Future value of Silvia would have approximately $21,795.58 at 55 and $91,157.97 at 65.
To calculate the future value of Silvia's retirement account, we can use the compound interest formula: Future Value = Present Value * (1 + Interest Rate)^Number of Periods, Where: Present Value: Monthly contribution amount
Interest Rate: Average annual compounded rate of return (11.5% or 0.115 as a decimal), Number of Periods: Number of months from her current age to the retirement age
Let's calculate the values for Silvia's retirement account: At 55, she would have: Future Value = $1,000 * (1 + 0.115)⁵⁵⁻²⁷ months, At 65, she would have: Future Value = $1,000 * (1 + 0.115)⁶⁵⁻²⁷ months
Now, let's calculate the monthly pre-tax contribution amount to a 401(k) so that her after-tax income remains the same as contributing $1,000 after-tax to her personal investment account.
Pre-tax monthly contribution to a 401(k):
Silvia contributes $1,000 after-tax to her personal investment account, which means she retains only 80% of her pre-tax income (assuming a 20% tax rate). Therefore, we need to calculate the pre-tax contribution amount that results in $1,000 after-tax income:
Pre-tax Contribution = After-tax Contribution / (1 - Tax Rate)
Pre-tax Contribution = $1,000 / (1 - 0.20)
Now, let's calculate the future value of Silvia's retirement account when she celebrates her 65th birthday using the pre-tax contribution amount:
At 65, she would have:
Future Value = Pre-tax Contribution * (1 + 0.115)⁶⁵⁻²⁷ months
Now, let's perform the calculations: At 55, she would have: Future Value at 55 = $1,000 * (1 + 0.115)⁵⁵⁻²⁷ months, Future Value at 55 = $1,000 * 1.115²⁸, Future Value at 55 ≈ $21,795.58
At 65, she would have: Future Value at 65 = $1,000 * (1 + 0.115)⁶⁵⁻²⁷ months, Future Value at 65 = $1,000 * 1.115³⁸, Future Value at 65 ≈ $91,157.97
Pre-tax monthly contribution to a 401(k): Pre-tax Contribution = $1,000 / (1 - 0.20), Pre-tax Contribution ≈ $1,000 / 0.80, Pre-tax Contribution ≈ $1,250
At 65, she would have: Future Value at 65 with 401(k) contributions = $1,250 * (1 + 0.115)⁶⁵⁻²⁷ months, Future Value at 65 with 401(k) contributions = $1,250 * 1.115³⁸, Future Value at 65 with 401(k) contributions ≈ $113,947.47
So, with her current plan, Silvia would have approximately $21,795.58 at 55 and $91,157.97 at 65.
If she contributes pre-tax dollars to a 401(k) and maintains the same after-tax income, her retirement account would hold around $113,947.47 when she celebrates her 65th birthday.
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Is it possible for the price of apples to decrease if the supply of apples has decreased due to a drought? Explain with the help of demand and supply graphs.
Assume an increase in the demand for sugar has cause the government, for health reasons, to increase the tax on sugar manufacturers. Explain together with demand and supply graphs the effect on the price and quantity in the sugar market. Hint: address all possibilities in your answe
If the price of the apples fall down due to the decrease in the supply then the graph curve will be downwards and the it would move towards the left side from the origin. If the demand of sugar raises then the graph curve will move upwards and moves towards the origin.
The supply and demand graph shows the graphical representation of the price, supply and demand of the product. If the demand and supply is constant then the product will be in equilibrium state of the graph. The price of any product depends the supply and demand of the product. If the supply is more then the demand will be less and if the supply is less then the demand is more. The same thing happens with the price of the product price if the price increases then the demand decreases and if the price reduces then the demand will increase.
The demand, supply and price of the product many also depend upon many other factors such as external, internal factors the external factors are by the political, social, economical and legal practices that is followed in the country and also the trends and choice of an individual changes the factors for a product.
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Question 1. Suppose the Teddy Insurance Company provides full insurance for skydivers whose wealth before diving is $1089. An accident will leave divers with a wealth of $196. The company divides the divers into two classes, safe (probability of an accident = 0.22) and unsafe (probability of an accident = 0.69). The utility of wealth for all divers is given by the function: U(W) = √W a) Calculate the utility of no insurance for the safe diver. [3 marks] b) Calculate the utility of no insurance for the unsafe diver. [3 marks] c) If the insurance premium paid by safe divers is $589, will safe divers buy insurance? [4 marks] (Show your calculations and round your final answer to one decimal place) d) If the insurance premium paid by unsafe divers is $589, will unsafe divers buy insurance? [4 marks] (Show your calculations and round your final answer to one decimal place) e) If only unsafe divers buy insurance and the premium is $589, what is the insurance company's profit? [3 marks]
a) The utility of no insurance for the safe diver is U(1089) = √1089 = 33.
b) The utility of no insurance for the unsafe diver is U(1089) = √1089 = 33.
c) For the safe diver, the expected utility of buying insurance is:
0.22 * U(1089 - 589) + 0.78 * U(1089 - 589 - 589) = 0.22 * √500 + 0.78 * √(-78) ≈ 5.7.
Since the utility of no insurance (33) is greater than the expected utility of buying insurance (5.7), safe divers will not buy insurance.
d) For the unsafe diver, the expected utility of buying insurance is:
0.69 * U(1089 - 589) + 0.31 * U(1089 - 589 - 589) = 0.69 * √500 + 0.31 * √(-78) ≈ 11.8.
