Renal osteodystrophy refers to the bone disorders that commonly occur as a result of renal failure.
The condition arises due to multiple factors such as abnormal mineral metabolism, vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and the effects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on bone health.
Renal osteodystrophy is a complex condition that develops in individuals with renal failure. One of the main reasons for its occurrence is abnormal mineral metabolism. In normal circumstances, the kidneys play a vital role in maintaining the balance of minerals in the body, including calcium and phosphorus.
However, in renal failure, the kidneys are unable to effectively regulate these minerals, leading to imbalances. The disrupted mineral balance affects bone health, as calcium and phosphorus are essential for the formation and maintenance of healthy bones.
Another factor contributing to renal osteodystrophy is vitamin D deficiency. The kidneys are responsible for converting inactive vitamin D into its active form, which plays a crucial role in calcium absorption and bone mineralization.
In renal failure, this conversion process is impaired, resulting in low levels of active vitamin D. Insufficient vitamin D affects calcium absorption from the intestines, further compromising bone health.Additionally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to the retention of phosphate in the body.
Elevated levels of phosphate stimulate the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands, resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism. PTH acts on the bones, causing increased bone resorption and breakdown, leading to weakened bone structure and increased risk of fractures.
In summary, renal osteodystrophy develops due to a combination of factors, including abnormal mineral metabolism, vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and the effects of chronic kidney disease on bone health.
Managing these factors through appropriate medical interventions, such as mineral and vitamin D supplementation, and controlling phosphate levels, is crucial in preventing and treating renal osteodystrophy.
Learn more about kidneys here ;
https://brainly.com/question/30674428
#SPJ11
29. Which high-energy molecules enter the ETC? Where does each enter? What is the source of each high-energy molecule in oxidative phosphorylation?
30. Is O2 required for the ETC? Is this an aerobic or anaerobic reaction? Explain your answer.
31. Is O2 required for chemiosmotic ATP synthesis? Is this an aerobic or anaerobic reaction? Explain your answer.
32. Where is the high H+ gradient located in the mitochondria?
33. Where is ATP produced in the mitochondria?
34. Explain the significance of these different locations in the chemiosmotic ATP synthesis.
In oxidative phosphorylation, high-energy molecules that enter the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) include NADH and FADH2. NADH enters at Complex I, while FADH2 enters at Complex II.
In the ETC, NADH enters at Complex I and FADH2 enters at Complex II. NADH is derived from the citric acid cycle, where it is produced through the oxidation of glucose or other fuel molecules. FADH2 is generated from the oxidation of fatty acids and the citric acid cycle as well. These high-energy molecules transfer their electrons to the electron carriers in the ETC, resulting in the generation of a proton gradient.
O2 is required for the ETC as it serves as the final electron acceptor. Without O2, the ETC cannot function properly, leading to a buildup of electrons and a halt in ATP production. The process of oxidative phosphorylation is aerobic because it requires O2 to sustain the electron flow and generate ATP efficiently.
In chemiosmotic ATP synthesis, O2 is not directly required. Instead, the high H+ gradient generated by the ETC is essential. The H+ gradient is located in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, created by the pumping of protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space during electron transport. This gradient drives the flow of protons back into the matrix through ATP synthase, leading to the synthesis of ATP.
Learn more about Electron Transport Chain here:
https://brainly.com/question/24372542
#SPJ11
ASAP CLEAR HANDWRITING Homeostasis a) What is the importance of homeostasis in animals if there are changes happening in the environment surroundings their bodies? (1 mark) b) Fill the gaps with a suitable word from the following list: Endocrine glands Homeostasis Glucagon Blood Second messenger model Brain Target cells Neurons Only one word per gap [2 marks) i) Hormones are secreted by 11) They travel by which method? ill) have receptors for the hormones iv) is like being in balance c) How does a negative feedback loop work? (1 mark) d) What would happen to the level of insulin if it were controlled by positive feedback instead of negative feedback? Which symptoms are likely in this case? (1 mark)
Homeostasis is vital in animals because it allows them to maintain a stable internal environment despite external environmental changes happening around them.
