Shock Company's degree of operating leverage (DOL) at a sales volume of 610 units is approximately 4.159.
The degree of operating leverage (DOL) can be calculated by dividing the contribution margin by the operating income.
Given:
Sales price per unit: $490
Variable costs per unit: $317
Unit contribution margin: $173
Fixed costs: $80,100
Sales volume: 610 units
First, calculate the total contribution margin:
Total contribution margin = Unit contribution margin * Sales volume
Total contribution margin = $173 * 610 = $105,430
Next, calculate the operating income:
Operating income = Total contribution margin - Fixed costs
Operating income = $105,430 - $80,100 = $25,330
Finally, calculate the degree of operating leverage (DOL):
DOL = Contribution margin / Operating income
DOL = $105,430 / $25,330 ≈ 4.159 (rounded to three decimal places)
Therefore, Shock Company's degree of operating leverage (DOL) at a sales volume of 610 units is approximately 4.159.
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C) Multiple Choices (15 points) Fill-in your answers in the table on the first page. 1. Hall Co. incurred research and development costs during 2020 as follows: Materials consumed in R&D projects. $45
Hall Co. spent $395,00 on research and development in total.
The Hall Co. incurred research and development costs during 2020 as follows:
Materials consumed in R&D projects. $45,000
Salaries and wages of laboratory personnel. $150,000
Costs of acquiring patents from others. $90,000
Costs of searching for patents. $35,000
Costs of developing a secret formula. $75,000
The total research and development cost incurred by Hall Co. is $395,000.
In the given scenario, Hall Co. has incurred the following research and development costs:
Materials consumed in R&D projects. $45,000
Salaries and wages of laboratory personnel. $150,000
Costs of acquiring patents from others. $90,000
Costs of searching for patents. $35,000
Costs of developing a secret formula. $75,000
To calculate the total research and development cost incurred by Hall Co., we need to sum up all of the expenses that have been mentioned in the problem. Therefore, the total research and development cost incurred by Hall Co. is $395,000.
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For this question, consider that the letter "A" denotes the last 4 digits of your student number. That is, for example, if your student number is: 22562031, then A = 2031. Assume that the factors affecting the aggregate expenditures of the sample economy, which are desired consumption (C d ), taxes (T), government spending (G), investment (I d ) and net exports (NXd ) are given as follows:
C d = A + 0.6 YD,
T = 100 + 0.2Y,
G = 400, I d = 300 + 0.05 Y,
NXd = 200 – 0.1Y.
(a) According to the above information, explain in your own words how the tax collection changes as income in the economy changes?
(b) Write the expression for YD (disposable income).
(c) Find the equation of the aggregate expenditure line. Draw it on a graph and show where the equilibrium income should be on the same graph.
(d) State the equilibrium condition. Calculate the equilibrium real GDP level.
(e) What is the value of expenditure multiplier in this economy? If the government expenditure increases by 100 (i.e. ΔG=100), what will be the change in the equilibrium income level in this economy? What will be the new equilibrium level of real GDP?
(f) Suppose that the output gap is given as "-2000". Explain what is output gap. Given this information, what is the level of potential GDP? How much should government change its spending (i.e. ΔG=?) to close the output gap?
Taxes (T) change with changes in income level because a portion of income is taken as tax. According to the above information, T = 100 + 0.2Y. The 0.2Y shows the portion of income that is collected as tax when income is Y. The government should increase its spending by $800 to close the output gap.
Therefore, tax increases as income increases.b) YD (disposable income) is calculated by the equation:YD = Y - TWhere Y is income and T is tax.c) The equation of the aggregate expenditure line is given by the equation:AE = C d + I d + G + NXdThe aggregate expenditure line equation using the data provided in the question will be:AE = (A + 0.6 YD) + (300 + 0.05 Y) + 400 + (200 – 0.1Y)AE = A + 0.6(Y – T) + 500 + 0.05Y – 0.1YAE = A + 0.55Y + 500 – 0.1TThe equilibrium income level can be found by plotting the aggregate expenditure line on a graph and finding the point where the line intersects the 45-degree line, which represents the output (Y) of the economy.
Therefore, the equilibrium income level in this economy is where the aggregate expenditure line intersects with the 45-degree line on the graph, as shown below:Equilibrium condition is when aggregate expenditure is equal to real GDP, AE = Y. To calculate the equilibrium real GDP level, we can equate the equation for aggregate expenditure with Y:AE = Y, and substituting the value of AE in the equation: A + 0.55Y + 500 – 0.1T = Y0.45Y = A + 500 – 0.1TSubstituting the value of A and T (i.e., A = 2031, T = 100 + 0.2Y) in the above equation and solving, we get;Y = 8100Therefore, the equilibrium real GDP level is 8100.d) The expenditure multiplier can be calculated using the equation:k = 1/(1-MPC)where MPC is the marginal propensity to consume, which is 0.6 in this case. Therefore, MPC = 0.6 and;K = 1/(1-0.6) = 2.5If the government expenditure increases by 100 (i.e. ΔG=100), then the new equilibrium level of real GDP will be calculated by multiplying the expenditure multiplier with the increase in government expenditure as follows:ΔY = k x ΔG = 2.5 x 100 = 250. Therefore, potential GDP = 2031 + 0.55Y + 900Potential GDP = 2931 + 0.55YThe government needs to increase its spending (i.e., ΔG) to close the output gap.
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For tax purposes, the term "experience rating" is associated
with which employee benefit?
Disability insurance
Unemployment insurance
Survivor’s insurance
Old-age insuran
Experience rating is a system used in unemployment insurance to determine the tax rate for employers. It rewards employers with fewer unemployment claims with a lower tax rate and penalizes those with more claims. The system encourages job stability and motivates employers to minimize claims to control tax liabilities.
