d. Facilitation Model early species modify the environment enabling the survival of intermediate species which also modifies the environment making it less suitable for early species and more suitable for late-stage species
Ecological succession is defined as the gradual process of change and replacement of different species in an ecosystem over time. Several models of ecological succession have been proposed and these include the tolerance model, nutrient depletion model, inhibition model, and facilitation model. The Facilitation Model is one of the models proposed in ecological succession. In the Facilitation Model, early species modify the environment in such a way that they enable the survival of intermediate species. The intermediate species in turn modify the environment, making it less suitable for early species and more suitable for late-stage species.
Late-stage Climax species do not change the environment in ways that favor other species. The model of ecological succession that has the above-mentioned characteristics is the Facilitation Model. It is worth noting that the Facilitation Model is a type of ecological succession where early colonizers pave the way for other species to succeed them. These early species modify the environment in a way that enables the survival of the intermediate species.
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a) Define permeability. What three features influence this property in a geologic body?
Permeability can be defined as the ability of a geologic body to transmit fluids or air through it. It is the measure of the capacity of the rock or soil to transmit a fluid.
This ability is determined by the pore space and the degree of connectivity between pores. A material with high permeability permits fluids to pass through it more quickly than a material with low permeability.Furthermore, three factors that influence the property of permeability in a geologic body include:Porosity of the material: It is the amount of space between solid particles in a soil or rock mass. Materials with higher porosity can contain more fluid and hence have higher permeability size and shape of the pores: The size and shape of the pores is another factor that influences permeability. Larger pores have higher permeability compared to smaller pores.
The shape of pores also affects the rate of flow of fluids through a material as well as the distribution of the fluids.Connectivity of the pores: It is the degree of connectedness between pores in a soil or rock mass. In geologic bodies, a higher degree of pore connectivity translates into higher permeability. Highly connected pores facilitate the flow of fluids in a geologic mass, resulting in higher permeability.
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Earth’s natural carbon cycle influences the balance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere but is being impacted by human activity. Evidence of this includes:
A. Ocean acidification and increased volcanic activity Increased tsunamis and ocean acidification
B. Ocean acidification, and increased global average temperatures
C. Decreased volcanic activity and increased tsunamis
D. Increased acid rain and increased tsunamis
Option B which is "Ocean acidification, and increased global average temperatures".
Earth’s natural carbon cycle regulates the equilibrium of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which helps maintain a moderate global temperature. However, human activities are increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to a warming trend and other changes in the environment.
Among the human activities that influence Earth's carbon cycle are the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and other land-use changes. These activities are causing an imbalance in the carbon cycle, leading to a buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, trapping heat and contributing to global warming.
Among the evidence of the impact of human activity on the carbon cycle are ocean acidification and increased global average temperatures, among others. Ocean acidification is caused by the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid, resulting in an increase in ocean acidity. Increased global average temperatures, on the other hand, are the result of the buildup of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere, which traps heat and warms the planet.
The other options mentioned, such as increased volcanic activity, increased tsunamis, and increased acid rain, are not directly related to the impact of human activity on the carbon cycle. Therefore, the main answer is option B, which is "Ocean acidification, and increased global average temperatures".
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MATCHING (write the correct letter in the blank): 36. embayment a) rock protruding from the ocean and disconnected from shore 37. sea stack b) part of the mainland protruding seaward 38. sea arch c) a sandy area connecting an island to mainland 39. headland d) a sandy area that is set back from the shoreline 40. tombolo e) an opening created by wave refraction
The correct words that matches with the definition are:
36. embayment: a sandy area that is set back from the shoreline. (D)
37. sea stack: part of the mainland protruding seaward (B)
38. sea arch: an opening created by wave refraction (E)
39. headland: rock protruding from the ocean and disconnected from shore (A)
40. tombolo: a sandy area connecting an island to mainland (C)
A tombolo is an isthmus made of sand or shingle. A tombolo is a deposition landform in which an island is joined to the mainland by a small stretch of land, such as a spit or bar. The word "tombolo" is derived from the Italian word "tombolo," which means "pillow" or "cushion."
When a cave is continuously eroded and extended to the point that it goes directly through a headland, Sea Arches are created.
A sea stack develops when a sea arch keeps getting wider and degraded until the rock is no longer able to support the roof and falls into the water.
Sand and clay-based rock, as well as other soft rock types, erode at a faster rate than chalk-based rock. This leaves a headland, which is a peninsula of land that protrudes into the sea.
Embayment are often enclosed by rocky, steep shorelines, have relatively broad openings that allow free interchange with the ocean, and are deep in comparison to other forms of coastal waterways.
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36. Embayment: A large, curved coastal indentation with a wide opening.
37. Sea stack: A tall isolated rock column in the sea formed by erosion.
38. Sea arch: A natural bridge or arch formed by erosion of a headland.
39. Headland: A narrow land projection into water, surrounded by water on three sides.
40. Tombolo: A sandy or gravelly strip connecting an island to the mainland or another island.
36. embayment: a) a large, curved indentation of a coastline, often characterized by a wide opening.
