mg(OH)2 is only weakly soluble in water. When 6N HCl is added, some of the OH- ions in the solution are removed, shifting the equilibrium to the right and allowing more Mg(OH)2 to dissolve.
This is a double displacement reaction, which is another name for a neutralization reaction. It is neutralization because a base, magnesium hydroxide, has been added to an acid, HCl. The end results are salt (MgCl2) and water.
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solute s has a distribution constant of 4.44.4 between water (phase 1) and hexane (phase 2). calculate the concentration of solute s in hexane
The concentration of solute s in hexane is 11.62.
Given
Partifion coefficient [tex]$=4 \cdot 4$[/tex]
[tex]$$\begin{aligned}\text { Partition coebbicient } & =\frac{[\text { Shexane }]}{[\text { Swak] }]} \\4 . 4 & =\frac{[\text { Sherate }]}{0.024} \\{[\text { Snewane }] } & =4.4 \times 0.024 \mathrm{~m} \\& =0.1056 \mathrm{~m} \\& =0.10 \mathrm{~m}\end{aligned}$$[/tex]
[tex]\begin{aligned}& \text { Partition coetficient }=\frac{\frac{\text { moles }}{\text { volune }} \text { of } \sin \text { Lexane }}{\frac{\text { moles }}{\text { vilum }} \text { ob } s \text { in }} \\& 4.4=\frac{\frac{\text { mol sherake }}{24.0 \mathrm{~mL}}}{\frac{\text { molwater. }}{65.0 \mathrm{~mL}}} \\& \frac{\text { mol S hexare }}{\text { mol } S_{\text {watex }}}=\frac{4.4 \times 84.0 \mathrm{~mL}}{65.0 \mathrm{~mL}} \\& =1.624 \\& =11.62 \\&\end{aligned}[/tex]
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Helium atoms do not combine to form he2 molecules, yet he atoms do attract one another weakly through.
Helium atoms do not combine to form he2 molecules, yet he atoms do attract one another weakly through dispersion forces.
The weakest intermolecular force is called the dispersion force. When the electrons in two nearby atoms occupy positions that cause the atoms to temporarily form dipoles, the resulting temporary attractive force is known as the London dispersion force. An induced dipole-induced dipole attraction is another name for this force. The attractive forces known as London forces are what cause nonpolar substances to condense into liquids and to freeze into solids when the temperature is sufficiently lowered.
An atom or molecule can produce an instantaneous (temporary) dipole when its electrons are dispersed asymmetrically around the nucleus due to the electrons' constant motion.
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a sample of h2 gas (2.0 l) at 3.5 atm was combined with 1.5 l of n2 gas at 2.6 atm pressure at a constant temperature of 25°c into a 7.0 l flask. the total pressure in the flask is _____ atm.
The total pressure in the flask is 1.6 atm.
given that :
pressure H₂ = 3.5 atm
volume H₂ = 2 L
pressure N₂ = 2.6 atm
volume N₂ = 1.5 L
Total volume = 7 L
total pressure = ?
the formula i give as :
PH₂ V H₂ + PN₂ VN₂ = P total V total
Pressure total = (PH₂ V H₂ + PN₂ VN₂) V total
= ( 3.5 × 2 + 2.6 × 1.5 ) / 7
= 1.6 atm
Thus, a sample of H₂ gas (2.0 l) at 3.5 atm was combined with 1.5 l of N₂ gas at 2.6 atm pressure at a constant temperature of 25°c into a 7.0 l flask. the total pressure in the flask is 1.6 atm.
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when 10.58g h2react by the following balanced equation, 32.8g h2o are formed. what is the percent yield of the reaction?
The Percent yield is 65.7%.
As per the reaction:
2H2(g)+O2(g)→2H2O(g)
This translates to two moles of hydrogen generating two moles of water, resulting in an excess of oxygen.
What is percent yeild?
The percentage yield indicates how much product is produced in relation to the maximum mass that may be produced. A reaction's atom economy indicates the proportion of atoms in the reactants that go into producing the intended result.
To determine the percent yield, we must first determine the theoretical yield. We can calculate percent yield as 100 times the difference between actual yield and theoretical yield using both theoretical and percent yield (32.8g H2O).
Theoretical yiled:
5.58g H₂ₓ (1 mol/2.016g) = 2.768 moes H₂
As 2 moles of H₂ produce 2 moles of H₂O, if all hydrogen react will produce 2.768 moles H₂O.