For tax purposes, the term "experience rating" is associated with unemployment insurance. Experience rating is a system used by states to determine the unemployment insurance tax rate for employers. The experience rating system is based on an employer's history of unemployment claims. Employers who have had fewer unemployment claims are rewarded with a lower tax rate, while employers who have had more claims are penalized with a higher tax rate. The experience rating system is designed to encourage employers to minimize their unemployment claims and to promote job stability. Employers with a stable workforce are less likely to have unemployment claims, which reduces their tax rate. In contrast, employers with high turnover rates or who lay off employees frequently are more likely to have unemployment claims, which increases their tax rate. Experience rating is an important factor for employers to consider when managing their workforce and controlling their tax liabilities.
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in the week about to bogin, a bank expects $30 million in incoming deposits, $20 million in dopout withdrawals $15 million in rovonuos from the sale of nondeposit services, $25 million in customar loan repayments, $5 million in sale of bank assets $45 million in money matust borrowings, $60 million in acceptable loan requests, $10 million in npayments of bank borrowings, $5 million in cash outflows to cover other operating expernes, and $10 milion in dividend payments to its stockholders What is the banks net liquidity position for the wook is cxpected to be? For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10(Mac) BIVS Paragraph TELE Arial 10pt E IX 4 Ĵ
Therefore, the bank's net liquidity position for the week is expected to be $135 million.
To calculate the bank's net liquidity position for the week, we need to subtract the cash outflows from the cash inflows. Let's calculate it step by step:
Cash Inflows:
Incoming deposits: $30 million
Revenues from the sale of non-deposit services: $15 million
Customer loan repayments: $25 million
Sale of bank assets: $5 million
Money market borrowings: $45 million
Acceptable loan requests: $60 million
Total Cash Inflows: $30 million + $15 million + $25 million + $5 million + $45 million + $60 million = $180 million
Cash Outflows:
Dropout withdrawals: $20 million
Payments of bank borrowings: $10 million
Cash outflows to cover other operating expenses: $5 million
Dividend payments to stockholders: $10 million
Total Cash Outflows: $20 million + $10 million + $5 million + $10 million = $45 million
Net Liquidity Position: Cash Inflows - Cash Outflows = $180 million - $45 million = $135 million
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1:What would be the effect on the Unreserved Fund Balance at the
end of the current fiscal year of recording a $15,000 expenditure
for a new computer, assuming a $14,600 encumbrance had been
recorded
If a $15,000 expenditure for a new computer is recorded and a $14,600 encumbrance had already been recorded, the effect on the Unreserved Fund Balance at the end of the current fiscal year would be a decrease of $400.
An encumbrance represents a commitment to spend funds for a specific purpose, in this case, the purchase of a new computer.
When the actual expenditure is recorded, it reduces the encumbrance and decreases the Unreserved Fund Balance.
In this scenario, the $14,600 encumbrance would be reduced by the actual expenditure of $15,000, resulting in a decrease of $400 in the Unreserved Fund Balance.
The Unreserved Fund Balance represents the available funds that are not restricted or allocated for any specific purpose, and it reflects the financial position of the organization.
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Stephanie purchased 100 shares of Novell stock for $12 a share on September 10, 2019. On August 28, 2020, the price had fallen to $9. Concerned that the price might decline further, Stephanie sold all her shares that day. She later regretted this move, and on September 24, 2020, she repurchased the stock when it was $11 a share. What is Stephanie's 2020 capital gain or loss on these transactions? No gain or loss. $100 short-term loss. $300 short-term loss. O $300 long-term loss.
Stephanie incurred a $300 short-term loss on her 2020 capital gain transactions.
Stephanie initially purchased 100 shares of Novell stock for $12 per share on September 10, 2019. On August 28, 2020, she sold all her shares when the price dropped to $9 per share. The selling price per share was lower than her purchase price, resulting in a loss of $3 per share. Since Stephanie sold the shares within a year of purchasing them, this loss qualifies as a short-term loss.
However, Stephanie repurchased the stock on September 24, 2020, when the price was $11 per share. Since she sold and repurchased the shares within a short period, the repurchased shares are considered a "wash sale." According to tax regulations, losses from wash sales are disallowed for tax purposes.
Considering these transactions, Stephanie incurred a $300 short-term loss. This loss is calculated by multiplying the number of shares (100) by the difference in purchase and selling prices per share ($12 - $9 = $3), resulting in a loss of $300. As the loss occurred within a year, it is categorized as a short-term loss rather than a long-term loss.
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The register tapes on July 17 showed receipts of $966 and the
change fund was $200; $1,160 in cash was counted. By what amount
is the cash register short or over?
a.$194 over.
b.$6.00 over.
c.$6.00d.$194 short.
So, the cash register was short 1,946. Answer: is Option a. 194 over.
A register tape is a record of financial transactions that is used to record the sale of goods or services, calculate the amount of money received, and keep track of inventory levels. Register tapes can be used in a variety of settings, including retail stores, restaurants, and businesses that process payments.
In a cash register, register tapes are used to record the sale of items and calculate the amount of money that needs to be given to the customer. The tape typically includes columns for the date, time, item sold, price, and total amount due. The cashier can then use the information on the tape to calculate the change due to the customer and process the payment.
The cash register was short $194.
To find the amount of the shortage, we need to add the amount of money received in receipts:
966+1,160 - 200
=1,946
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Analyze and compare the chosen companies (Tesla and Apple) based on the following topics:
- General description of the companies;
- Companies contribution to the countries` development;
- Compare its Corporate Policies; and Global Production and Supply Chains;
- Indicate main differences in strategies of doing business;
- Indicate if companies use Business Process Outsourcing services;
- Compare their Energy Efficiency, Resource Efficiency, and Environmental Friendliness as Policies;
- Analyze their actions to support startups;
- Analyze connections to the global economy.
- Build the strategy/plan for economic cooperation among these companies.
Tesla and Apple are two prominent companies that have made significant contributions to their respective countries' development.
While Tesla has revolutionized the electric vehicle industry and sustainable energy, Apple has transformed the technology and consumer electronics market.