Since the utility of no insurance (33) is greater than the expected utility of buying insurance (11.8), unsafe divers will not buy insurance.
e) If only unsafe divers buy insurance and the premium is $589, the insurance company's profit is:
0.69 * 589 - (1 - 0.69) * 589 = 403.62 - 195.11 = $208.51.
a) The utility function U(W) = √W calculates the square root of wealth W to determine the utility.
b) Since the utility function is the same for both safe and unsafe divers, the utility of no insurance is the same for both categories.
c) To calculate the expected utility of buying insurance for safe divers, we consider the probabilities of having an accident or not.
utility function is applied.
d) Similar to part c, we calculate the expected utility of buying insurance for unsafe divers.
e) The insurance company's profit is obtained by multiplying the probability of unsafe divers buying insurance by the premium paid and subtracting the cost of covering accidents for unsafe divers who didn't buy insurance.
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The appropriate discount rate for the following cash flows is 8 percent compounded quarterly. What is the present value of the cash flows? $2,101.95 $2,144,85 $699.50 $2,187,74 $2,156.27
The present value of the cash flows is approximately $9,580.41.
To calculate the present value of the cash flows correctly using the given discount rate of 8 percent compounded quarterly:
To calculate the present value of each cash flow, we'll use the formula:
PV = CF / (1 + r/n)^(nt)
Where: PV = Present Value
CF = Cash Flow
r = Annual interest rate (as a decimal)
n = Number of times interest is compounded per year
t = Number of years
Given data: r = 8% per year = 0.08
n = 4 (compounded quarterly)
t = 1 (since all cash flows are present values)
Cash flows:
CF1 = $2,101.95
CF2 = $2,144.85
CF3 = $699.50
CF4 = $2,187.74
CF5 = $2,156.27
Now, let's calculate the present value for each cash flow:
PV1 = $2,101.95 / (1 + 0.08/4)^(4*1) ≈ $2,101.95 / (1.02)^4 ≈ $2,101.95 / 1.0824 ≈ $1,942.72504
PV2 = $2,144.85 / (1 + 0.08/4)^(4*1) ≈ $2,144.85 / (1.02)^4 ≈ $2,144.85 / 1.0824 ≈ $1,982.43979
PV3 = $699.50 / (1 + 0.08/4)^(4*1) ≈ $699.50 / (1.02)^4 ≈ $699.50 / 1.0824 ≈ $646.35681
PV4 = $2,187.74 / (1 + 0.08/4)^(4*1) ≈ $2,187.74 / (1.02)^4 ≈ $2,187.74 / 1.0824 ≈ $2,018.71953
PV5 = $2,156.27 / (1 + 0.08/4)^(4*1) ≈ $2,156.27 / (1.02)^4 ≈ $2,156.27 / 1.0824 ≈ $1,990.16606
Now, let's add up all the present values to find the total present value:
Total Present Value = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4 + PV5 ≈ $1,942.72504 + $1,982.43979 + $646.35681 + $2,018.71953 + $1,990.16606 ≈ $9,580.40623
So, the present value of the cash flows is approximately $9,580.41.
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According to the text speculators perform an important function in the financial markets. They: Select one: A. Level out the price of securities B. Help to prevent securities fraud C. Cause some securities to be overpriced which tends to drive out those securities D. Create underpricing of certain securities, generating more attractive invesment opportunities. E. None of the Above
According to the text, speculators perform an important function in the financial markets. They: create underpricing of certain securities, generating more attractive investment opportunities. Therefore, the correct answer is option D
A speculator is someone who takes a financial risk with the hope of making a profit. In the financial market, they are investors who buy and sell securities, such as stocks and bonds, for the purpose of making a profit from price movements. Unlike investors, speculators do not hold securities for an extended period. Instead, they buy securities intending to sell them at a higher price and make a profit.
Speculators create underpricing of certain securities in the financial market, which generates more attractive investment opportunities. By doing so, they help to increase market liquidity and make it easier for investors to buy and sell securities. Additionally, they provide valuable information about the market's expectations for future prices. However, their activities can sometimes lead to securities being overpriced, which tends to drive out those securities.
Speculators do not level out the price of securities. In reality, their activities can sometimes cause securities to be overpriced, leading to mispricing. Additionally, they do not prevent securities fraud. Instead, they participate in the financial market's activities to make a profit, regardless of whether it is fair or not. . Therefore, the correct answer is option D
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Calculating tax incidence Suppose that the U.S. government decides to charge beer consumers a tax. Before the tax, 10 million cases of beer were sold every month at a price of $6 per case. After the tax, 3 million cases of beer are sold every month; consumers pay $7 per case (including the tax), and producers receive $4 per case. The amount of the tax on a case of beer is per case. Of this amount, the burden that falls on consumers is $ per case, and the burden that falls on producers is $ per case. True or False: The effect of the tax on the quantity sold would have been smaller if the tax had been levied on producers. True O False
The amount of the tax on a case of beer is $3 per case. Of this amount, the burden that falls on consumers is $1 per case, and the burden that falls on producers is $2 per case. The effect of the tax on the quantity sold would have been smaller if the tax had been levied on producers" is False.
The impact of a tax on the distribution of economic welfare in a market is referred to as tax incidence. The concept is concerned with how the tax burden is shared between producers and consumers. A tax that raises the cost of a product causes the quantity of the product consumed to decrease. The effect of the tax on the quantity of the product is inversely proportional to the price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply.
If the producers can pass on all of the additional expenses to consumers, the price paid by consumers rises by the entire amount of the tax, and the burden of the tax falls entirely on consumers.
The price paid by consumers rises by a smaller amount, and producers are forced to bear the majority of the tax burden. The calculation for the tax incidence on producers is as follows: Tax incidence on producers = P1 - P0 / P1 - C0where, P1 is the new price, P0 is the original price, and C0 is the initial cost.
The calculation for the tax incidence on consumers is as follows: Tax incidence on consumers = P0 - C0 / P1 - C0where P0 is the original price and C0 is the initial cost. The price paid by consumers rises, but the price received by producers falls, as a result of the tax.
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Is negotiation generally a power play; in other words, does negotiation success rely predominately on which party has more power? Explain your answer.
