Researchers examined the ability of cultures of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa to adapt to the antibiotics ceftazidime and avibactam when they are administered together. The researchers grew four replicate cultures in growth medium with no antibiotics added (control) and four additional replicate cultures in the same growth medium with added ceftazidime and avibactam. At the conclusion of the experiment, samples of the replicates exposed to the antibiotics were removed and their genomes were sequenced. All of the antibiotic-resistant mutants were missing three genes (hmgA, galu, mexXY). It is known that one of these three genes makes wild-type P. aeruginosa susceptible to the two antibiotics. However, the researchers do not know which gene it is. Which of the following experiments would specifically determine which gene is responsible for ceftazidime- avibactam sensitivity in P. aeruginosa ?
A. Clone the three deleted genes from a wild-type P. aeruginosa strain, and insert these sequences into the mutant bacterial strains to restore sensitivity to ceftazidime-avibactam.
B. Delete genes that are homologous to the three deleted genes in other bacterial species, and determine if doing so also confers ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in those bacteria.
C. Perform qene knockout (targeted mutation) of either the hmgA, galu, or mexXY gene on separate cultures of the wild-type P. aeruginosa. For each individual mutant, determine whether or not ceftazidime-avibactam resistance has occurred.
D. Perform gene knockout (targeted mutation) of both the hmgA andgalu genes of the wild-type P. aeruginosa in a single culture, and then determine if ceftazidime-avibactam resistance has occurred in the mutant strain.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

The correct answer is - option C.

Explanation:

The researcher found that the three genes hmgA, galU, and mexXY were missing from antibiotic-resistant mutants. It is known now that one of these genes is responsible for the susceptibility to the two antibiotics of wild-type P. aeruginous.

Performing gene knockout (targeted mutation) of all three genes on separate cultures of the wild-type P. aeruginosa would help to know which gene is responsible by determining if ceftazidime-avibactam resistance has occurred for each gene or not.


Related Questions

a) What are the bases of mRNA coded for by this section of DNA, before the
mutation? Hint: In RNA, A pairs with U. (1 point)

Answers

Answer: CAG

Explanation:

What are the 3 main parts of the
Endocrine System? (select all that apply)

Hormones

Cell receptors

Glands

Skin

Answers

Hormones

Cell receptors

Glands

Hope this helps, mate! Good luck. :)

Hormones cell receptors and glands

i am ATP producing factory ​

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - Mitochondria.

Explanation:

Cellular respiration is the process that produces energy in the form of ATP from converting sugars into carbon dioxide. Cellular respiration is the process that takes place in the mitochondria organelle of the cell.

Mitochondria is known for the production of ATP and therefore called the powerhouse of the cell or ATP producing factory. These ATPs are used as the cellular currency of energy that is used to produce cellular functions.

please help with my biology

Answers

Answer:

Carbohydrates

Explanation:

30 POINTS!!!!!!!! REAL ANSWERS ONLY, FAKE ONES WILL BE REPORTED!!!!!!​

Answers

Answer:

2) forest of genetically altered trees and other plants could sequester several billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into long-lived forms of carbon, first in Vegetation and ultimately in soil

which of the following African civilization first adopted christianity ?

1. Mali
2. Kush
3. Aksum
4. Ghana

Answers

Answer:

aksum

Explanation:

I guarantee this answer is right and also add me on ps4 faded4_twenty

What role does the esophagus play in the human body and what is its importance in the human body

Answers

Answer:

the esophagus is a highway for food and drink to travel along to make it to the stomach.

Explanation:

Answer:

y

Explanation:

What do the D and T in ADP and ATP mean?

Answers

Answer:

Are you talking about a chemical compound?

because if you are then T in ATP would be triphosphate.

Meanwhile D is Diphosphate.

Help me with this question pleaseeeeeeeeeeeee​

Answers

A I think sorry if I’m wrong
D- they’re mostly made up of hydrogen and helium.

Planets like Jupiter, Neptune, Saturn, and Uranus all are made up of hydrogen and helium.