In grams: 2.768 moles H₂O×(18.015g/mol) = 49.86g H₂O
Hence, theoretical yield = 49.86g H₂O
Percent yield:
Percent yield = Actual yield/Theretical yieldₓ100
= 32.8g H₂O/49.86g × 100
= 65.7%
Therefore, Percent yield is 65.7%.
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A 2. 50-L volume of hydrogen meaured at –196 °C i warmed to 100 °C. Calculate the volume of the ga at the higher temperature, auming no change in preure
Considering no change of pressure, the size of the gas at the high temp is 12.09L.
What occurs when the pressure varies?The equilibrium will move to the side where there are less moles of gas as pressure rises. The equilibrium will move toward the reactants side where there are more gas molecules when the pressure is reduced.
Briefing :
To solve this we assume that the hydrogen gas is an ideal gas. Then, we can use the ideal gas equation which is expressed as PV = nRT. At a constant pressure and number of moles of the gas the ratio T/V is equal to some constant. At another set of condition of temperature, the constant is still the same. Calculations are as follows:
T1 / V1 = T2 / V2
V2 = T2 x V1 / T1
V2 = (100 + 273.15) K x 2.50 L / (-196 + 273.15) K
V2 = 12.09 L
Therefore, the volume would increase to 12.09 L as the temperature is increased to 100 degrees Celsius.
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assuming that the total pressure of the gases is 1.52 atmatm and that their mole ratio is 94:4.0:1.5:0.50, calculate the partial pressure (in atmospheres) of each gas.
Our mole ratio is 94: 4.0: 1.5: 0.50.
This suggests that there are 94 + 4.0 + 1.5 + 0.50 = 100 moles of natural gas in total.
Consider the formula: partial pressure = mole fraction * total pressure.
In the case of CH4, 94/100 * 1.48 atm = 1.39 atm
C2H6: 4/100 * 1.48 atm = 0.0592 atm
C3H8: 1.5/100 * 1.48 atm = 0.0222 atm
For C4H10, multiply 0.5/100 by 1.48 atm to get 0.0074 atm.
What exactly is a mole fraction?the proportion between the moles with one component in a fluid or other combination and the total moles of all the components.
How is the mole fraction determined?By dividing the total amount of moles of all the elements in a solution by the number of moles within one component in a solution, the molar ratio can be computed. It should be noted that the mole fractions of each component in the solution added up should equal one.
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I understand the question you are looking for is :
Natural gas is a mixture of many substances, primarily CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and C4H10. Assuming that the total pressure of the gases is 1.48 atm and that their mole ratio is 94 : 4.0 : 1.5 : 0.50, calculate the partial pressure in atmospheres of each gas.
3. plating 1.0 ml of a sample diluted by a factor of 10-3 produced 43 colonies. what was the original concentration in the sample?
The original concentration in the sample is 4.3 × [tex]10^{4}[/tex] CFU/mL.
What is colony forming unit?
Colony forming units, or CFUs, are frequently used to calculate the number of microorganisms present in a test sample. A CFU/ml result can be obtained by multiplying the number of visible colonies (CFU) present on an agar plate by the dilution factor.
Given:
CFU in 1.0mL of [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] dilution is 43.
Total CFU in original sample = [tex]\frac{Plate count}{Dilution factor}[/tex]
= [tex]\frac{43}{10^{-3} }[/tex] = 43000
S0, 1 mL of the original sample = 4.3 × [tex]10^{4}[/tex] CFU.
we know, cell density of the sample = no. of cells per mL of solution.
= 4.3 × [tex]10^{4}[/tex] CFU/mL.
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4. The melting of candle wax is classified as a physical change because it:
a. produces no new substances
b. transfers energy
c. absorbs heat
d. changes the chemical properties of wax
The half-life of potassium-42 is approximately 12 hours. How long will it take for the radiation level of potassium-42 to drop to 1/16 of its original level?.
As a result, it will take 48 hours for potassium-42 radiation levels to drop to 1/16 of their initial levels.
What is radiation level?The average annual radiation exposure per person in the United States is 6.2 millisieverts (620 millirem), according to the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). These average dose's sources are depicted in the pie chart below. The average annual radiation exposure per person in the United States is 6.2 millisieverts (620 millirem), according to the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). These average dose's sources are depicted in the pie chart below. The primary source of exposure for the majority of people is naturally occurring background radiation. Although they can exceed 50 mSv/yr, they normally fall between 1.5 and 3.5 millisievert per year.