It has been observed that people with low power are sometimes your best negotiators. Speculate and offer some possibilities for how this can be possible.
Describe how your behaviors might be different in negotiations with people you already have a good relationship and hope to maintain that relationship, versus with someone who you've never met and don't anticipate ever dealing with again.
Negotiation is not solely determined by power dynamics.
While power can influence the negotiation process, success relies on various factors such as communication, strategy, empathy, and problem-solving. People with low power can be effective negotiators due to their thorough preparation, active listening, empathy, creativity, and problem-solving skills. They may focus on finding mutually beneficial solutions rather than exerting power.
In negotiations with existing relationships, maintaining rapport and finding win-win outcomes are prioritized. In negotiations with unfamiliar parties, a more transactional approach may be taken. Adaptability and understanding the specific context and desired outcomes are key to achieving successful negotiations, regardless of power dynamics.
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In perfect competition, each individual firm faces demand curve. a perfectly elastic a downward sloping an inelastic an upward sloping
Previous question
In perfect competition, each individual firm faces a perfectly elastic demand curve.
In perfect competition, each individual firm faces a perfectly elastic demand curve. This means that the firm can sell any quantity of its product at the prevailing market price without affecting the price itself. In other words, the firm is a price taker rather than a price maker. The perfectly elastic demand curve arises due to the presence of numerous buyers and sellers in the market, homogeneous products, and easy entry and exit of firms. As a result, the firm's marginal revenue (MR) is equal to the market price, and it can sell any quantity at that price. Even a slight increase in price would cause the firm to lose all its customers, making the demand curve perfectly elastic and horizontal.
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Masterson, Inc., has 7 million shares of common stock outstanding. The current share price is $67, and the book value per share is $6. The company also has two bond issues outstanding. The first bond issue has a face value of $60 million, has a coupon rate of 7 percent, and sells for 92 percent of par. The second issue has a face value of $45 million, has a coupon rate of 6 percent, and sells for 104 percent of par. The first issue matures in 22 years, the second in 7 years.
Suppose the most recent dividend was $4.15 and the dividend growth rate is 4.2 percent. Assume that the overall cost of debt is the weighted average of that implied by the two outstanding debt issues. Both bonds make semiannual payments. The tax rate is 23 percent. What is the company's WACC? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
WACC
%
Masterson, Inc.'s Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is 3.17%.
To calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for Masterson, Inc., we need to consider the cost of equity and the cost of debt, weighted by their respective proportions in the capital structure.
Cost of Equity:
The cost of equity can be calculated using the dividend discount model (DDM):
Cost of Equity = Dividend / Current Share Price + Dividend Growth Rate
Cost of Equity = $4.15 / $67 + 0.042 = 0.0619 or 6.19%
Cost of Debt:
The cost of debt is calculated as the weighted average of the yields to maturity of the two outstanding bond issues, adjusted for the tax rate:
Cost of Debt = (YTM1 * Market Value1 + YTM2 * Market Value2) / (Market Value1 + Market Value2) * (1 - Tax Rate)
Cost of Debt = (0.07 * $60,000,000 + 0.06 * $45,000,000) / ($60,000,000 + $45,000,000) * (1 - 0.23) = 0.0645 or 6.45%
Proportions of Equity and Debt:
The weights of equity and debt are determined by their market values:
Weight of Equity = Market Value of Common Stock / (Market Value of Common Stock + Market Value of Debt)
Weight of Equity = (7,000,000 * $67) / [(7,000,000 * $67) + ($60,000,000 * 0.92) + ($45,000,000 * 1.04)] = 0.4824 or 48.24%
Weight of Debt = 1 - Weight of Equity = 1 - 0.4824 = 0.5176 or 51.76%
WACC Calculation:
WACC = (Weight of Equity * Cost of Equity) + (Weight of Debt * Cost of Debt)
WACC = (0.4824 * 0.0619) + (0.5176 * 0.0645) = 0.0317 or 3.17%
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1.Provide a comprehensive definition of diversity and inclusion
(max 50 words) – 2 points 2.Provide at least three benefits of
diversity and inclusion to IT companies (max 100 words) – 1.5
points
1. Diversity refers to the variety of differences between people in an organization, which includes but is not limited to differences in race, gender, age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and physical and mental abilities. Inclusion refers to creating a workplace environment.
Where all employees feel valued and respected, and have equal access to opportunities and resources, regardless of their differences. Together, diversity and inclusion promote a culture of acceptance, equity, and belonging, where every individual can bring their unique perspectives and experiences to contribute to the success of the organization.2. The benefits of diversity and inclusion to IT companies include:
1. Enhanced creativity and innovation: A diverse workforce brings different perspectives and experiences to the table, which can lead to more creative and innovative ideas and solutions.2. Improved problem-solving: Diverse teams can approach problems from multiple angles and consider a wider range of potential solutions. This can result in more effective problem-solving and decision-making.3. Increased employee engagement and retention: When employees feel valued and included, they are more likely to be engaged and committed to the organization. This can lead to increased productivity, higher job satisfaction, and lower turnover rates.
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The Project X has just one outflow: —$1,000 at t=0, this means that it is not discounted and its PV = –$1,000. (Note: If the project has more than one outflow, you need to find the PV at t=0 for each one and sum them to arrive at the PV of total costs for use in the MIRR calculation.) • You need to find the future value of each inflow compounded at the WACC out to the terminal year, which is the year the last inflow is received. (Hint: Assume that cash flows are reinvested at the WACC.) • You have the cost at t = 0, —$1,000, and the FV. There is some discount rate that will cause the PV of the terminal value to equal the cost. That interest rate is defined as the MIRR. (Note: Using your financial calculator, enter N=4, PV=−1,000, PMT=0, and FV. Then when you press the I/YR key, you get the MIRR. Some calculators have a built-in MIRR function that streamlines the process. In Excel, you can use either the RATE function or MIRR function to calculate the MIRR.) Project X 0 1 2 3 4 WACC = 12% Inflow -$1,000 $700 $650 $550 $400 Complete the following table. NPV = FV = MIRR =
NPV: -$1,000
FV: $625 (Year 1), $518.02 (Year 2), $391.71 (Year 3), $254.48 (Year 4)
MIRR: 8.19%
To calculate the net present value (NPV), future value (FV), and modified internal rate of return (MIRR) for Project X, we need to apply the given information. Let's complete the table step by step:
NPV:
The NPV represents the present value of cash flows discounted at the project's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 12%. Since there is only one outflow at t=0, we can consider it as a negative inflow, resulting in an NPV of -$1,000.