a) Homeostasis is vital in animals because it allows them to maintain a stable internal environment despite external environmental changes happening around them.b) i) Hormones are secreted by Endocrine glandsii) They travel by Bloodiii) Target cells have receptors for the hormonesiv) Homeostasis is like being in balancec) A negative feedback loop works by detecting and counteracting any deviations from the set point. The feedback loop works to stabilize the regulated variables within a narrow range of values. As a result, any changes that occur due to the stimuli return to their original levels.d) If insulin were regulated by positive feedback instead of negative feedback, the levels of insulin would increase exponentially. The symptoms are likely to include fainting, dizziness, and hunger pangs. The rise in insulin levels leads to a decrease in glucose levels, leading to hypoglycemia.
To know more about Homeostasis visit
https://brainly.com/question/6409179
#SPJ11
REVIEW EXERCISES 1. The Third Report of the NCEP Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults recommends that a person's HDL should be above 40 mg/dL. A. Explain
It is important to note that this recommendation should be considered in conjunction with other lipid profile measurements, such as LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol and triglyceride levels, to provide a comprehensive assessment of an individual's cardiovascular risk profile.
HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein, which is commonly referred to as "good" cholesterol. It plays a crucial role in removing excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and carrying it back to the liver for processing and elimination. The Third Report of the NCEP Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Cholesterol in Adults provides recommendations for managing cholesterol levels, including the guideline that a person's HDL should be above 40 mg/dL.
Having an HDL level above 40 mg/dL is important for several reasons:
1. Cardiovascular health: HDL cholesterol helps protect against cardiovascular disease. It acts as a scavenger, picking up excess cholesterol from arterial walls and preventing the formation of plaque. High levels of HDL are associated with a reduced risk of heart disease and stroke.
2. Reverse cholesterol transport: HDL plays a critical role in reverse cholesterol transport. It removes cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including the walls of blood vessels, and transports it back to the liver. This process helps maintain a healthy balance of cholesterol in the body and prevents the buildup of plaque.
3. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties: HDL has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which contribute to its protective effects on the cardiovascular system. It helps reduce inflammation in the arterial walls and prevents oxidative damage, both of which are key factors in the development of cardiovascular disease.
By setting a minimum threshold of 40 mg/dL for HDL cholesterol, the NCEP Expert Panel aims to promote cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of heart disease.
to know more about cholesterol visit:
brainly.com/question/9314260
#SPJ11
6. For each of the following scenarios described where a blecule or ion is moving from one side of a membrane to the ner, select the method by which the molecule or ion is oving. Each answer can be used more than once, or not at all.
a. Simple Diffusion b. Facilitated diffusion by a channel protein c. Facilitated diffusion by a carrier/transport protein d. Active transport by a pump e. Could be B or C, not enough information is given - Chloride (Cl-) is an ion that is essential for neuronal signaling and regulating action potential/excitability in neurons. When chloride receptors are opened with a neurotransmitter, Cl - flows from high concentration in the synapse (outside of the cell) to low concentration in the neuron cell. - Oxygen gas must cross from the bloodstream into cells and it has the chemical structure O=O. - Glucose is a polar molecule that moves from the small intestine, where it is found in high concentration, to inside the cells that line the digestive tract, where it is found in low concentration. Glucose moves into the cell with the help of a protein that changes shape.
A: Simple diffusion
B: Facilitated diffusion by a channel protein
C: Facilitated diffusion by a carrier/transport protein
D: Active transport by a pump
E: Could be B or C, not enough information is given
- Chloride (Cl-) is an ion that is essential for neuronal signaling and regulating action potential/excitability in neurons. When chloride receptors are opened with a neurotransmitter, Cl - flows from high concentration in the synapse (outside of the cell) to low concentration in the neuron cell.
Answer: Chloride ions are moving from a higher concentration (outside the cell) to lower concentration (inside the neuron cell). Therefore, Cl- is moving by simple diffusion.