37. sea stack: b) a tall column of rock standing isolated in the sea, formed by erosion of surrounding cliffs.
38. sea arch: c) a natural arch or bridge formed by the erosion of a headland, leaving a passage beneath.
39. headland: d) a narrow area of land that projects into a body of water, usually surrounded by water on three sides.
40. tombolo: e) a sandy or gravelly isthmus that connects an island to the mainland or to another island.
These explanations provide a brief understanding of each term's general characteristics related to coastal geography.
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It is true, the Department of Agriculture and one of its agencies, the U.S. Forest Service, lose money on timber sales in America's national forest. The question is why? The answer is because the federal government does the replanting after the timber is harvested. the federal govemment builds the roads needed to get to the fimber with taxes. all of these answers are correct the logs are being exporting to Canada. the logs are being exporting to Japan. Question 8 2 pts Lack of money and infrastructure to manage protected areas in underdeveloped countries is a major limiting factor to their success. False True : Question 9 2 pts In range management, plants that cows do not eat are called increasers. That means the plants that cows want to eat are called decreasers. With this in mind, why do bumed pastures offer more nutrition for livestock? Because its increasing the decreasers and decreasing the increasers. True Falke
Limited financial resources and inadequate infrastructure can indeed pose significant challenges to effectively managing protected areas in underdeveloped countries. Therefore the statement in question 8 is true.
These challenges may include difficulties in implementing conservation measures, providing adequate protection to wildlife, addressing illegal activities such as poaching, and promoting sustainable land use practices.
The term "increasers" refers to plant species that thrive under heavy grazing pressure, while "decreasers" are plant species that decrease in abundance when subjected to intense grazing. Regarding question 9, the statement is false.
In range management, plants that cows do not eat are not called increasers. When pastures are burned, it can promote the growth of new, more nutritious vegetation that is preferred by livestock. Therefore, the statement "burned pastures offer more nutrition for livestock" is generally true.
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Explain the conditions that make the climate on Antarctica
different to the climate in Papa New Guinea.
The conditions that make the climate on Antarctica different to the climate in Papa New Guinea are the latitude, the altitude, and the ocean currents.
Antarctica and Papua New Guinea are two different parts of the world with distinct climates. Antarctica has a cold, dry climate, whereas Papua New Guinea has a hot, wet climate. There are several reasons for this difference in climate conditions.
Antarctica is located at the southernmost part of the globe, near the South Pole. In contrast, Papua New Guinea is situated near the equator. The Earth's tilt and rotation result in differences in the amount of solar radiation that each place receives.
The topography of the two places is another factor. Antarctica has an elevation that is mainly covered with ice, which creates its cold, dry climate. In comparison, Papua New Guinea has a low altitude and is largely covered in tropical rainforests.
The currents around Antarctica and Papua New Guinea are different. Antarctica is surrounded by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which moves water from west to east around the continent. Papua New Guinea is in the Pacific Ocean, where the surface currents are primarily from east to west.
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identify this rock. what is the texture? which type of
magma/lava did this rock cool from? what was the rate of
cooling?
Texture: The texture of a rock refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of its mineral grains or crystals. Common rock textures include coarse-grained, fine-grained, glassy, vesicular (containing voids or gas bubbles), and porphyritic (containing both large and small crystals).
Magma/Lava Type: The type of magma/lava from which a rock forms depends on its chemical composition. Common types include basaltic (mafic), andesitic (intermediate), and rhyolitic (felsic). Each magma/lava type has distinct mineral compositions and characteristics.
Rate of Cooling: The rate at which a rock cools can influence its texture. Rapid cooling, such as from volcanic eruptions or fast cooling in shallow environments, typically results in fine-grained or glassy textures. Slower cooling, such as in deep underground settings or when insulated by surrounding materials, allows for larger mineral crystals to form, resulting in coarse-grained textures.
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Springfield, IL: 90- (40-23.5) = 73.5
A place on the equator: 90- (0-23.5) 90 + 23.5= 113.5
Ulukhaktok, Canada (71N, 118W): 90- (71-23.5) = 42.5
Which of the three places mentioned in Question 4) receives the greatest amount solar radiation during 24 hours on June 21-22? Explain your answer.
The place that receives the greatest amount of solar radiation during 24 hours on June 21-22 is the location on the equator with a value of 113.5.
On June 21-22, the summer solstice occurs in the northern hemisphere, marking the longest day of the year. During this time, the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, which is approximately 23.5 degrees north of the equator.
In the given examples, Springfield, IL, and Ulukhaktok, Canada are located at latitudes higher than 23.5 degrees. Therefore, their solar radiation values are lower as they are farther away from the direct overhead position of the sun.
On the other hand, the location on the equator has a latitude of 0 degrees, meaning it is closest to the direct overhead position of the sun during this time of the year. Hence, it receives the greatest amount of solar radiation, as indicated by the value of 113.5.
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Identify the false statement in the following list. A)Winds blow from areas of low pressure to high pressure. B)Warm humid air rises, creating low pressure areas. C)The coldest atmospheric temperatures occur in the mesosphere. D)Weather occurs in the troposphere.