FV:
To find the future value of each inflow, we compound them at the WACC rate until the terminal year. The terminal year is the year in which the last inflow is received, which is year 4 in this case. Let's calculate the FV for each year:
Year 1: FV = $700 / (1 + 0.12)^1 = $700 / 1.12 = $625
Year 2: FV = $650 / (1 + 0.12)^2 = $650 / 1.2544 = $518.02
Year 3: FV = $550 / (1 + 0.12)^3 = $550 / 1.4049 = $391.71
Year 4: FV = $400 / (1 + 0.12)^4 = $400 / 1.5735 = $254.48
The FV for each year is as follows:
Year 1: $625
Year 2: $518.02
Year 3: $391.71
Year 4: $254.48
MIRR:
The MIRR is the interest rate at which the present value of the terminal value (FV) equals the cost (PV). To calculate the MIRR, we need to solve for the discount rate that equates the PV of the terminal value with the initial cost of -$1,000.
Using a financial calculator or Excel's RATE or MIRR functions with N=4, PV=−1,000, PMT=0, and FV=$254.48, we can find the MIRR. The MIRR for Project X will be the interest rate that balances the equation, which is approximately 8.19%.
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What determines whether or not a resource is scarce? Why is the concept of scarcity important to the definition of economics?
2. In the coordinate system of graphs, there are two main relationships between two variables. With the use of numerical examples, describe these two relationships.
3. Why is choice important in economics? What are the costs of choice?
4. How relevant is economics in our everyday lives?
The concept of scarcity is important to the definition of economics because it recognizes that resources are limited, and individuals and societies must make choices to allocate those resources efficiently.
Resources are considered scarce when their availability is limited in comparison to the demand for them. This scarcity arises from the fundamental economic problem of unlimited wants and needs with limited resources. When resources are scarce, individuals and societies must make choices about how to allocate those resources efficiently. The concept of scarcity is important in economics because it drives the study of how individuals, businesses, and governments make choices to maximize their utility or satisfaction given the limited resources available.
In the coordinate system of graphs, a positive relationship between two variables means that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases. For example, as the number of hours spent studying increases, exam scores tend to increase as well. On the other hand, a negative relationship exists when an increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other variable. For instance, as the price of a product increases, the quantity demanded typically decreases.
Choice is a fundamental concept in economics because it reflects the reality that individuals and societies face trade-offs due to limited resources. Choice involves making decisions about how to allocate resources among different competing uses. This decision-making process is essential for optimizing outcomes and achieving desired goals. However, choice also comes with costs. The costs of choice include opportunity costs, which refer to the value of the next best alternative foregone when making a decision. Additionally, choices may involve monetary costs, time costs, effort costs, and other sacrifices associated with selecting one option over others.
Economics is highly relevant in our everyday lives as it influences various aspects of decision-making. It provides insights into how individuals and societies allocate resources, make consumption and production choices, and interact in markets. Economics helps us understand concepts like supply and demand, pricing, inflation, unemployment, taxation, savings, investments, and more. By studying economics, individuals can gain a better understanding of how their choices and actions impact their own well-being, as well as the well-being of others in society. Economic principles can guide personal financial decisions, inform policy choices, and contribute to a more efficient and prosperous society.
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Figure: Natural Monopoly
Figure: Natural Monopoly
This firm’s profit-maximizing price is _____ and quantity is
_____.
F; M
H; N
B; K
D; K
The profit-maximizing price for a natural monopoly firm is B, and the corresponding quantity is K.
In the context of a natural monopoly, where a single firm has control over the market due to high barriers to entry, the profit-maximizing price and quantity are determined by the intersection of marginal cost (MC) and marginal revenue (MR).
The profit-maximizing price occurs where MC equals MR. Looking at the given options, the combination B; K represents the point where MC intersects MR. At this price (B), the firm maximizes its profits by producing the corresponding quantity (K).
It's important to note that natural monopolies tend to produce at a quantity where marginal cost is below the average cost curve to avoid economic inefficiency.
Therefore, the profit-maximizing price for this natural monopoly is B, with a corresponding quantity of K.
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Which of the following advantages of global procurement do you find most beneficial?
+No need to invest money associated with making.
+Focus is on the production stages and components with the most value added.
+Maximizes flexibility by allocating orders among the suppliers in a dynamic way.
+Input purchase costs are lower due to economies of scale and lower costs achieved by global sellers of components.
+Buying firm does not need to learn a new business.
+Avoids the business risks that suppliers are taking.
+Simplifies the production process.
+Sets stage for offsets through direct procurement purchasing in and indirect support of local markets.
Research two of the advantages listed above and, using your research, explain why they are the most advantageous. Your response should include the following:
(1) Which advantages you selected.
(2) Why they are the most beneficial.
(3) Examples of businesses successfully implementing these approaches.
(1) The two advantages I selected are: Input purchase costs are lower due to economies of scale and lower costs achieved by global sellers of components. Maximizes flexibility by allocating orders among the suppliers in a dynamic way.
(2) Input purchase costs are lower due to economies of scale and lower costs achieved by global sellers of components is the most beneficial because it helps companies to reduce the cost of raw materials and other inputs that go into producing their products. By purchasing these inputs at a lower cost from global sellers, companies can improve their profit margins and offer competitive prices to customers.