What radiation level is safe for humans?As low as reasonably possible, but not more than 5,000 millirems. It is advised that the total lifetime exposure not exceed the age times 1,000 millirems. The annual occupational limit for minors under 18 who are exposed to radiation is 500.
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in the electrolysis of water, how long will it take to produce 9.37 mol h2 in an electrolytic cell through which the current is 74.0 ma?
The total time is =405,189.19 h.
What is time?
Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, to the future. It is the measure in which events can be sequenced, and compared to the events of the past and future. Time is a fundamental quantity that is used to sequence events and to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them. Time is usually divided into units such as seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years, and can be further divided into smaller increments such as milliseconds, microseconds and nanoseconds.
The reaction is
2H+(aq)+2e−→H2(g)
To produce 1 mole of hydrogen, 2 moles of electrons are necessary
So to produce 1 mole of hydrogen, 96000×2C are needed.
Number of moles hydrogen =9.37mol
Quantitity of electricity is
Q=9.37⋅2⋅96000C=1799040C
The current is I=74⋅10−3A
Q=It
The time is
t=Q/I=1799040⋅0 /74 x 10−3s = 24,311,351.4 s= 405,189.19 h
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how much mno2(s)mno2(s) should be added to excess hcl(aq)hcl(aq) to obtain 205 ml cl2(g)205 ml cl2(g) at 25 °c and 785 torr785 torr ?
The mass of manganese required is 0.918 g.
What is chemical equation?
Chemical equations are symbols but also chemical formulas that represent a chemical reaction symbolically. With a plus sign separating the entities in the reactants and the products and an arrow pointing in the direction of the products to indicate the direction of the reaction, the reactant entities have been given on the left as well as the product entities on the right. Chemical formulas can be mixed, structural (represented by pictures), or both. The absolute values of a stoichiometric numbers are shown as coefficients alongside the symbols and formulas of the various entities. Jean Beguin drew the first chemical equation in 1615.
Start with a balanced equation.
MnO₂(s) + 4HCl(aq) --> 2H₂O(l) + Cl₂(g) + MnCl₂(aq)
Calculate the moles of Cl₂ in 385 mL under the conditions given, using the ideal gas law.
PV = nRT
Known and Unknown
P = 785 Torr
V = 250 mL × 1 L/1000 mL = 0.250 L
n = ? mol
R = 62.364 L•Torr/K•mol
T = 25 °C + 273 = 298 K
Solve for n.
n = PV/RT
n = (785 Torr × 0.250 L)/(62.364 L•Torr/K•mol × 298 K) = 0.01056 mol Cl₂
Calculate the moles of MnO₂ required to produce 0.01056 mol Cl₂ in excess HCl, using the mole ratio between MnO₂ and Cl₂.
Since the mole ratio between MnO₂ and Cl₂ is 1:1, 0.01056 mol Cl₂ is produced by 0.01056 mol MnO₂.
Calculate the mass of MnO₂ in 0.01056 mol.
mass (m) = moles (n)/molar mass (M)
M(MnO₂) = 54.938 g/mol Mn + (2 × 15.999 g/mol O) = 86.936 g/mol MnO₂
m(MnO₂) = 0.01056 mol × 86.936 g/mol = 0.918 g Cl₂
The mass of manganese required to react with excess HCl to produce 0.01056 mol Cl₂ is 0.918 g.
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Equal volumes of 0.2 M solutions of lead (II) nitrate and potassium bromide are combined to form lead (11) bromide as a yellow precipitate. Which of the following is the correct net ionic equation for the reaction? (A) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2Br. (aq) → PbBra(s) (B) K. (aq) + NO3- (aq) → KNO3 (s) (C) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) + 2K+ (aq) + 2Br. (aq) → PbBr2(s) + 2K+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) (D) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KBr (aq) → PbBr2 (s) + 2KNO, (aq)
Pb+2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) ------ PbBr(s) (option A) is the net ionic equation for the reaction of equal volumes of 0.2 M lead(II) nitrate solutions and potassium bromide for the formation of lead(11) bromide as a yellow precipitate.