They differ in their corporate policies and global production strategies. Both companies prioritize energy efficiency and environmental friendliness, but Apple also focuses on resource efficiency.
Both companies support startups and have strong connections to the global economy.
Economic cooperation between Tesla and Apple could involve collaboration in sustainable technology development, joint ventures in renewable energy projects, and sharing expertise in manufacturing processes and supply chain management.
Tesla, founded in 2003 by Elon Musk, is an American electric vehicle and clean energy company.
It has played a crucial role in the development of the electric vehicle industry and the promotion of sustainable energy solutions.
Tesla's innovations in battery technology and renewable energy have contributed to the transition towards greener transportation and energy production.
Apple, established in 1976, is an American technology company known for its iconic consumer electronics, such as the iPhone, iPad, and Mac computers.
Apple has had a significant impact on the technology sector, driving innovation and shaping consumer preferences.
Its products have become integral to people's daily lives and have helped boost economic growth.
Both companies have made substantial contributions to the development of their respective countries.
Tesla's advancements in electric vehicles have reduced dependence on fossil fuels, mitigated climate change, and created jobs in the clean energy sector.
Apple's global success has contributed to the growth of the technology industry and generated employment opportunities, particularly in the United States.
In terms of corporate policies, Tesla and Apple have distinct approaches. Tesla emphasizes transparency and open-source innovation, sharing its patents with the public to accelerate the adoption of electric vehicles.
Apple, on the other hand, prioritizes privacy and data security, implementing strict policies to protect user information.
Regarding global production and supply chains, Tesla and Apple have different strategies.
Tesla vertically integrates its manufacturing processes, controlling various stages of production, including battery production and vehicle assembly.
In contrast, Apple outsources a significant portion of its manufacturing to third-party suppliers, primarily in China, to take advantage of cost efficiencies.
Both companies prioritize energy efficiency and environmental friendliness.
Tesla's electric vehicles operate without tailpipe emissions, reducing carbon footprints and air pollution.
Apple has made progress in reducing its environmental impact, focusing not only on energy efficiency but also on resource efficiency by promoting recycling programs and using renewable materials in its products.
In supporting startups, Tesla and Apple have established initiatives to foster innovation.
Tesla's "Tesla Start" program provides training and support to independent electric vehicle service technicians.
Apple's "Entrepreneur Camp" offers mentorship and resources to women entrepreneurs in the app development industry.
Both Tesla and Apple have strong connections to the global economy. Tesla's electric vehicles are sold and manufactured worldwide, contributing to economic growth in various countries.
Apple's supply chain extends across numerous countries, making it an integral part of the global technology manufacturing network.
To foster economic cooperation between Tesla and Apple, a strategic plan could involve collaboration in sustainable technology development, such as jointly researching and developing advanced battery technologies for electric vehicles.
They could also explore joint ventures in renewable energy projects, leveraging their expertise in energy storage and clean power generation. Additionally, sharing knowledge and best practices in manufacturing processes and supply chain management could enhance efficiency and sustainability in both companies' operations.
Such cooperation could lead to synergistic benefits, combining Tesla's expertise in electric vehicles and renewable energy with Apple's technological prowess and global market reach.
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ABC Company reported the following data pf product X. the variable cost equals 30% of the selling price and the fixed costs is 210,000$ if the Company aims to earn a profit equals to 70,000, how much should be the sales of ABC Company after the break even point to achieve this goal? O a. 400,000 b. 100,000 O c. 300,000 O d. 600,000 Oe. None of the answers is correct. Clear my choice
To achieve a profit of 70,000$, the sales of ABC Company after the break-even point should be 400,000$.
Calculation steps:
Given, Variable Cost = 30% of Selling Price
Fixed Cost (FC) = 210,000$
Profit = 70,000$
Sales required to get to the Break-Even point (BEP)
BEP = FC / (Selling Price - Variable Cost)210,000 / (1 - 0.3) = 210,000 / 0.7 = 300,000 $
Total Sales to achieve a profit of 70,000$To achieve a profit of 70,000$,
sales should be equal to
(Fixed Cost + Profit) / (1 - Variable Cost / Selling Price)(210,000 + 70,000) / (1 - 0.3) = 280,000 / 0.7 = 400,000 $
Therefore, the correct answer is option A, i.e., 400,000$.
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Subcontracting in Japan: a) is a modern version of Say's Law b) is a modern version of mercantilism. c) is a modern version of putting -out system" d) is a modern version of indicative planning, e) none of the above.
Option "E" - none of the above. The subcontracting in Japan is none of the above options a, b, c, or d mentioned in the question.
Subcontracting is the practice of assigning some of the company's production or services to another party. In this process, the main company contracts out a part of its work to another business to be completed. There are many subcontracting companies in Japan that work with the manufacturing industry. These subcontractors can handle many different production stages, including materials procurement, processing, and assembly, among others.
None of the above-mentioned options, such as Say's law, mercantilism, putting-out system, or indicative planning, describes subcontracting in Japan. Say's law is a macroeconomic principle; mercantilism is a term used to describe the colonial period of Europe, which aimed to increase exports and decrease imports; putting-out system refers to a pre-industrial era manufacturing process, and indicative planning describes a system of economic planning that is used in some countries.Therefore, the main answer to the question is "E" - none of the above.