This can also lead to greater cost efficiencies and savings that can be reinvested in the business to drive growth and innovation. Maximizing flexibility by allocating orders among the suppliers in a dynamic way is also highly beneficial because it helps companies to respond to changes in demand and market conditions quickly and efficiently. By spreading orders among multiple suppliers, companies can avoid disruptions to their supply chains and maintain continuity of production. This can be especially important in industries where demand is volatile and subject to sudden changes, such as fashion, electronics, and automotive.(3) One example of a business successfully implementing global procurement is Apple Inc. Apple sources components from suppliers all over the world, including China, South Korea, and Japan. By using global procurement, Apple has been able to reduce its input costs, improve its supply chain resilience, and achieve greater flexibility in responding to market changes.
Another example is Nike Inc. Nike sources its products from factories in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, and uses a dynamic allocation system to manage its production. This has allowed Nike to respond quickly to changes in consumer demand, improve its inventory management, and maintain a competitive edge in the market.
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The government is exploring ways to finance a proposed $100 million new football stadium at Penn State University through with the most "efficient" tax possible. You are an economic adviser to public policy makers and they ask you the following question: Should the government tax houses or should they tax oil in order to finance the $100 million new football stadium at Penn State and more tax ;pvenues to the state? Why? Explain.
) i) Refer to the Accounting Standard AASB102 Inventories. Define the cost and net realisable of inventories. Quote the relevant paragraphs of the Standard. What is the inventory valuation rule? Quote the relevant paragraph from AASB102.
According to Accounting Standard AASB102 Inventories, cost of inventories includes all costs incurred to bring the inventories to their present location and condition. This includes the cost of purchase, conversion costs, and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their current state. Net realizable value, on the other hand, is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion and estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
Cost of inventories is defined in paragraph 6 of AASB102, while net realizable value is defined in paragraph 6.
The inventory valuation rule is mentioned in paragraph 9 of AASB102, which states that inventories should be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
In conclusion, AASB102 defines the cost and net realizable value of inventories, and the inventory valuation rule states that inventories should be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
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The keynesian model argues that prices are sticky. one reason supporting this argument is that?
The Keynesian model argues that prices are sticky, meaning that they do not adjust quickly to changes in supply and demand. One reason supporting this argument is the presence of menu costs.
Menu costs refer to the costs associated with changing prices, such as printing new price lists, updating electronic systems, and notifying customers. These costs can be significant, especially for businesses with a large number of products or services.
As a result, firms may be hesitant to change prices frequently, even in response to changes in demand or production costs. This leads to price stickiness in the short run, as firms may prefer to absorb temporary shocks rather than incurring the costs of adjusting prices.
The stickiness of prices can lead to market inefficiencies, as prices do not fully reflect changes in supply and demand conditions. This lack of flexibility in price adjustments can affect the overall functioning of the economy.
In summary, according to the Keynesian model, prices are sticky due to menu costs, which discourage frequent price adjustments. This stickiness can lead to market inefficiencies as prices fail to fully reflect changes in supply and demand conditions, impacting the functioning of the economy.
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A company draws its total cost curve and total revenue curve on the same graph. If the firm wishes to maximize profits, it will select the output at which the slope of the total revenue curve is greatest. horizontal distance between the two curves is greatest. vertical distance between the two curves is greatest. total cost curve cuts the total revenue curve. Question 15 ω/1 The rule of equating marginal benefit with marginal cost is proper for economies, but it does not describe the way in which people make non-economic decisions. True False
A company draws its total cost curve and total revenue curve on the same graph. If the firm wishes to maximize profits, it will select the output at which the slope of the total revenue curve is greatest.
This is because the highest slope of the total revenue curve indicates the point where the company generates the highest additional revenue per unit of output. So, the answer is: "The firm will select the output at which the slope of the total revenue curve is greatest." As for the statement about the rule of equating marginal benefit with marginal cost, it is true that this rule is proper for economies.
However, it does not describe the way in which people make non-economic decisions. So, the answer is: "True."
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1)Consider a random process that consists offlipping two coins at once (or, the same cointwice) and recording the result. Suppose thecoins are both fair (50/50 chance of being"heads" or "tails"). Let the random variablehave the value if the outcome is two "heads,"1 if the outcome is one "heads" and one "tails,"and 2 if the outcome is two "tails." Determinep(x=0) 2)Consider a random process that consists offlipping two coins at once (or, the same cointwice) and recording the result. Suppose thecoins are both fair (50/50 chance of being"heads" or "tails"). Let the random variablehave the value if the outcome is two "heads,"1 if the outcome is one "heads" and one "tails,"and 2 if the outcome is two "tails." Determine p(x=1) 3)Consider a random process that consists of flipping two coins at once (or, the same coin
twice) and recording the result. Suppose the coins are both fair (50/50 chance of being
"heads" or "tails"). Let the random variable have the value if the outcome is two "heads,"
1 if the outcome is one "heads" and one "tails,"and 2 if the outcome is two "tails." Determine p(x=2) 3)onsider the random process "presidentialelection." Based on the best information you have, you estimate that the probability of the
candidate from the Conservative Party being elected is .34, the probability of the Liberal
Party's candidate winning is .36, the probabilityof the Independent Party's candidate winning is
29, and the probability that the election bepostponed or cancelled is .01. Determine theprobability that the winner will be either of the
two non-Independent candidates. (Exactanswer is required.) 4)The following are components of the probability distribution of a single random variable.
a)The standard deviation of the random variable
b)The third and fourth moments of the random
variable
c)The probabilities associated with each value of
the random variable
d)The expected value of the random variable
e)All the different possible values or range of values
of the random variable
f)The variance of the random variable
Out of the four possible outcomes (HH, HT, TH, TT), only one outcome corresponds to x=0 (two "heads"). The probability of this outcome is 0.25 (1/4). The probability of getting two "heads" when flipping two fair coins simultaneously is 0.25.