Determination of the net ionic equationTo determine the net ionic equation, we start from the balanced equation
Lead Nitrate + Potassium Bromide ------ Lead Nitrate + Potassium Bromide
Balanced equationPbNO3 (aq) + KBr (aq) → PbBr (s) + KNO3 (aq)
Complete ionic equationPbNO3 (aq) + KBr (aq) → PbBr (s) + KNO3- (aq)
Pb+2(aq) + NO3-(aq)+K+(aq)+Br-(aq) ----- K+(aq)+NO3-(aq)+PbBr (S)
Net ionic equationPb+2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) ------ PbBr(s)
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jacob carelessly added only 40.0ml (instead of the recommended 50.0ml) of 1.1 m hcl to the 50.0ml of1.0 m naoh. explain the consequence of the error.
The combined masses of the acid and base, the enthalpy change would be less than anticipated.
What is pH?
An aqueous solution's pH indicates how basic or acidic it is; a pH of 7 or less indicates that the solution is basic. 7 is regarded as the neutral pH. The pH scale typically ranges from 0 to 14, though extremely strong acids and bases may have pH values that are higher than 14.
As 50 ml of HCl are needed to make 50 ml of NaOH, but Jacob only added 40 ml, all the H+ ions are consumed, and this limiting reactant is what prevents the production of the desired product.
[tex]NaOH + HCl - > NaCl + H2O[/tex]
Instead of NaOH, HCl would act as the limiting reactant. This error would result in fewer product. Due to the volume shift, this would also have an impact on the pH levels of the solution. Additionally, by reducing the combined masses of the acid and base, the enthalpy change would be less than anticipated.
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a student needs to prepare 50.0 ml of a 1.00 m aqueous h2o2 solution. calculate the volume of 5.1 m h2o2 stock solution that should be used to prepare the solution.
The volume of 5.1 m H₂O₂ stock solution that should be used to prepare the solution is 9.80 ml.
Dilution is defined as the process in which the concentration of a sample is decreased by adding more solvent. The dilution formula is given below.
C₁V₁ = C₂V₂
where C₁ = initial concentration of sample = 5.1 m
V₁ = initial volume of sample
C₂ = final concentration after dilution = 1.00 m
V₂ = total final volume after dilution = 50.0 ml
Plug in the values to the formula and solve for the volume of the solution needed.
V₁ = C₂V₂/C₁
V₁ = (1.00 m)(50.0 ml)/(5.1 m)
V₁ = 9.80ml
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what is the significance of carbon in forming the basis of the four classes of biologically important organic molecules
The ability of carbon to establish stable bonds with numerous elements, including itself, is the cause. Due to this characteristic, carbon can take the form of a vast range of very massive and complicated compounds.
What uses does carbon serve?Coal, toxic gases, and crude oil are all utilized as fuels gasoline. It is used to create a variety of products, including plastic and steel alloys combination carbon or iron. Even black ink in printers and painting is produced with it.
Why is carbon essential to life and what does it do?Without carbon, life on the planet would not be conceivable. This is partly caused by the ease with which carbon can establish bonds to other atoms, providing flexibility.
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_______________ is a food preservation process that exposes food to radiation energy, preventing microbial growth.A. Food ionizationB. PasteurizationC. Food irradiationD. Sterilization
C. Food Irradiation
Explanation:
b) why is the methyl group in toluene an ortho/para director? explain, using the reaction mechanism and drawings to support your answer. add an electrophile (you can use e ) to the ortho, meta, or para position,and compare the stabilities of the competing carbocation intermediates (the three possible sigma complexes).
The methyl group is toluene is not on meta position. The methyl group is electron releasing group.
In case of toluene, the methyl group connected to the ring, will increase the electron density at ortho and para positions via way of means of resonance with out converting some thing on the meta position. Thus the attacking reagent at once assaults on the electron wealthy site , accordingly the methyl institution is ortho directing. you may effortlessly apprehend the motion of electrons via way of means of following the route of arrows in structures. There isn't any shape wherein the electrons may be visible on meta position.
The resonating structures of toluene is attached below.
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If exactly one molecule of solute is present in 1. 00 l of solution, what is the concentration of the solution?.
Answer:
1.66x10^-24 M
Explanation:
By definition, 1 mole = 6.02x10^23 particles, or molecules, in this case. Use this relationship as a conversion factor:
((1 mole)/(6.02x10^23 molecules))
Use this conversion factor to calculate moles of the solute when only 1 molecule is present:
(1 molecule)/((1 mole)/(6.02x10^23 molecules)) = 1.66x10^-24 moles
The molecules cancel, leaving only moles.