Why do earthquakes occur near the San Andreas fault?
A
One plate slowly pushes the other plate up.
B) A trench is created as one plate slides under the other plate.
Portions of the plates get stuck and then suddenly loosen and move.
D
One plate pushes hard enough to reverse the motion of the other plate.

Answers

Answer:

C.

Explanation:

Basically a faster explanation is the san andreas fault is a transform boundary. If you have an oreo break one of the top pieces and slide them slowly it will get stuck causing an earthquake.

Earthquakes occur near the San Andreas fault because portions of the plates get stuck and then suddenly loosen and move. Hence option C is correct.

What is earthquake?

Earthquake is defined as the abrupt release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that causes seismic waves and causes shaking of the planet's surface. Earthquakes typically result from subsurface rock breaking unexpectedly and rapid movement along a fault. The seismic waves that cause the ground to tremble are brought on by this quick release of energy.

According to new University of Southern California research that contributes to the understanding of how earthquakes occur, tremors along a notorious section of California's San Andreas Fault seem to be fueled by thermal instability brought on by frictional shear occurring much deeper in the Earth than previously thought.

Thus, earthquakes occur near the San Andreas fault because portions of the plates get stuck and then suddenly loosen and move. Hence option C is correct.

To learn more about earthquakes, refer to the link below:

https://brainly.com/question/29500066

#SPJ2

Help please!:) brainliest involved ofc

Answers

my best guess is c: both one and two

History of vaccinations
Plz help me i don’t know anything :(

Answers

1. Vaccinations are for controlling from a spread of a disease or a virus.
2. Pathogen
3. 1796
4. Vacca
5. Rabies
6. Citizens
7. Jonas Sak
8. Small box
9. B
10. D
11. Vaccine
12. Viruses
13. True some vaccines help you fight it more when you get sick
Sorry if I get any wrong and hope that helped

What are the 3 main layers of the Earth?
а.
b.
C.

Answers

Answer:

the crust

the core

the mantle

Explanation:

I hope this will help you and plz mark me as brainest answer

Earth's interior is generally divided into three major layers: the Crust ,the Mantle , and the core.

Hope this helps :)

Have a great day!

which region has the second largest ecological footprint?plz help me

Answers

Qatar is the second highest ecological footprint

Help me please I will mark please thank you

Answers

Answer:

I'm pretty sure it's "video games can inspire students to not give up when they do poorly"

What type of precipitation is usually associated with a cold front ?
A.light steady rain
B.heavy rain
C. Sunny weather

Answers

Answer: I think it's A

Explanation: Development of cold fronts

Weather phenomenon Prior to the passing of the front

Precipitation/conditions* Light patchy rain can be produced by stratocumulus or stratus in the warm sector. In summer, sometimes thunderstorms if a preceding squall line is present. In winter snow squalls or showers may occur.

Hope this helps :D

Answer: A

Explanation:

Due in 10 min

List factors that initiate red blood cell production

Answers

Answer:

In addition to erythropoietin, red blood cell production requires adequate supplies of substrates, mainly iron, vitamin B12, folate, and heme. RBCs survive about 120 days.

Explanation:

Answer:

red blood cell production requires substrates, mainly iron, vitamin B12, folate, and heme.

Explanation:

hope this helps!

~mina

what is the pH range of basic substances?

Answers

Answer:

The PH greater than 7 is Basic in nature

hope it helps

To fill out the chart on nonrenewable and renewable natural resources, should Hector add trees under the heading "Renewable
Resources"?

A)
No. Trees can die from disease.
B)
Yes. There are many uses for trees.
C)
Yes. Trees can be cut down but planted again.
D)
No. There is only so much land for trees to grow.

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

the market for wood furniture and other products are on high demand so cutting down and planting again will help in availability and good weather

why are manure better than fertilizers​

Answers

Manure is better than fertiliser. Manure is derived naturally and adds a lot more than just nutrients to the soil. They increase the activity of the microbes in the soil and increase its fertility. On the other hand, fertilisers harm these microbes and cause health issues in the consumers since they are synthesised chemically.