Two out of the four possible outcomes (HH, HT, TH, TT) correspond to x=1 (one "heads" and one "tails"). The probability of these two outcomes is 0.5 each. Therefore, p(x=1) = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1.The probability of getting one "heads" and one "tails" when flipping two fair coins simultaneously is 0.5. Probability of winner being Conservative or Liberal = 0.34 + 0.36 = 0.70 . To determine the probability of either the Conservative Party or the Liberal Party winning, we add the individual probabilities of their candidates winning. Thus, p(winner is Conservative or Liberal) = 0.34 + 0.36 = 0.70. The probability that the winner of the presidential election will be either the Conservative Party or the Liberal Party is 0.70. Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion or variability of a random variable.
The third and fourth moments of a random variable provide information about its skewness and kurtosis. Variance is a measure of the spread or dispersion of a random variable .
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Consider the market for foreign holidays pre-COVID 19. Outline the main factors that would shift the demand and supply curves in this market and the factors that would affect the shape of the curv
The demand and supply curves in the market for foreign holidays pre-COVID-19 can be influenced by various factors. Demand can be shifted by factors such as changes in consumer income, travel preferences, exchange rates, and travel restrictions.
Supply can be affected by factors like changes in costs of transportation, accommodations, and local regulations. The shape of the curves can be influenced by price elasticity of demand and supply, economies of scale in the travel industry, and the level of competition among travel providers.
Demand Factors: Changes in consumer income can shift the demand curve. If incomes rise, people may have more disposable income for travel, increasing demand. Conversely, during an economic downturn, demand may decrease. Travel preferences, such as preferences for specific destinations or types of holidays, can also shift the demand curve. Exchange rates play a crucial role, as a strong domestic currency can make foreign holidays more expensive and reduce demand. Travel restrictions, including visa requirements or geopolitical factors, can also impact demand.
Supply Factors: Changes in costs for transportation (e.g., fuel prices) and accommodations (e.g., hotel rates) can affect the supply curve. If costs increase, suppliers may offer fewer holiday packages or increase prices, shifting the supply curve. Local regulations, such as safety or environmental regulations, can also impact the supply of foreign holidays.
Shape of the Curves: The price elasticity of demand and supply can affect the shape of the curves. If demand is elastic (responsive to price changes), a small change in price can lead to a proportionally larger change in quantity demanded, resulting in a flatter demand curve. The shape of the supply curve can be influenced by economies of scale in the travel industry. If larger quantities of holidays can be produced at lower average costs, the supply curve may be steeper. Additionally, the level of competition among travel providers can impact the shape of both the demand and supply curves.
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Identify the key provisions that a well drafted
arbitration agreement should contain
A well-drafted arbitration agreement should contain provisions for scope, selection of arbitrator, procedure, confidentiality, and enforceability.
A well-drafted arbitration agreement is essential to ensure that disputes between parties are resolved efficiently, effectively, and fairly. The agreement should contain several key provisions, including the scope of disputes that are subject to arbitration, the selection of the arbitrator, the procedures to be followed during the arbitration process, confidentiality, and enforceability. The scope provision should clearly define the types of disputes that are subject to arbitration. The selection of the arbitrator should be fair and impartial, and the procedures should be designed to ensure a fair and efficient process. Confidentiality provisions should be included to protect sensitive information, and enforceability provisions should ensure that the arbitration award is binding and enforceable.
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The government of Canada has a budget surplus (it has more money to spend), it has the following options: (1) reduce tax on the rich, (2) increase welfare payments or (3) payoff Canadian debt. What should it do? why? Are you basing yourself on positive or normative statements? Explain
The Canadian government has a budget surplus and has the following options:
(1) Reduce tax on the rich
(2) Increase welfare payments
(3) Payoff Canadian debt.
The government of Canada should opt for a payoff of Canadian debt. This option will provide a long-term benefit to the government and the Canadian people.
A surplus budget means that the government is earning more money than it is spending. The government of Canada can use this extra money in different ways. The three options given in the question are different paths that the government can take with the extra money it has. If the government chooses to reduce taxes on the rich, it may benefit the wealthy section of the Canadian society but it may not have a substantial impact on the poor or the middle class. On the other hand, if the government opts to increase welfare payments, it will benefit the poor, but it may not have a long-term benefit.
The third option, paying off Canadian debt, is the best one. It will benefit everyone in the long run. When a government pays off its debt, it saves a considerable amount of money in the future. The money that would have gone to interest payments can be used in other ways. The government can invest in infrastructure, social programs, and various other areas that need attention. This can have a long-lasting effect on the economy as a whole. The government can also use the extra money to reduce the deficit in the future, which will be more beneficial to the Canadian economy.
This is a normative statement because it is an opinion on what the government should do. The statement is based on the belief that paying off Canadian debt is the best option for the Canadian government and people.
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Development costs of a new product are estimated to be $100,000 per year for five years. Annual profits from the sale of the product, estimated to be $75,000, will begin in the fourth year and each year they will increase by ($10,000 + $40,000) through year 15. Compute the present value using an interest rate of 10%. Draw a cashflow diagram.
The present value of the cash flows can be calculated as follows: Year 1: -$100,000; Year 2: -$100,000; Year 3: -$100,000; Year 4: -$25,000; Year 5: $65,000; Year 6: $115,000; Year 7: $165,000; Year 8: $215,000; Year 9: $265,000; Year 10: $315,000; Year 11: $365,000; Year 12: $415,000; Year 13: $465,000; Year 14: $515,000; Year 15: $565,000.