- Oxygen gas must cross from the bloodstream into cells and it has the chemical structure O=O.
Answer: Oxygen (O2) is a small non-polar molecule and can, therefore, move by simple diffusion.
- Glucose is a polar molecule that moves from the small intestine, where it is found in high concentration, to inside the cells that line the digestive tract, where it is found in low concentration. Glucose moves into the cell with the help of a protein that changes shape.
Answer: Glucose is moving from high concentration (in the small intestine) to lower concentration (inside the cells lining the digestive tract) and requires the help of a protein that changes its shape, this is called facilitated diffusion by a carrier/transport protein.
Therefore, the answer is:
A: Simple diffusion
B: Facilitated diffusion by a channel protein
C: Facilitated diffusion by a carrier/transport protein
D: Active transport by a pump
E: Could be B or C, not enough information is given.
Learn more about: Simple diffusion
https://brainly.com/question/26274573
#SPJ11
PLEASE ANSWER BOTH
Only one answer is correct:
1- Which of these viruses result in completely different clinical presentation/symptoms between primary infection and later flare-ups/ resurfacing in life?
a. Roseola
b. Varicella zoster
c. Human papilloma
d. Herpes simplex
e. Rubella
2- Scalded skin syndrome is caused by exotoxin (exfoliatins) produced by:
a. Streptococcus pyogenes
b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
c. Staphylococcus aureus
d. Propionibacterium acne
e. Micrococcus luteus
Herpes simplex virus results in completely different clinical presentation/symptoms between primary infection and later flare-ups/ resurfacing in life. Scalded skin syndrome is caused by exotoxin (exfoliatins) produced by Staphylococcus aureus.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause primary infection, typically presenting as oral or genital lesions, followed by periods of latency. Later flare-ups or resurfacing of the virus can result in recurrent outbreaks of lesions in the same location or nearby areas.
The clinical presentation and symptoms can be different between the primary infection and the subsequent flare-ups of herpes simplex.
Scalded skin syndrome is caused by the exotoxin known as exfoliatins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Exfoliatins cause the detachment of superficial layers of the skin, leading to a characteristic blistering and peeling of the skin. This condition is mainly seen in infants and young children.
To know more about Herpes simplex virus, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/31928693#
#SPJ11
Which statements are true? A pregnant woman could obtain the recommended amount of iron by eating two servings of fortified cereal every day. A pregnant woman could obtain the recommended amount of iron by three servings of cooked spinach every day. Cereals are fortified with iron in amounts that equal the RDA per serving during pregnancy. A
The statement that is true is: Cereals are fortified with iron in amounts that equal the RDA per serving during pregnancy.
According to the given statements, a pregnant woman could obtain the recommended amount of iron by eating two servings of fortified cereal every day. But this statement is not true because it may vary according to the type of cereal. Some cereals are not fortified or may not contain the recommended amount of iron. Therefore, this statement cannot be considered as the main answer. The second statement says that a pregnant woman could obtain the recommended amount of iron by three servings of cooked spinach every day. But this statement is not completely true as it varies according to the type of spinach and the way it is cooked. In addition, some women may not be able to eat spinach or may not like it. Therefore, this statement cannot be considered as the main answer. The third statement states that cereals are fortified with iron in amounts that equal the RDA per serving during pregnancy. This statement is true because many cereals are fortified with iron and contain the recommended amount of iron per serving during pregnancy. Cereals are an easy and convenient way to obtain the recommended amount of iron during pregnancy.
Cereals are fortified with iron in amounts that equal the RDA per serving during pregnancy is the statement that is true.
To know more about RDA visit:
brainly.com/question/32373249
#SPJ11
The following pairs of parents, determine there parents could have a child with the blood type listed under child. o show work for each example Label each punnet squares with the numbers • Fill out the table Question Number Parent Yes/No #2 #3 X AB B b A Parent Child 2 o O A 0 A B A AB 6 #S
The following pairs of parents, determine their parents could have a child with the blood type listed under child:
Question Number Parent Yes/No #2#3XABBb
A Parent Child 2o OA0ABAB6#S We have to fill out the table, as shown in the following:
Punned squares for Parent 2 for AB Blood type can be represented as follows.