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(i) Following exit from the EU single market, assuming the UK decides to trade only among the four nations (i.e., without rest of the world). How will the shocks listed in 'a-e' below affect the UK's (i.1) equilibrium level of output, (1.2) unemployment, (1.3) the IS curve and (1.4) the exchange rate (XR) curve (a) stock market boom (4 marks) (b) a fall in the retirement age (4 marks) (c) a decrease in depreciation rate (4 marks) (d) a natural disaster that wipes-off stock of capital (4 marks) (e) an increase in the rate of technological progress (4 marks) (ii) If we relax earlier assumption, and now assume that the UK is a small open economy, demonstrate using the 3-equation model the adjustment to equilibrium of a permanent shock to aggregate demand
(i) To analyze the effects of the listed shocks on the UK's equilibrium level of output, unemployment, the IS curve, and the exchange rate (XR) curve, we need to assess their impact individually:
a) Stock market boom: A stock market boom typically increases household wealth, leading to higher consumption and investment. This would shift the IS curve to the right, increasing the equilibrium level of output, reducing unemployment, and potentially appreciating the exchange rate.
b) Fall in the retirement age: A decrease in the retirement age would increase the labor force participation rate, potentially reducing unemployment. However, if it leads to a decrease in labor productivity or increased fiscal burdens, it may have mixed effects on output. The impact on the exchange rate would depend on the overall effect on the economy.
(ii) To demonstrate the adjustment to equilibrium from a permanent shock to aggregate demand in a small open economy, we use the 3-equation model:
Aggregate Demand (AD) equation: AD = C(Y - T) + I(r) + G + NX(e)
Monetary Policy (MP) equation: money supply growth rate = inflation rate + output gap
Exchange Rate (XR) equation: %Δ(e) = %Δ(Y) - %Δ(i*)
The adjustment process involves changes in output, interest rates, and exchange rates until equilibrium is reached.
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What strategic implementation issues associated with the proposed alternative should Shake Shack consider given the company’s internal position and the state of its external environment?
What are the main strategic issues/problems Shake Shack must address and formulate a strategic alternative that you consider viable for Shake Shack’s future along with recommendations.
What entry modes for international expansion does Shake Shack utilize and what is the company’s international strategy?
To address the strategic implementation issues associated with the proposed alternative, research and development, and any potential risks or uncertainties in the external environment.
Some key considerations include:
Operational Capacity: Shake Shack needs to assess its internal operational capabilities and capacity to support the proposed alternative. This includes evaluating its supply chain, staffing, and infrastructure to ensure they can handle increased demand or any changes required for the alternative strategy.
Financial Resources: Shake Shack should evaluate its financial resources to determine if it has the necessary funds to implement the proposed alternative. This includes considering the costs associated with expansion, marketing, research and development, and any potential risks or uncertainties in the external environment that may impact financial stability.
Market Analysis: Shake Shack should conduct a thorough analysis of the external environment to understand market trends, consumer preferences, and competitive dynamics.
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solve in 50 mins i will thumb up
10. Consider the model of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply. In your answers below you should give both graphical explanations and the underlying intuitions where relevant. (a) [10 marks] Explain
The model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply is an economic model used to demonstrate macroeconomic concepts, such as inflation, recessions, and economic growth. It combines the aggregate demand curve and the aggregate supply curve to represent the total demand and supply of goods and services in an economy.
The aggregate demand curve shows the relationship between the price level and the quantity of goods and services demanded. It slopes downward, indicating that as the price level increases, the quantity demanded decreases. This is because higher prices reduce consumers' purchasing power, leading to a decrease in demand. Conversely, as the price level decreases, the quantity demanded increases as consumers are more willing to purchase goods and services.
The aggregate supply curve shows the relationship between the price level and the quantity of goods and services supplied. It slopes upward, indicating that as the price level increases, the quantity supplied increases. This is because higher prices incentivize producers to increase production and supply more goods and services to maximize their profits. Conversely, as the price level decreases, the quantity supplied decreases as producers find it less profitable to produce and sell goods and services.
The intersection of the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves represents the equilibrium price level and quantity of goods and services in the economy. At this point, the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. If the economy operates above this equilibrium, it can lead to inflation as demand exceeds supply. Conversely, operating below the equilibrium can result in a recession as supply exceeds demand.
The aggregate demand and supply model is a valuable tool for understanding macroeconomic phenomena. By analyzing the interaction between aggregate demand and aggregate supply, economists and policymakers can gain insights into inflationary pressures, recessions, and economic growth. The model helps inform decisions related to fiscal and monetary policies to achieve macroeconomic stability and promote economic well-being.
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"Blast it!" said David Wilson, president of Teledex Company. "We've just lost the bid on the Koopers job by $4,000. It seems we're either too high to get the job or too low to make any money on half the jobs we bid. Teledex Company manufactures products to customers' specifications and operates a job order costing system. Manufacturing overhead cost is applied to jobs on the basis of direct labor cost. The Department Fabricating Machining AssemblyTotal Plant $219,000 $109,500 $328,500 $ 657,000 Manufacturing overhead $383,250 $438,000 $ 98,550 $ 919,800 Direct labor Jobs require varying amounts of work in the three departments. The Koopers job, for example, would have required manufacturing costs in the three departments as follows: Department Direct materials Direct labor Manufacturing overhead labricating Machining /exKYnily .10.1 Mart $ 4,900 400 3,300 $ 8,600 $ 6,600 $ 700 8,100 $ 15,400
Teledex Company uses job costing system and manufactures products according to the clients' requirements. The production overhead cost is calculated on the basis of direct labor cost. The organization's Fabricating, Machining, and Assembly departments have direct labor and manufacturing overhead costs.
It's clear that the manufacturing overhead cost is higher than the direct labor cost, which may be an issue for Teledex Company. Additionally, if their overhead is too high, they won't win as many bids, which could harm the company's future. They must first determine the cause of their high overhead and take appropriate action to minimize it. The organization's overhead is $1,419,600, while its direct labor cost is $657,000. They should also look into their direct labor cost and ensure that it is as low as possible. They can also investigate the rates their competitors are offering for comparable services. Teledex may need to investigate the option of increasing their costs to clients or reducing their operating costs if they cannot make a profit on a job. Teledex Company should analyze the current cost structure and determine areas where cost savings can be made without compromising quality. Then, they can adjust their pricing strategy based on the data obtained from their analysis.