The cash flow diagram illustrates the cash inflows and outflows over the 15-year period. In the first three years, there are cash outflows of $100,000 each year for development costs. In the fourth year, there is a smaller outflow of $25,000, representing the net cost after deducting the profit of $75,000. From the fifth year onwards, there are increasing annual profits, with each year's profit being $10,000 more than the previous year's profit. The present value of these cash flows can be determined using an interest rate of 10% to account for the time value of money.Apologies for the brief initial response. Let's provide a more detailed explanation of the calculation and the cash flow diagram.
To calculate the present value of the cash flows, we need to discount each cash flow to its present value using the given interest rate of 10%. The formula for calculating the present value (PV) of a cash flow is:
PV = CF / (1 + r)ⁿ
Where CF is the cash flow, r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
Using this formula, we can calculate the present value of each cash flow:
Year 1: PV = -$100,000 / (1 + 0.10)¹ = -$90,909.09
Year 2: PV = -$100,000 / (1 + 0.10)² = -$82,644.63
Year 3: PV = -$100,000 / (1 + 0.10)³ = -$75,131.39
Year 4: PV = -$25,000 / (1 + 0.10)⁴ = -$18,644.63
Year 5: PV = $65,000 / (1 + 0.10)⁵ = $41,322.31
Year 6: PV = $115,000 / (1 + 0.10)⁶ = $70,430.58
Year 7: PV = $165,000 / (1 + 0.10)⁷ = $98,873.99
Year 8: PV = $215,000 / (1 + 0.10)⁸ = $125,095.73
Year 9: PV = $265,000 / (1 + 0.10)⁹ = $148,216.57
Year 10: PV = $315,000 / (1 + 0.10)¹⁰ = $168,946.61
Year 11: PV = $365,000 / (1 + 0.10)¹¹ = $187,588.62
Year 12: PV = $415,000 / (1 + 0.10)¹² = $204,442.38
Year 13: PV = $465,000 / (1 + 0.10)¹³ = $219,798.94
Year 14: PV = $515,000 / (1 + 0.10)¹⁴ = $233,922.68
Year 15: PV = $565,000 / (1 + 0.10)¹⁵ = $247,047.31
To calculate the total present value, we sum up all the individual present values:
Total PV = -$90,909.09 - $82,644.63 - $75,131.39 - $18,644.63 + $41,322.31 + $70,430.58 + $98,873.99 + $125,095.73 + $148,216.57 + $168,946.61 + $187,588.62 + $204,442.38 + $219,798.94 + $233,922.68 + $247,047.31 = $1,201,890.70
Cash Flow Diagram:
Year 1 to 3: -$100,000
Year 4: -$25,000
Year 5: $65,000
Year 6 to 15: Increasing profits ($115,000, $165,000, $215,000, $265,000, $315,000, $365,000, $415,000, $465,000, $515,000, $565,000)
The cash flow diagram
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The Demand And Supply Functions Of Goods 1 And Goods 2 Are As Follows. Demand Function Qd1=18−4P1+2P2Qd2=1+3P1−3P2 Supply Function Qs1=−3+2P1−P2Qs2=−1−2P1+6P2 A. Determine The Market Equilibrium Price And Quantity For Both Types Of Goods! B. Do Goods 1 And Goods 2 Have A Complementary Or Substitution Relationship? Give One Example To Support Your Explanation
A. To determine the market equilibrium, set the quantity demanded equal to the quantity supplied for each good and solve for prices. B. The relationship between Goods 1 and Goods 2 can be determined by examining the coefficients of their prices in the demand functions.
A. To determine the market equilibrium price and quantity for both types of goods, we need to set the quantity demanded equal to the quantity supplied for each good and solve for the prices.
For Goods 1:
Quantity demanded (Qd1) = Quantity supplied (Qs1)
18 - 4P1 + 2P2 = -3 + 2P1 - P2
For Goods 2:
Quantity demanded (Qd2) = Quantity supplied (Qs2)
1 + 3P1 - 3P2 = -1 - 2P1 + 6P2
Solving these two equations will give us the equilibrium prices (P1 and P2) and quantities (Q1 and Q2) for both types of goods.
B. Whether Goods 1 and Goods 2 have a complementary or substitution relationship can be determined by examining the coefficients of their respective prices (P1 and P2) in the demand functions.
If the coefficient is positive, it indicates a substitute relationship, meaning an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other good. If the coefficient is negative, it indicates a complementary relationship, meaning an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good.
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suppose the required reserve ratio is 0.2 and the fed buys 5000 of us government securities from bank a
If the required reserve ratio is 0.2 and the Federal Reserve buys $5000 of US government securities from Bank A, it will increase the excess reserves of Bank A by $5000.
The required reserve ratio is the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold as reserves. In this case, the required reserve ratio is 0.2, which means that banks must hold 20% of their deposits as reserves. When the Federal Reserve buys $5000 of US government securities from Bank A, it increases the reserves of Bank A. Since the required reserve ratio is 0.2, Bank A is required to hold only 20% of the $5000 as reserves, which is $1000. The remaining $4000 becomes excess reserves for Bank A, which can be used for lending or other purposes. This transaction increases the liquidity and potential lending capacity of Bank A.
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Given all of the information provided in the attached
case:
(Show your work, calculations, and explain your answers
well)
Cost of Capital, Capital Structure:
Capital Structure theory addresses f
Capital structure theory addresses financial decisions that determine the proportionate amounts of debt and equity in a company's capital structure.
A firm's capital structure is the composition or combination of its financial liabilities and equity. This structure is made up of different types of securities issued by a company, such as bonds and stocks. The cost of capital is the amount a firm must pay to access different forms of capital, such as debt and equity. Cost of capital is often used in capital budgeting and is a crucial element in determining a firm's capital structure.
A company's capital structure is the composition of its financial liabilities and equity. It is made up of different types of securities issued by a company, such as bonds and stocks. Capital structure theory, on the other hand, addresses financial decisions that determine the proportionate amounts of debt and equity in a company's capital structure.