HELP ME pLSSSS I’ll give u 100 points after if u helpppppp

Answers

Answer:

Allele G represents the strong jaw, and allele g represents the weak jaw. This is because as the generations go by, allele G’s population increases, but allele g’s population decreases. If hard shelled animals are the only foods available to them, you would need a strong jaw to eat them. This means that allele g wouldn’t be able to eat these reptiles, so their population would decrease from lack of food.

Explanation:

need help, i will give free cookies <3


- dont guess please-

Answers

I’m pretty sure it’s c but I might be wrong

SOMEONE PLEASE HELP IM BEGGING YOU I HAVE 51 ASSIGNMENTS FOR BIO AND IM NOT KIDDING PLEASE HELP ME

How do mutations occur in the genetic code? This represents crossing over during meiosis.
a) During DNA replication, the original DNA strand GTC ACA GGC ATC is copied into complementary strand CAG CCG TAG. This is an example of deletion.
b)Mutations can only occur when passed on thorough reproduction. The majority of mutations are the result of exposure to mutagens.
c)A woman who has sickle cell anemia passes this disease on to her offspring. This means that the mutation for sickle cell anemia MUST occur in the woman’s gametes.
d)Mutations can be silent and not affect the organism that has them

Answers

I believe its A because its asking about the pattern of DNA. i hope that helps

Which choice best describes an independent variable in a scientific investigation?

An independent variable is the one variable changed and tested by a scientist in a scientific investigation.

An independent variable is an educated guess that a scientist makes after observing something interesting.

An independent variable is one part of the hypothesis a scientist writes prior to beginning a scientific investigation.

An independent variable is the fastest way to measure the success of a scientific investigation.

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

independent variable is the one variable changed and tested

Overtime organisms change sometimes they change so much of the sentence may be completely different for their ancestors what must happen for this process to occur

Answers

Answer:

In order to survive in the changing environmental conditions.

Explanation:

Changes occur in the body of an organism which make them different from their ancestors because these organisms evolve with the passage of time due to difference in environmental conditions. If these organisms can't evolve, they can't tolerate that environment and climatic condition and also become extinct so this process occur in the organisms in order to survive that different environmental conditions so we can say that this change is necessary in the organisms to survive.

Is a meander predominantly formed by erosion or deposition?

Answers

Answer:

Meanders change position by eroding sideways and slightly downstream. ... Thus by eroding its outer bank and depositing material along its inner bank, a stream moves sideways without changing its channel size. Due to the slope of the channel, erosion is more effective on the downstream side of a meander

Explanation:

hi

PS: PLEASE DO NOT PUT A LINK I AM NOT GOING TO OPEN THE LINK THAT IS IN THE ANSWER SECTION! THERE ARE 4 QUESTIONS.

1. which model best shows the prediction of growth for a population when taking into account the carrying capacity of its environment?

a. logistics model of growth
b. capacity model of growth
c. mathematical model of growth
d. exponential model of growth

2. which of these contribute to the carrying capacity of a population?

a. environmental conditions
b. density-independent factors
c. weather conditions
d. density-dependent conditions

3. which of these limit population growth?

a. density-dependent factors
b. all limiting factors
c. density-independent factors
d. environmental factors

4. which of the following is a density-dependent factor?

a. hurricane
b. water availability
c. warm weather
d. forest fire

Answers

Answer: 1. a. logistics model of growth

2. a. environmental conditions

3. b. all limiting factors

4. b. water availability

Explanation:

1. a. logistic model of growth will show the increase in population of a species in accordance with the carrying capacity exponentially but when the population will experience the scarcity of resources it will decline considerably.

Carrying capacity is the total number of members of the population of a species that an ecosystem can sustain by providing resources.

2. b. All environmental conditions which favor the survival of the living beings will contribute to the carrying capacity for example food, water, shelter, and other resources.

3. b. Limiting factor is the one which limit the chances of survival and growth of a particular species in an ecosystem. For example, scarcity of food, here food is the limiting factor.

4. d.  A density dependent limiting factor is the one which affects the population of the species based upon the density. The water availability is a density dependent limiting factor because the more the density or abundance of a population more will be the scarcity of water as it will be required by all organisms. So, the species population may experience decline due scarcity of water.