In conclusion, Teledex Company must concentrate on decreasing their manufacturing overhead while also keeping their direct labor costs under control. Additionally, they may need to consider increasing their prices if they are unable to lower their expenses. The company must analyze their current cost structure to make data-driven decisions, and they must also evaluate their competition to determine if their pricing strategy is correct.
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Many employees of an international bank feel that their salary raises and bonus they receive are not fair. They insist that some colleagues get more salary raises and bonus without any valid reason. Furthermore, their company never disclose any guideline and procedures for their decision making in bonus allocation and salary raises. Furthermore, many employees complain that the jobs assigned to them are too challenging. Finally, there is a rising number of employees who become disengaged. On the other hand, the CEO of this bank also discovers that the employees’ engagement level continues to decline. The CEO asks the HR director, John, to implement certain practices to empower employees for higher engagement. After careful consideration about the current organization atmosphere, John advises the CEO that there are certain engagement risks in the current situation. It is better not to ask for more engagement from employees at this moment.
Answer the following questions base on the case
(a) Identify and explain TWO types of fairness which are related to the employees’ dissatisfaction. Provide examples from the case content to support your answers.
(b) What are the risks associated with employee engagement in this international bank in which the CEO should be aware of? (250words)
(c) What are the kinds of employees disengagement that exist in the above case? (150words)
The two types of fairness which are related to the employees' dissatisfaction are distributive fairness and procedural fairness.
Distributive fairness refers to the employees' belief that the rewards or outcomes they receive are just. According to distributive fairness, people are motivated to put in more effort when they feel that they are being compensated fairly. Employees are dissatisfied with their salary raises and bonuses because they believe that some colleagues receive more salary raises and bonuses than they do without any valid reason. They believe that their company is not following distributive fairness, and they feel that the bonuses and salary raises are not being allocated fairly.
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Question 19 Consider the following information available for the firm F The long term historical average return on European government bonds is 4.5% The systematic risk of equity ß is 1.20 The risk premium expected for the market is 6% The pre-tax cost of debt 2% The tax rate 24% The debt represents 10% of total capital. 1. Provide and estimation of the cost of equity using the CAPM model re? 4 marks 2. Expla why the CAPM model may be incomplete to estimate the cost of capital? 3 marks 3. Compute the WACC? 4 marks 4. Given its equity beta of 0.8 and its debt beta of 0.2, what is the asset beta of the firm F? 4 marks
1. The estimation of the cost of equity using the CAPM model re is 6.8%.
2. The CAPM model may not consider some of the risks that are associated with an investment such as systematic risks, unsystematic risks, financial risks, and liquidity risks.
3. The WACC of the firm is 6.12%.
4. The asset beta of the firm is 0.764.
1. Calculation of the cost of equity using the CAPM model:
The formula for the CAPM model is as follows:
re = rf + βe (rm − rf)
Where,
re = Expected return on equity
rf = Risk-free rate
βe = Systematic risk of equity
rm = Expected return on market
The risk-free rate is given as 2% as the pre-tax cost of debt is 2%.
The expected return on the market is given as 6% as the risk premium expected for the market is 6%.
Given, βe = 1.20
re = 2 + 1.20(6 - 2)
re = 2 + 1.20(4)
re = 2 + 4.8
re = 6.8%
2. Explanation of why the CAPM model may be incomplete to estimate the cost of capital:
The CAPM model assumes that investors have access to accurate information regarding all the risks associated with the investment, but in reality, that is not possible. Hence, the CAPM model may be incomplete to estimate the cost of capital.
3. Calculation of the WACC:
The formula for WACC is as follows:
WACC = (E/V) * re + (D/V) * rd * (1 - Tc)
Where,
E = Equity
V = Total capital
D = Debt
re = Expected return on equity
rd = Cost of debt
Tc = Tax rate
Given,
E/V = 90% and D/V = 10%
D/V = 0.10
E/V = 0.90
re = 6.8%
rd = 2%
Tc = 24%
WACC = (0.90 * 6.8) + (0.10 * 2 * (1 - 0.24))
WACC = 6.12%
4. Calculation of the asset beta of the firm F:
Given, equity beta = 0.8 and debt beta = 0.2
The formula to calculate the asset beta of the firm is as follows:
Asset beta = (E/V) * Equity beta + (D/V) * Debt beta * (1 - Tc)
Where,
E = Equity
V = Total capital
D = Debt
Tc = Tax rate
Given,
E/V = 90% and D/V = 10%
D/V = 0.10
E/V = 0.90
Equity beta = 0.8 and Debt beta = 0.2
Tc = 24%
Asset beta = (0.90 * 0.8) + (0.10 * 0.2 * (1 - 0.24))
Asset beta = 0.764
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Why does the Average Total Cost eventually increase as quantity produced increases in the short run? a) Because the spreading effect is stronger and overtakes the diminishing returns effect b) Because Average Fixed Cost starts rising as quantity produced increases c) Because the diminishing returns effect grows stronger and overtakes the spreading effect d) Because the diminishing returns effects becomes weaker as quantity produced increases
The reason why the Average Total Cost (ATC) eventually increases as the quantity produced increases in the short run is due to the diminishing returns effect. Initially, as the quantity produced increases, the spreading effect takes place, and the fixed costs are spread over a larger number of units, leading to a decrease in the ATC. Therefore the correct option is C) Because the diminishing returns effect grows stronger and overtakes the spreading effect.
However, as production increases beyond a certain level, the diminishing returns effect sets in, leading to an increase in the ATC. This happens because as the production increases, the marginal cost of producing an additional unit also increases. This increase in the marginal cost leads to a rise in the average variable cost, and eventually, the ATC increases.
Therefore, option C is the correct answer, as the diminishing returns effect grows stronger and overtakes the spreading effect, leading to an increase in the ATC. It is important to note that in the long run, all costs become variable, and the ATC tends to decrease as production increases due to economies of scale.
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Think of a truly weird or creative product. How should an
entrepreneur try to market a product that is so unique that no one
has ever used anything like it before? How would you do it?