Fill the boxes with the letters of Parent 2, and do the same for Parent 1:
| A | A | | B | B | O | 50% of the offspring will be AB, and the other 50% will be type A because A is dominant over B. 0% chance that an offspring will have O blood type.
Punned squares for Parent 3 for B Blood type can be represented as follows:
| A | A | B | B | 50% of the offspring will be B type, and the other 50% will be A type because A is dominant over B. 0% chance that an offspring will have O blood type.
Punned squares for Parent S for A Blood type can be represented as follows:
| A | A | O | O | 100% of the offspring will have A blood type because A is dominant over O.
To know more about determine visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29898039
#SPJ11
The Ketogenic diet is a common way in which people lose weight by increasing their protein and fat intake and severely decreasing their carbohydrate consumption. How does this diet work with regards to aerobic respiration?
The ketogenic diet works by significantly reducing carbohydrate intake, which leads to a shift in the body's primary source of fuel for energy production. Normally, in aerobic respiration, carbohydrates are the preferred source of energy, specifically glucose derived from dietary carbohydrates or glycogen stored in the liver and muscles.
However, when carbohydrate intake is limited, the body enters a state called ketosis.
During ketosis, the body switches its fuel source from carbohydrates to fat. In the absence of sufficient glucose, the liver begins to break down fatty acids into ketone bodies through a process called beta-oxidation. These ketone bodies, including acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, can be used by various tissues, including the brain, as an alternative source of energy.
In terms of aerobic respiration, the ketogenic diet promotes the utilization of fats as the primary substrate for energy production. Fatty acids are broken down through beta-oxidation in the mitochondria, generating acetyl-CoA molecules. These acetyl-CoA molecules then enter the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle), where they are further metabolized to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Although carbohydrates are more efficient in producing ATP compared to fats, the body can adapt to using ketone bodies as an alternative fuel source during the ketogenic diet.
However, it's important to note that the complete oxidation of fatty acids in aerobic respiration requires a sufficient supply of oxygen. Therefore, maintaining an appropriate balance of macronutrients and overall caloric intake is crucial to support the body's energy needs during the ketogenic diet while ensuring adequate oxygen availability for efficient aerobic respiration.
To know more about Ketogenic diet here: https://brainly.com/question/22026792
#SPJ11
Can a muscle be both an agonist and an antagonist? Explain why or why not.
A muscle can act as both an agonist and an antagonist during different phases of the same movement or action.
A muscle cannot be both an agonist and an antagonist at the same time. This is because the terms agonist and antagonist are used to describe the relationship between two or more muscles during a particular movement or action, rather than the function of a single muscle.
Agonist and antagonist are muscle pairs that work together to produce and control movement at a joint. The agonist is the muscle that is primarily responsible for producing a particular movement or action. The antagonist, on the other hand, is the muscle that opposes the agonist and is responsible for controlling the speed and range of motion of the joint during the movement or action. For example, during a biceps curl, the biceps brachii muscle is the agonist, while the triceps brachii muscle is the antagonist.
The biceps brachii contracts to flex the elbow joint and lift the weight, while the triceps brachii relaxes to allow the elbow joint to bend. When the weight is lowered, the triceps brachii contracts to extend the elbow joint and control the speed of the movement, while the biceps brachii relaxes to allow the elbow joint to straighten.
Conclusion: In conclusion, a muscle cannot be both an agonist and an antagonist simultaneously because these terms refer to the relationship between different muscles during a movement or action. However, a muscle can act as both an agonist and an antagonist during different phases of the same movement or action.
To know more about antagonist visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30081757
#SPJ11
No, a muscle can not be both an agonist and an antagonist. The terms agonist and antagonist refer to muscles with opposing actions at a joint.
Therefore, a muscle that is an agonist at a joint cannot simultaneously be an antagonist at that joint.