Concentration, by definition, is the moles per liter of a solute. Take the
1.66x10^-24 moles and divide by the volume, which is 1.0L here:
(1.66x10^-24 moles solute)/(1.0 Liter) = 1.66x10^-24 molar, or 1.66x10^-24 M
A student prepares a standardized solution of sodium hydroxide by the following procedure. The student first prepares a saturated solution of sodium hydroxide using freshly distilled or deionized water. She measures about 5 mL with a graduated cylinder and dilutes to 1 L in a plastic bottle with freshly distilled or deionized water to make a solution that is about 0.1 M. To determine the exact concentration she puts the NaOH solution in a buret and titrates a carefully-weighed pre-dried solid acid of known molar mass. She records the volume of NaOH needed to neutralize it and repeats the process several times to determine the concentration of the NaOH solution. She calculates the concentration and uncertainty in the concentration of the NaOH from the titration data. Why can\'t the student just weigh the sodium hydroxide directly to make a standard? Select all that apply. NaOH pellets react with water. NaOH pellets react with oxygen. NaOH pellets react with hydrogen. NaOH pellets react with carbon dioxide. NaOH pellets react with nitrogen. Why did the student first prepare a saturated solution? A. Saturated solutions are higher in purity than unsaturated solutions. B. Unsaturated NaOH solutions are light-sensitive. C. She can calculate the concentration of the saturated NaOH solution from the Ksp of NaOH. D. Any sodium hydrogen carbonate formed by the reaction of NaOH with atmospheric carbon dioxide will precipitate in the saturated solution. The student prepares the NaOH solution of high purity but unknown concentration by taking about 5 mL of the supernatant at the top of the saturated solution adding it to a plastic bottle with about 1 L of freshly distilled or deionized water. The bottom of the solution contains some white solids which are likely to be (select all correct answers): sodium hydroxide sodium hydrogen sulfate sodium silicate CO2(s) H2O(s) phthalic acid sodium hydrogen carbonate Why is a plastic bottle is generally preferred to glass bottle during the above step? A. The reaction between sodium hydroxide and plastic produces plastic hydroxide. B. Sodium hydroxide renders plastic inert by a process called passivation. C. Sodium hydroxide reacts slowly with glass, forming sodium silicate. D. Sodium hydroxide reacts with polyethylene. The concentration of saturated NaOH is 50.0% w/w and the density is 1.52 g/mL. If exactly 4.00 mL were diluted to 1.000 L, what would be the concentration? Why is potassium acid phthalate (KHC8H4O4, MM = 204.227 g/mol) so widely used as a standard in acid-base titrations? Select all that apply. It is stable to air It is expensive It is easy to dry It has a slowly changing pH at the equivalence point It has a relatively high molar mass It is available in high purity A student dries the pure potassium acid phthalate (KHC8H4O4) in the oven overnight to A. remove water B. purify the matrix C. remove carbon dioxide adn sulfer dioxide D. anneal the crystal structure She weighs 0.1553 g of dry potassium acid phthalate into a flask and adds some water from a graduated cylinder to dissolve it. Why doesn\'t she measure the volume of water with a more accurate device? A. The accuracy of the graduated cylinder is sufficient to measure to two decimal places which is all the precision needed for a titration. B. It would be better to measure the mass because it can be read to four decimal places with an analytical balance. C. The quantity of water actually is important and should be measured accurately because it affects the starting concentration thus the starting pH of the solution. D. The volume of water added is not important because the titration equivalence point depends only on the number of millimoles of potassium acid phthalate and not its concentration. The titration of 0.1553 g of dry potassium acid phthalate (MM = 204.227 g/mol) requires 49.84 mL of NaOH solution. What is the concentration of the NaOH solution? Why is freshly distilled or deionized water used in this standardization? A. Freashly distilled water contains no hydrogen peroxide B. Distilles water contains calcium, which stabilizes the sodium hydroxide C. Freashly deionized water has a pH of 4.72 D. There is little CO2 in freshly deionized or distilled water
NaOH has the characteristic of being deliquescent; hence, it cannot be weighed directly; rather, a saturated solution is diluted to get the appropriate concentration.
The process of deliquescent is explained using sodium hydroxide.
When a material absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air to the point that it becomes dissolved and forms a solution, this process is known as deliquescence.
Who or what uses hydroxide?To make soap, rayon, paper, explosive materials, colors, and petroleum products, manufacturers can employ sodium hydroxide. Processing cotton fabric, cleaning and processing metal, applying an oxide layer, electroplating, and electrolytic extraction are further uses for sodium hydroxide.
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