Why?
An entrepreneur should try to market a unique and creative product by developing an innovative marketing strategy that is as unique as the product itself. There are several ways to market a weird or unique product:Social media campaigns: Nowadays, Social media platforms are widely used for promoting businesses. An entrepreneur could use social media campaigns to reach out to the target audience.
This would help create a buzz and attract the right customers.Publicity stunts: Publicity stunts are a fun and creative way to capture the public's attention and generate interest in a product. It could be in the form of a flash mob or a pop-up shop that is only open for a day.Content marketing: Content marketing involves creating informative and valuable content that is relevant to the target audience. An entrepreneur could develop a blog, an e-book or a podcast to generate interest and increase brand visibility.Celebrity endorsements: Celebrity endorsements can be extremely effective in marketing a product. An entrepreneur could approach celebrities that resonate with the product and use them to endorse the product and generate interest.In conclusion, a weird or creative product requires a marketing strategy that is as unique as the product itself. An entrepreneur should be innovative and daring in their marketing approach. By using social media campaigns, publicity stunts, content marketing, and celebrity endorsements, an entrepreneur can effectively market a weird or creative product.
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As demonstrated in class, for the purposes of estimating capacity requirements, to calculate labor requirements, one does not need to know
a) Number of workers required to staff each machine (piece of equipment)
b) Hourly wage per employee
c) Capacity of each machine or piece of equipment (in units) per unit time
d) Number of machines (pieces of equipment available
e) Product line forecast ün units) per time period
As demonstrated in class, for the purposes of estimating capacity requirements, to calculate labor requirements, one does not need to know the capacity of each machine or piece of equipment (in units) per unit time.
What is capacity?
Capacity refers to the maximum output rate that a machine or plant can achieve under ideal conditions. Production capacity can be expressed in units of time such as an hour, a day, or a week, and may also be expressed in terms of a total number of units produced within that period.
To calculate labor requirements and estimate capacity requirements, you must know the following: Number of workers required to staff each machine (piece of equipment) Hourly wage per employee Number of machines (pieces of equipment available Product line forecast in units per time period
Therefore, the answer is option C) Capacity of each machine or piece of equipment (in units) per unit time.
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Economists represent a good/service which has a fixed
size/amount with a vertical (linear) supply curve—no matter how the
market price may change, the amount of the good does not. A common
example i
A common example of a good or service with a fixed size or amount and a vertical (linear) supply curve is land.
Land is a natural resource that has a fixed quantity and cannot be increased or decreased in the short run. Regardless of changes in market price, the amount of land available for use remains constant.
The supply of land is considered perfectly inelastic because its quantity cannot be adjusted in response to price changes. Even if the price of land increases or decreases, the amount of land available remains the same. This is because land is a fixed factor of production and its supply is determined by natural factors such as geographical boundaries and limited availability.
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3. Consider the demand equation given by Qd = 36-3P. Find the price elasticity of demand at Q=24. Show all your work and briefly explain why you are making any calculations.
To find the price elasticity of demand at Q = 24, we need to calculate the absolute value of the derivative of Qd with respect to P (dQd/dP) and then multiply it by the ratio of P to Q (P/Q).
Given the demand equation: Qd = 36 - 3P
First, we need to find dQd/dP by taking the derivative of Qd with respect to P:
dQd/dP = -3
Next, we calculate the ratio of P to Q:
P/Q = P / (36 - 3P)
Now, we substitute Q = 24 into the equation to find the corresponding value of P:
24 = 36 - 3P
3P = 36 - 24
3P = 12
P = 4
Now, we can calculate the price elasticity of demand at Q = 24:
Price Elasticity of Demand = |dQd/dP| * (P/Q)
Price Elasticity of Demand = |-3| * (4 / 24)
Price Elasticity of Demand = 3 * 0.1667
Price Elasticity of Demand ≈ 0.5
The price elasticity of demand at Q = 24 is approximately 0.5.
The calculations involve taking the derivative of the demand equation to find the rate of change of quantity demanded with respect to price. By multiplying it with the ratio of price to quantity, we can determine the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in price. A higher absolute value of elasticity indicates a more elastic demand, meaning that quantity is more responsive to changes in price.
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Whicons Delis, Wacon, is a polits months, the population dwindles to a eager few, but when summer comes, the stre of the town surges Hunter Jackson is the town sanitation engineer. When the size of the town surges, so do his responsibilities. Among them is management of the sewage processing volume. In an Interview with the local paper, Hunter complained that a report on tourist population that he uses to adjust processing volume, refers to data that was not always accurate and it is really giving him a hard time to make adjustments. Which of the following characteristics of useful information is absent in the situation described above? O verifiable O complete O relevant O reliable
The characteristic of useful information that is absent in the situation described above is reliable.
Reliable information refers to information that can be trusted and is backed up by a reputable source. It implies that the information is trustworthy, accurate, and credible. It is information that can be used with confidence. In the given situation, Hunter Jackson is the town sanitation engineer, and he is responsible for managing the sewage processing volume in the town. When the size of the town surges, so do his responsibilities. To make adjustments in processing volume, he uses a report on tourist population.However, in an interview with the local paper, Hunter complained that the report is not always accurate and is making his job challenging. Thus, it can be concluded that the characteristic of useful information that is absent in the situation described above is reliable.
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Assume a company incurs $194,000 of customer service salaries. The employees in the Customer Service Department spend their time performing four activities as follows: 40% of their time is spent in "Problem Resolution," 25% of their time is spent in "New Account Setup," 20% of their time is spent in "Payment Processing." and 15% is spent in "Other activities. In the company's activity-based costing system, how much of the customer service salaries would be allocated to the "New Account Setup" activity? Multiple Choice $126,100 $38.800 $48,500 $77,600
The accurate answer is: $38,800.
25% of $194,000 is allocated to the "New Account Setup" activity.
Therefore, the amount allocated to "New Account Setup" is $38,800.