An agonist muscle is a muscle that contracts to generate movement at a joint. An agonist muscle is also known as a prime mover.
When an agonist muscle contracts, it pulls the bones it is connected to closer together, causing movement at a joint. For instance, in the bicep curl exercise, the biceps brachii muscle is the agonist muscle, generating movement at the elbow joint.
Thus, in this example, the biceps brachii muscle is contracting to raise the forearm towards the upper arm.
An antagonist muscle is a muscle that opposes the movement generated by the agonist muscle. Antagonist muscles work in opposition to the agonist muscles to control a movement and help to prevent injury.
For instance, in the bicep curl exercise, the triceps brachii muscle is the antagonist muscle.
The triceps brachii muscle lengthens to allow for elbow flexion, but opposes elbow flexion to control the rate and extent of the movement.
Therefore, in conclusion, a muscle cannot be both an agonist and antagonist simultaneously as these terms are used to describe muscles with opposing actions at a joint.
To know more about antagonist, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30081757
#SPJ11
escribe how the social environmental framework contributes to overweight and obesity in this country. Give 1 example of a contributing factor from each layer of the framework (individual, social, physical, societal, etc...). Please describe in detail how your examples may contribute to overweight and obesity
The social environmental framework contributes to overweight and obesity through factors such as individual behavior, social norms, built environment, and societal policies.
The social environmental framework acknowledges that multiple factors at various levels influence overweight and obesity in a country. Here are examples of contributing factors from different layers:
1. Individual: Sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary choices of individuals can contribute to weight gain. For instance, excessive consumption of sugary beverages and high-calorie processed foods.
2. Social: Social norms and peer influence play a role. If a social group encourages unhealthy eating habits or sedentary behavior, individuals within that group are more likely to adopt those habits.
3. Physical: Built environment affects physical activity levels. The lack of safe and accessible parks, sidewalks, and bike lanes may discourage people from engaging in regular exercise.
4. Societal: Socioeconomic factors and societal policies can impact obesity rates. Limited access to affordable healthy food options in low-income neighborhoods or a lack of comprehensive policies promoting nutritious school meals can contribute to unhealthy eating patterns.
These examples demonstrate how the social-ecological framework recognizes the complex interplay of individual, social, physical, and societal factors in shaping behaviors and environments that influence overweight and obesity.
learn more about Socioeconomic here:
https://brainly.com/question/32379599
#SPJ11
A new species of tree has been described in the forests of Brazil. The tree does not impede the growth of any nearby plants and its seeds are wind-dispersed and rapidly-growing. The range of the tree has abundant, nutrient rich soils. What is the most likely population distribution of this species?
The most likely population distribution of the new species of tree that has been described in the forests of Brazil is a uniform distribution. A uniform distribution occurs when individuals in a population are uniformly spaced from one another.
It means that there is a uniform distance between each individual, and they are evenly distributed throughout the range. There are several reasons why this would be the most likely distribution for this tree species. First, the tree does not impede the growth of any nearby plants. This means that there is no competition for resources and the trees can be evenly spaced. Second, the seeds are wind-dispersed. This means that the seeds are not dependent on animal dispersal and can be evenly distributed across the range. Finally, the range of the tree has abundant, nutrient-rich soils. This means that the trees are not limited in their growth by the availability of resources, which can lead to a uniform distribution.
Content loaded, this is a population distribution that occurs when individuals in a population are uniformly spaced from one another. There is a uniform distance between each individual, and they are evenly distributed throughout the range.
To know more about population distribution visit:
https://brainly.com/question/31646256
#SPJ11
The flavor profile of the latest batch of wine made at your family vineyard has changed. Which scenario would best explain the new taste? A) The conidia of a chytrid fungus have contaminated the wine barrels and are producing citric acid. B) The correct amount of club fungi you typically rely on for carbonation was not added before fermentation. C) The ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with the grape vines has become overgrown, limiting the plant's access to nutrients and water. D) The endophytes of the grape leaves have become pathogenic, causing the stressed grape vines to produce different byproducts. E) After wine tasting abroad earlier that summer, you inadvertently introduced a different yeast strain than the one you usually use during the fermentation process.