Light travels through the eye by entering through the protective layer called the cornea (17). It then moves through the opening of the pupil which is surrounded by the iris (18), which is a muscle. It will then go through the transparent structure behind the pupil known as the ______________(19) that changes shape to help focus images on the retina in a process known as ________________ (20) The retina contains the photoreceptors known as the _________________(21) and ________________(22). It is there that the actual process of transduction occurs when the photoreceptors excite the ________________(23) cells which in turn send the message on to the _______________(24) cells whose axons make up the optic nerve. The information will then travel to the ____________________(25), which is the sensory switchboard within the brain and end up in the ____________________ (26) lobes where the information is processed specifically within the primary ____________________cortex (27).

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - 17) Cornea  , 18) Iris  , 19) Lens, 20) Accommodation , 21) Rods, 22) Cones,  23) Bipolar, 24) Ganglion , 25) Optic Nerve, 26) Occipital, 27) Visual.

Explanation:

The protective layer called the cornea that allows light to enter travel through it to the eyes. Light moves through the pupil surrounded by the muscle called the iris and travels through the lens, a transparent structure that changes its shape on the basis of the intensity of light to help focus images on the retina during the accomadation process. Photoreceptors that are present in the retina are called cones and rods.

The process of transduction takes place when these photoreceptors excite bipolar cells to send signals or messages to the ganglion cells that have axons that make the optic nerves, the sensory switchboard within the brain, and get the messages sent by the photoreceptors. These optic nerves end in occipital lobes where all the signals and messages are processed specifically within the region called the primary visual cortex.

11.1 The Science of Ecology Lesson 11.1: True or False Name __________________ Class ______________ Date ________ Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false. _____ 1. Biotic factors include sunlight, soil, temperature, and water. _____ 2. Like nutrients and water, energy also recycles through an ecosystem. _____ 3. An ecosystem consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and their interactions. _____ 4. Herbivores are a necessary link between producers and other consumers. _____ 5. A niche refers to the place an organism lives within its ecosystem. _____ 6. Dung beetles eat animal feces. _____ 7. Autotrophs make their own food. _____ 8. Organisms use 90% of the available energy at each trophic level. _____ 9. Carnivores include lions, polar bears, hawks, frogs, salmon, and deer. _____ 10. Biomass increases at the upper levels of a food chain. _____ 11. Producers occupy the first trophic level. _____ 12. Scavengers include vultures and raccoons. _____ 13. In a complex ecosystem, it is likely that two different species will occupy the same niche. _____ 14. The habitat is the role of a species in its ecosystem. _____ 15. A food web shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

Answers

Answer:

See explanation below

Explanation:

1. Biotic factors include sunlight, soil, temperature, and water. FALSE

Biotic factors include animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and protists.

2. Like nutrients and water, energy also recycles through an ecosystem. FALSE

3. An ecosystem consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area and their interactions. TRUE

4. Herbivores are a necessary link between producers and other consumers. TRUE

5. A niche refers to the place an organism lives within its ecosystem. TRUE

6. Dung beetles eat animal feces. TRUE

7. Autotrophs make their own food. TRUE

8. Organisms use 90% of the available energy at each trophic level. FALSE

9. Carnivores include lions, polar bears, hawks, frogs, salmon, and deer. FALSE

Deer is a herbivore.

10. Biomass increases at the upper levels of a food chain. FALSE

11. Producers occupy the first trophic level. TRUE

12. Scavengers include vultures and raccoons. TRUE

13. In a complex ecosystem, it is likely that two different species will occupy the same niche. FALSE

14. The habitat is the role of a species in its ecosystem. FALSE

15. A food web shows how energy flows through an ecosystem. TRUE

.Which of the following is not part of theImmersive Reader
(1 Point)

B. pharynx

C. esophagus

A. trachea

E. nasal cavity

D. bronchus

Answers

Answer:

e. nasal cavity

Explanation:

the immersive reader uses a, b, c, and d to speak, however the nasal cavity is not necessary when speaking. I'm not 100% sure though, lmk if I'm wrong pls

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