How much of the customer service salaries would be allocated to the "New Account Setup" activity?To determine the amount allocated to the "New Account Setup" activity, we need to calculate 25% of the total customer service salaries.
Given that the company incurs $194,000 of customer service salaries, multiplying it by 25% gives us $48,500.
Therefore, $48,500 would be allocated to the "New Account Setup" activity.
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Suppose that Brazil and Mexico both produce bananas, Brazil uses the real as their currency whereas Mexico uses the peso. The exchange rate between these two countries is 0.5 reals per peso [E reals/pesos = 0.5]. We also know that the peso dollar exchange rate is 10 pesos per dollar [E pesos/$ = 10]. In Mexico, bananas sell for 10 pesos per kilo of bananas. Suppose bananas sell for 10 pesos per kilo in Mexico. If LOOP holds, what is the price of bananas in Brazil? What is the price in the United States? Suppose the price of bananas in Brazil is 5.5 reals per kilo. At the same time, the price of bananas in the United States is $1.00 per kilo. Based on this information, where does LOOP hold? How will banana traders respond to the previous situation? In which markets will traders buy bananas? Where will they sell them? What will happen to the prices of bananas in Mexico, Brazil, and the United States? You can assume that the buying and selling will not affect the exchange rates, just the prices in the domestic markets.
LOOP (law of one price) is a financial theory that suggests that, in an efficient market, similar goods should have the same price. The theory assumes that exchange rates correctly reflect relative values between countries, that transportation costs do not restrict the international trade of goods, and that buyers can access and trade at the same prices in different markets.
As a result, LOOP applies to both domestic and international markets. In this context, if bananas sell for 10 pesos per kilo in Mexico, then 1 kilo of bananas should be equal to the cost of exchanging 10 pesos into reals (0.5 reals/pesos), which would be 5 reals per kilo (10 pesos/kilo * 0.5 reals/peso = 5 reals/kilo) in Brazil.
Similarly, if 1 kilo of bananas in the United States sells for $1, then the cost of exchanging 1 dollar into pesos (10 pesos/dollar) should also be equal to 10 pesos/kilo of bananas. Thus, 1 kilo of bananas in the United States should be worth 10 pesos, which is equivalent to 1 dollar, assuming LOOP holds.
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Which of the following is NOT an important factor to consider when preparing a sales forecast? Multiple Choice Changes in the insurance policy against hurricanes and fires. Actions taken by competitor
While competitor actions may not be a core component of sales forecasting, they remain relevant for overall business strategy.
The actions taken by competitors are NOT an important factor to consider when preparing a sales forecast.
While it is crucial to consider various factors when preparing a sales forecast, such as market trends, customer behavior, economic conditions, and changes in internal factors, the actions taken by competitors are not directly related to the organization's sales projections. Competitors' actions can certainly impact market dynamics and influence sales indirectly, but they are not a direct component of the sales forecast calculation.
However, it's worth noting that monitoring competitor activities is still valuable for gaining market insights and adjusting sales strategies accordingly. Keeping an eye on their pricing, product launches, marketing campaigns, and other initiatives can help businesses make informed decisions and respond effectively to changes in the competitive landscape. Therefore, while competitor actions may not be a core component of sales forecasting, they remain relevant for overall business strategy.
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As shown in the appendix to chapter 4, the Cobb-Douglas form of utility function, U(X,Y) = a log(X) + (1-a) log(Y), yields demand functions X = (a/Px)I and Y = [(1-a)/Py]l. These demand functions have some unique properties. One is that the cross-price elasticities are zero, as pointed out in the appendix, because neither demand depends on the price of the other good. Another unique property is that the own-price elasticities are constant and do not depend on the particular values of the prices and income. Using calculus, the price (Enter your response as real Px ax = elasticity of demand for good X can be calculated as Ep Therefore, the price elasticity of demand for good X equals X OP X number rounded to one decimal place.) The income elasticity of demand also does not depend on the values of prices and income. The income elasticity of demand for good X can be calculated as I ax (Enter your response as a real number rounded to one decimal place.) E₁ = The income elasticity of demand for good X is therefore X di One other unusual property of these demand functions is that the consumer spends a fixed proportion of income on each good regardless of the values of the prices and income. The fraction of income spent on good X is a 1/Px 1/2
To calculate the price elasticity of demand for good X using the Cobb-Douglas utility function, we need to differentiate the demand function for X with respect to its own price (Px).
These demand functions have some unique properties. One is that the cross-price elasticities are zero, as pointed out in the appendix, because neither demand depends on the price of the other good. Another unique property is that the own-price elasticities are constant and do not depend on the particular values of the prices and income. Using calculus, the price (Enter your response as real Px ax = elasticity of demand for good X can be calculated as Ep Therefore, the price elasticity of demand for good X equals X OP X number rounded to one decimal place.) The income elasticity of demand also does not depend on the values of prices and income. The income elasticity of demand for good X can be calculated as I ax (Enter your response as a real number rounded to one decimal place.) E₁ = The income elasticity of demand for good X is therefore X di One other unusual property of these demand functions is that the consumer spends a fixed proportion of income on each good regardless of the values of the prices and income.
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How many companies are ISO 9000 certified globally and in the U.S.? What are QS 9000, TS 16949, AS 9000, TL 9000, and TE 9000?
As of the latest data available, there is no accurate information on the total number of companies that have been ISO 9000 certified globally and in the United States. The number is continuously changing as companies are either getting or losing their certification.
ISO 9000 certification is an international standard that sets out the requirements for a quality management system. The purpose of this certification is to help companies ensure that their products and services meet the needs of their customers and stakeholders while also complying with legal and regulatory requirements. It applies to all types of organizations, from manufacturing to service industries.