The false statement in the given list is A)Winds blow from areas of low pressure to high pressure.
What is the reason?Winds blow from areas of high pressure to low pressure, and this fact is described by the pressure gradient force.
The direction of the force is perpendicular to the isobars and towards the low-pressure zone. In the context of the atmosphere, the pressure gradient force causes air to flow from high-pressure regions to low-pressure areas.
It leads to the creation of large-scale atmospheric circulation, which is responsible for the global distribution of precipitation and temperature.
Also, winds blow from areas of high pressure to low pressure, so option A is incorrect.
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List the major constituents dissolved in seawater in decreasing concentration
The following are the major constituents dissolved in seawater in decreasing concentration: 1. Chloride ions. Sodium ions. 3. Magnesium ions. 4. Sulfate ions. 5. Calcium ions.
The following are the major constituents dissolved in seawater in decreasing concentration:
1. Chloride ions are abundant in seawater, with a concentration of around 19.3 grams per kilogram of seawater.
2. Sodium ions have a concentration of roughly 10.6 grams per kilogram of seawater.
3. Magnesium ions have a concentration of roughly 1.3 grams per kilogram of seawater.
4. Sulfate ions have a concentration of roughly 2.7 grams per kilogram of seawater.
5. Calcium ions have a concentration of roughly 0.4 grams per kilogram of seawater.
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At which of these latitudes is the air moving fastest? A)10 degrees North B)60 degrees North C)30 degrees North D)45 degrees North
The latitude at which the air is moving the fastest among these four latitudes is-B. 60 degrees North.
What does it entail?Latitude: A location on the surface of the Earth is identified by its latitude, a geographic coordinate. Latitude is measured in degrees, with the Equator being defined as zero degrees and the North Pole as 90 degrees.
Likewise, the South Pole is defined as 90 degrees south latitude. Because of the planet's rotation, latitudes that are farther from the Equator have slower air speeds.
As a result, polar latitudes experience frigid temperatures as the cold, dense air settles close to the surface.
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the Subtropical Jet Stream are two of the factors that influence latitude air speed. The air moves quickest at the subtropical jet stream.
The following latitudes are listed in the question and the air speeds are compared:
10 degrees North: The latitudes closer to the Equator have slower winds. This is due to the fact that the equatorial zone receives a lot of sunshine, which heats the air. As a result, it has a low atmospheric pressure, and air rises slowly, resulting in low wind speeds.60 degrees North: The polar latitudes have slower air speeds. The North Pole, for example, has minimal winds.30 degrees North: This is one of the latitudes that receive trade winds. The subtropical high pressure region is the area that produces trade winds. As a result, at this latitude, the winds are neither fast nor sluggish.45 degrees North: The prevailing westerlies are the dominant winds at this latitude. This wind is responsible for moving weather systems in the mid-latitudes, and it's neither fast nor sluggish.Therefore, the fastest air movement is at 60 degrees North.
Hence, option b. is correct.
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Which of the following statements is NOT characteristic of Genetic Drift? A)associated with elevated rates of mutation B)tends to alter allele frequencies, and allelic combinations, that are associated with adaptation C)most-commonly observed in small populations D)the founder effect is a form of genetic drift
The statement that is NOT characteristic of Genetic Drift is A) associated with elevated rates of mutation.
Genetic drift refers to the random fluctuations in allele frequencies that occur in small populations due to chance events. It is influenced by factors such as population size, selective pressures, and migration. However, genetic drift is not directly associated with elevated rates of mutation.
Option B is a characteristic of genetic drift. It is true that genetic drift can alter allele frequencies and allelic combinations, which can result in the loss or fixation of certain alleles in a population.
Option C is also characteristic of genetic drift. It is commonly observed in small populations where chance events can have a more pronounced effect on allele frequencies.
Option D is another characteristic of genetic drift. The founder effect, which occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, is a specific form of genetic drift.
Therefore, the statement that is NOT characteristic of Genetic Drift is A) associated with elevated rates of mutation.
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Imagine a research colony is set up on Titan. What could you use
to provide for the basic necessities such as an atmosphere (in an
enclosure), water, energy source, food production, and building
material. Think in terms of the resources available on the surface of Titan
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and is the only moon to have a thick atmosphere. Here are some resources available on the surface of Titan which could be used to provide for the basic necessities for the research colony:Atmosphere.
The atmosphere on Titan is made up of nitrogen and methane gas, which could be used to create an enclosed atmosphere. This would require a generator to create the necessary pressure and oxygen levels for human habitation. Water: There is a possibility of the presence of subsurface oceans and lakes on Titan. However, it would be difficult to extract water from them as they are likely to be solid or slushy.
. Another option would be to cultivate algae which can produce a nutritious biomass. Bulding Material: The surface of Titan is covered in a layer of organic material, which could be used as a building material.Thus, the above resources available on Titan could be used to provide for the basic necessities such as an atmosphere, water, energy source, food production, and building material.
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