The scenario that would best explain the new taste in the latest batch of wine from your family vineyard is E) After wine tasting abroad earlier that summer, you inadvertently introduced a different yeast strain than the one you usually use during the fermentation process.
During the fermentation process, yeast plays a crucial role in converting sugar into alcohol, and different yeast strains can contribute distinct flavors and aromas to the wine. By introducing a different yeast strain, you have introduced a new set of enzymes and metabolic pathways that can alter the flavor profile of the wine. Each yeast strain has its own characteristics, including the production of specific flavor compounds. Therefore, the change in taste could be attributed to the different yeast strain used, resulting in the development of unique flavors and aromas in the wine.
It is important to note that the other scenarios presented (A, B, C, and D) involve different microbial interactions or factors that could impact the wine's taste, but the scenario of introducing a different yeast strain during fermentation is the most likely explanation for the noticeable change in flavor profile.
To learn more about fermentation, click here: https://brainly.com/question/31279960
#SPJ11
Hi, i need help with this 3 questions please?!
thank you!
274 x 274 Picture G Meta Microbe What is the identity of the organism shown here? O a. Necator americanus b. Taenia species c. Echinococcus granulosus d. Trichinella spiralis QUESTION 20 How might THI
1. The answer is a. Nectar Americans:- it is a nematode and hooks worm. The answer is a.
2. The infected human by entering the skin when exposed to the infected area like soil or faeces. The answer is d.
3. The male and female are separate and there is a difference in size. The answer is c.
1. Based on the given options, Nectar Americans is the most appropriate choice for the organism depicted in the picture. It is a parasitic nematode that infects humans, primarily through skin penetration by larvae present in contaminated soil or feces.
2. Hookworm larvae can penetrate the human skin when individuals come into contact with contaminated soil or feces. Walking barefoot on the ground where larvae are present increases the risk of larvae entering the skin and causing infection.
3. Dioecious organisms have distinct male and female individuals. In the case of Nectar Americans, the adult worms exist as separate male and female individuals, each with their own reproductive structures.
To learn more about Hookworms, here
https://brainly.com/question/13050401
#SPJ4
The complete question is:
The image attached.
A female is heterozygous for all three traits, and she is
crossed with a male that is homozygous recessive for all three
traits. The results of the cross are as follows:
___Mutant
Phenotypes
The cross between a heterozygous female and a homozygous recessive male for all three traits resulted in offspring displaying the mutant phenotypes.
The female is heterozygous for all three traits, meaning she carries one dominant allele and one recessive allele for each trait. The male, on the other hand, is homozygous recessive, which means he carries two copies of the recessive allele for each trait.
When these two individuals are crossed, the offspring inherit one allele from each parent for each trait.Since the female is heterozygous for all three traits, she can pass on either the dominant or the recessive allele for each trait to her offspring.
However, the male only has the recessive allele for all three traits, so he can only pass on the recessive allele to his offspring.As a result, all the offspring from this cross will receive one recessive allele from the male and either a dominant or recessive allele from the female for each trait.
In this case, since the female is heterozygous for all three traits, there is a 50% chance that she will pass on the recessive allele for each trait to her offspring.
Therefore, the results of the cross will be that all the offspring will display the mutant phenotypes, as they will inherit the recessive allele for all three traits from the male and have a 50% chance of inheriting the recessive allele for each trait from the female.
Learn more about mutant phenotypes here ;
https://brainly.com/question/32008728
#SPJ11
ALE 29 In plant cells, these organelles convert solar energy into chemical energy (sugars). rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria O vacuoles chloroplasts
In plant cells, chloroplasts are the organelles that convert solar energy into chemical energy (sugars) through the process of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts contain a pigment called chlorophyll, which captures light energy from the sun. This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose (a sugar) and oxygen. Chloroplasts are responsible for the green coloration of plants due to the presence of chlorophyll. On the other hand, the rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production, and vacuoles play a role in storage and maintaining cell turgor pressure.