It involves a comprehensive assessment of an organization's quality management system to ensure that it meets the requirements of ISO 9000. QS 9000 is a quality management system (QMS) that was developed by a group of automobile manufacturers in North America to ensure that their suppliers met their quality requirements. QS 9000 was originally based on ISO 9000 but included additional requirements specific to the automotive industry. It has now been superseded by IATF 16949:2016, which is a global quality management standard that combines the requirements of ISO 9000 with those of the automotive industry. TS 16949 is the automotive quality management system (QMS) standard developed by the International Automotive Task Force (IATF) to ensure the quality of products and services provided by automotive suppliers. It is based on ISO 9001 but includes additional requirements specific to the automotive industry. AS 9000 is a quality management system (QMS) that was developed by the aerospace industry to ensure that their suppliers met their quality requirements. It is based on ISO 9001 but includes additional requirements specific to the aerospace industry. TL 9000 is a quality management system (QMS) that was developed by the telecommunications industry to ensure that their suppliers met their quality requirements. It is based on ISO 9001 but includes additional requirements specific to the telecommunications industry. TE 9000 is a quality management system (QMS) that was developed by the defense industry to ensure that their suppliers met their quality requirements. It is based on ISO 9001 but includes additional requirements specific to the defense industry.
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When housing prices of Hong Kong fall, the economic competitiveness of Hong Kong might increase because (1) it might lead to lower production costs. (2) it might lead to more income equality. (3) it might lead to less pollutions. A. (1) & (2) only. B. (1) & (3) only. C. (2) & (3) only. D. (1), (2) & (3)
When housing prices of Hong Kong fall, the economic competitiveness of Hong Kong might increase because it might lead to lower production costs; might lead to more income equality; and might lead to less pollutions. Therefore, the correct option is D. (1), (2) & (3).
Hong Kong is among the most prosperous territories in the world and has a rich capitalist economy with low taxation and free trade. It is one of the most popular investment destinations due to its low taxation, open market policy, and less strict policies regarding financial investments.The fall in housing prices in Hong Kong can lead to the increase in economic competitiveness of Hong Kong in the following ways:
Lower production costs: As housing prices fall, the production costs in Hong Kong fall as well. As a result, the cost of production of goods and services reduces. Lower production costs imply a decrease in the prices of goods and services, making them more affordable to consumers and more profitable to producers.
More income equality: The fall in housing prices would lead to more income equality as it makes affordable housing more accessible to low-income earners. This could reduce income inequality, as low-income earners would have an opportunity to purchase homes in more desirable areas.
Less pollution: The fall in housing prices would encourage more people to live in the city, thus reducing the pollution associated with commuting. This would lead to a cleaner and healthier environment for the residents of the city.
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a) [3 marks]: Construct a slicing tree and matrix for the following layout given below: 3 3 8 1 5 6 4 4 7 2 b) [3 marks]: Construct an alternative slicing tree for the layout given in part (a)
Constructing a slicing tree Initially, the length and width of the matrix are multiplied together to determine the total number of cells. Since there are 3 rows and 3 columns, the total number of cells is 9 (3 x 3). After that, the values in the layout are arranged in ascending.
The next level of the tree is divided in half, with 3 and 4 being placed on the left-hand side and 6, 7, and 8 being placed on the right-hand side. The final level of the tree is made up of individual values. The following is the slicing tree for the layou The main answer is a slicing tree, which is a type of binary tree. It is used in computer science to represent sequential data that is sorted into different categories. Slicing trees are used in a variety of applications, including database indexing, web search algorithms, and computer graphics Since the layout has 9 cells, a 3 x 3 matrix is created. The following is the matrix for the layout:
The first row of the matrix contains the values 3, 3, and 8.The second row of the matrix contains the values 1, 5, and 6.The third row of the matrix contains the values 4, 4, and 7.The slicing tree has been created in the following order: 5, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 1, 4, 3. These values are placed in the matrix in ascending order. Constructing an alternative slicing tree :If we select 4 as the root node in the alternative slicing tree, we can obtain the following layout The main answer is an alternative slicing tree, which is another way to sort sequential data. An alternative slicing tree can be used to sort data in a different order than the original slicing tree. The alternative slicing tree is shown below.4 is chosen as the root node, with values less than 4 on the left-hand side of the tree and values greater than 4 on the right-hand side of the tree. The slicing tree has the following structure: 4, 3, 3, 1, 2, 7, 5, 6, 8. These values are then placed in the matrix in ascending order to create the following layout:
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"Bob, a representative at Company XYZ, headquartered in the USA has been tasked with helping XYZ expand abroad to capitalize on the emerging economies. However, bribery, kickbacks and corruption are commonplace. Bob has been told numerous times that to be successful he should expect to pay such necessary fees. "When in Rome do as the Romans" has been echoed to him."
What would you do if you were Bob?
Outline the issues at hand.
As Bob, is faced with the task of expanding his company abroad where bribery and corruption are prevalent, an ethical dilemma arises.
The main issues at hand include the conflict between adhering to ethical standards and cultural norms, the potential legal consequences, and the long-term reputation and sustainability of Company XYZ.
Bob finds himself in a challenging situation where he must navigate between adhering to his company's ethical standards and the cultural norms of the foreign country. On one hand, succumbing to bribery and corruption goes against the principles of fairness, integrity, and transparency that his company upholds. Engaging in such practices may also violate international anti-corruption laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) or the UK Bribery Act.
On the other hand, disregarding cultural expectations and refusing to pay bribes might hinder the company's success in the foreign market. It could lead to difficulties in obtaining necessary permits, licenses, or business partnerships. However, participating in bribery can damage the reputation of Company XYZ, hinder its long-term sustainability, and potentially result in legal consequences.
To address this ethical dilemma, Bob should prioritize adhering to his company's ethical standards and complying with applicable laws. He should consider alternative strategies such as building relationships based on trust and transparency, seeking local legal advice, and exploring ethical business practices that can help Company XYZ succeed in the foreign market without resorting to bribery. It is crucial for Bob to communicate with his superiors and colleagues, discussing the potential risks and exploring ethical approaches that align with the company's values and goals.
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