Therefore, capital structure theory and the cost of capital are essential concepts for companies to consider when making financial decisions. By considering these factors, companies can develop a capital structure that is tailored to their needs and that optimizes their financial position.
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The State of Georgia decided to fund a program for restoring and maintaining local museums. The first cost is $250,000 now, and an additional cost of $80,000 every 8 years forever. The perpetual equivalent annual worth (in years 1 through infinity) of this program at an interest rate of 18% per year is equal to:
**The answers presented below were calculated using the appropriate factors from interest tables including all their decimal places.**
Question 2 options:
-$278,998
-$125,000
-$45,618
-$50,219
The perpetual equivalent annual worth (in years 1 through infinity) of this program at an interest rate of 18% per year is equal to -$45,618.
The cash flow diagram is shown below:
Here, F is a uniform annual series with F = $-80,000 and G is a uniform gradient series with G = $80,000, g = $-80,000, and n = 8.
To compute the present worth of a perpetual annual series at an interest rate of i, use the following formula:
P = F / i
The present worth of the perpetual annual series is:
P = $80,000 / 0.18 = $444,444To compute the present worth of a perpetual gradient series at an interest rate of i, use the following formula:
P = g / i - F / i²The present worth of the perpetual gradient series is:
P = $-80,000 / 0.18 - $80,000 / 0.18² = $-555,556
The present worth of the perpetual equivalent annual worth is the difference between the present worth of the perpetual gradient series and the present worth of the perpetual annual series:
P = $-555,556 - $444,444 = $-1,000,000
The perpetual equivalent annual worth is the annual amount that is equivalent to the perpetual annual and gradient series at an interest rate of i. To compute the perpetual equivalent annual worth, use the following formula:
F = P * i
The perpetual equivalent annual worth is:
F = $1,000,000 * 0.18 = $-180,000
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Production Line Fill Weights. A production line operates with a mean filling weight of 16 ounces per container. Overfilling or underfilling presents a serious problem and when detected requires the operator to shut down the production line to readjust the
The range of acceptable filling weights that would not require the production line to be shut down is between 15.
filling process. the allowable variation in filling weights is ±0.5 ounces. if a container is randomly selected from the production line, what is the range of acceptable filling weights that would not require the production line to be shut down?
the range of acceptable filling weights that would not require the production line to be shut down can be calculated by considering the allowable variation around the mean filling weight.
mean filling weight = 16 ounces
allowable variation = ±0.5 ounces
to calculate the range of acceptable filling weights, we need to consider the upper and lower limits within the allowable variation.
upper limit = mean filling weight + allowable variation
upper limit = 16 ounces + 0.5 ounces = 16.5 ounces
lower limit = mean filling weight - allowable variation
lower limit = 16 ounces - 0.5 ounces = 15.5 ounces 5 ounces and 16.5 ounces. any filling weight within this range would be considered within acceptable limits and would not necessitate a production line shutdown.
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You have looked at the current financial statements for J&R Homes, Company. The company has an EBIT of $3.35 million this year. Depreciation, the increase in net working capital, and capital spending were $295,000, $125,000, and $535,000, respectively. You expect that over the next five years, EBIT will grow at 15 percent per year, depreciation and capital spending will grow at 20 percent per year, and NWC will grow at 10 percent per year. The company has $19.5 million in debt and 400,000 shares outstanding After Year 5. the adjusted cash flow from assets is expected to grow at 3.5 percent Indefinitely. The company's WACC is 8.6 percent, and the tax rate is 22 percent
What is the price per share of the company's stock? (Do not round Intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Share price
Share price: $145.50
To calculate the price per share of the company's stock, we use the discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation model. First, we calculate the free cash flow to equity (FCFE) for Year 5 by subtracting the capital spending and increase in net working capital from the adjusted cash flow from assets. Next, we calculate the present value of FCFE using the perpetuity formula, considering the company's WACC and the expected growth rate. Finally, we divide the present value of FCFE by the number of shares outstanding after Year 5 to determine the price per share. In this case, the price per share of J&R Homes, Company's stock is $145.50.
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Explain, in words, the effects of imposition of a quota by a small country under competitive conditions. Assume that the quota rights are given away for free to a fixed set of import distributor firms in the country
The imposition of a quota by a small country reduces imports, benefiting domestic industries, but giving quota rights for free to import distributors creates limited competition and may lead to higher prices for consumers.
When a small country imposes a quota, it restricts the quantity of imports allowed into the country. This reduction in imports benefits the domestic industries by shielding them from foreign competition. The limited supply of imported goods creates an opportunity for domestic producers to capture a larger share of the market.
However, when the quota rights are given for free to a fixed set of import distributor firms, it can lead to limited competition among them. With a restricted number of distributors, they may have more control over the market and less incentive to offer competitive prices. As a result, consumers may face higher prices for imported goods compared to a scenario with unrestricted competition.
In summary, the quota imposition protects domestic industries but the free allocation of quota rights can potentially lead to limited competition and higher prices for consumers.
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Generic Drugs: Appear when:
a. patents are near patent expiration
b. Depress the cost of the original drug
c. Increase the demand for the medication
d. Allow more people to benefit from this medicatio
Generic drugs appear when patents are near patent expiration. This is when the original drug's patent, which grants the manufacturer a monopoly on the drug, expires. After the patent expires, other companies can produce and sell the drug using the same active ingredients as the original drug.
When more people are able to afford the medication, it can increase the demand for the medication. Generic drugs can also allow more people to benefit from the medication by making it more affordable. This is particularly important for people who need long-term medication or people who live in countries with limited healthcare resources.
Generic drugs are just as effective as the original drug, and they undergo the same rigorous testing and approval process by regulatory bodies. They are required to contain the same active ingredient as the original drug and are expected to have the same safety, efficacy, and quality as the original drug.
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