To know more about vacuoles. visit:
https://brainly.com/question/32997273
#SPJ11
If a person is starving for a prolonged time, an excessive build up of Acetyl CoA ultimately leads to
a) Formation of ketone bodies
b) FA synthesis
c) Release of ATP
d) Formation of oxaloacetate
If a person is starving for a prolonged time, an excessive build-up of Acetyl CoA ultimately leads to Formation of ketone bodies. Hence Option A is correct.
Acetyl-CoA is a molecule that plays a significant role in metabolism. It is a molecule that is formed in the mitochondria by the breakdown of glucose. In addition, Acetyl-CoA can also be produced from the breakdown of fatty acids. Acetyl-CoA is a fundamental molecule in the metabolic process since it is involved in both the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
However, when it begins to accumulate in the body, it leads to the formation of ketone bodies. The formation of ketone bodies. The accumulation of Acetyl-CoA in the body leads to the formation of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are molecules that are formed when the body burns fat instead of glucose for energy. They are produced by the liver and are used by the brain and other organs as a source of energy when glucose levels are low. In conclusion, If a person is starving for a prolonged time, an excessive build-up of Acetyl CoA ultimately leads to Formation of ketone bodies.
To know more about Acetyl CoA visit
https://brainly.com/question/30564558
#SPJ11
Which one is correct about segmentation in bony fishes? O There is no segmentation at all There is segmentation in the backbone There is segmentation in the whole body plan There is segmentation in the antennae
The correct statement about segmentation in bony fishes is: There is segmentation in the backbone.
Segmentation in bony fishes primarily refers to the presence of vertebrae, which make up the backbone or vertebral column. The vertebral column is composed of a series of repeating units called vertebrae, which are connected to each other. This segmentation provides flexibility and support to the fish's body and allows for movement and swimming. Each vertebra typically consists of a centrum (body), neural arches, and various processes. While bony fishes do exhibit some level of external segmentation in terms of body regions, such as the head, trunk, and tail, the most notable and significant example of segmentation in bony fishes is the presence of segmented vertebrae in the backbone.
Learn more about backbone here:
https://brainly.com/question/28200297
#SPJ11
It is not only important to treat the patient physically for their injury/condition but also, to integrate the psychological and psychosocial aspects of injury that the patient endures. Take into cons
Integrating the psychological and psychosocial aspects of an injury or condition is important for comprehensive healthcare and patient well-being.
When a patient experiences an injury or condition, it is crucial to recognize that their well-being extends beyond physical healing. Integrating the psychological and psychosocial aspects of their experience is essential for holistic care. Psychological factors such as emotional distress, anxiety, and depression can significantly impact recovery and quality of life. Additionally, psychosocial factors, including social support, financial implications, and occupational challenges, play a role in the patient's overall well-being. By addressing these aspects alongside physical treatment, healthcare providers can promote better patient outcomes and support their overall recovery journey. This integrated approach acknowledges the interconnectedness of physical, psychological, and psychosocial aspects and aims to optimize patient care and well-being.
Learn more about psychological and psychosocial aspects here:
https://brainly.com/question/15302632
#SPJ11
Match the signal molecule to its classification. Use the definitions in the lecture slides. Tip: anything made in they hypothalamus is a neurohormone. Epinephrine Norepinephrine Testosterone TSH TRH V
Matching the signal molecules to their classifications: Epinephrine: Hormone, Norepinephrine: Neurotransmitter, Testosterone: Hormone, TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone): Hormone, TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone): Neurohormone
Epinephrine: Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is released into the bloodstream and acts as a systemic hormone, affecting multiple organs and tissues throughout the body.
Norepinephrine: Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is primarily involved in the transmission of signals in the nervous system. It functions as a chemical messenger in the synaptic clefts between neurons, transmitting signals from one neuron to another.
Testosterone: Testosterone is a hormone produced primarily in the testes in males and in smaller amounts in the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. It is responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics and plays a crucial role in reproductive function.
TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone): TSH is a hormone produced and released by the pituitary gland. It acts on the thyroid gland, stimulating it to produce and release thyroid hormones, which play a vital role in regulating metabolism.
TRH (Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone): TRH is a neurohormone produced and released by the hypothalamus. It acts on the anterior pituitary gland, stimulating the release of TSH. TRH is an example of a neurohormone because it is produced by neurons in the hypothalamus and then released into the bloodstream to act on target cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
In summary, epinephrine and testosterone are classified as hormones, norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter, and TSH and TRH are hormones (with TRH specifically being a neurohormone).
Learn more about Epinephrine here: https://brainly.com/question/28165898
#SPJ11
what are the two major functions of the menstrual cycle?
The two major functions of the menstrual cycle are ovulation and preparation of the uterine lining for potential pregnancy.
The menstrual cycle is a recurring process that occurs in females of reproductive age. Its primary functions are as follows:
Ovulation: One of the main functions of the menstrual cycle is to facilitate ovulation, which is the release of a mature egg from the ovary. Ovulation typically occurs around the midpoint of the menstrual cycle. During this process, a mature egg is released from the ovary and is available for fertilization by sperm.
Preparation of the uterine lining: Another significant function of the menstrual cycle is to prepare the uterine lining (endometrium) for potential pregnancy. After ovulation, if fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg implants into the thickened endometrium and pregnancy begins.
However, if fertilization does not occur, the hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle lead to the shedding of the uterine lining, resulting in menstrual bleeding.
In summary, the menstrual cycle serves the purpose of ovulation, allowing for the release of a mature egg, and prepares the uterine lining for potential pregnancy.
To know more about ovulation, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/31736135#
#SPJ11
Which statement is true regarding osteoarthritis? A Degenerative changes occur to the articular cartilage B It is an autoimmune disease The damage is usually reversible D It commonly occurs in younger
The true statement regarding osteoarthritis is that degenerative changes occur to the articular cartilage.
Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis characterized by the degeneration of the articular cartilage, which is the smooth and protective covering on the ends of bones in a joint. This degeneration is associated with a breakdown of the cartilage tissue, leading to joint pain, stiffness, and loss of function.
The primary feature of osteoarthritis is the progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage. Over time, the cartilage becomes thinner and less able to withstand the forces and stress placed on the joint during movement. This results in friction between the bones, leading to pain and inflammation.
Unlike autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis is not caused by an abnormal immune response. It is primarily a degenerative condition that occurs as a result of aging, wear and tear on the joints, obesity, joint injury, or genetic factors.
The damage caused by osteoarthritis is generally considered irreversible. While various treatments can help manage symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease, the damaged cartilage cannot regenerate fully. Therefore, the focus of treatment is typically on pain relief, improving joint function, and maintaining quality of life.
Osteoarthritis is more commonly seen in older individuals, although it can occur in younger individuals as well, particularly as a result of joint injuries or other risk factors. However, it is generally more prevalent among older adults due to the cumulative effects of joint use and aging on the cartilage.
Learn more about osteoarthritis here:
https://brainly.com/question/32226229
#SPJ11
The complete question is:
Which statement is true regarding osteoarthritis? A Degenerative changes occur to the articular cartilage B It is an autoimmune disease The damage is usually reversible D It commonly occurs in younger individuals
A. 11-20 Identify and describe the tissues present in
the different organ systems (Accessory Glands of the Digestive
System, Urinary, Reproductive, Endocrine, Nervous System and
Special Senses)
The Accessory Glands of the Digestive System, Urinary, Reproductive, Endocrine, Nervous System and Special Senses are composed of various types of tissues. Below are the descriptions of the tissues present in these organ systems:Accessory Glands of the Digestive System:
It is composed of different tissues such as:Epithelial Tissue: Lines the lumen of the digestive tract and the ducts of the accessory glands.Connective Tissue: Provides support and binds the epithelial tissue.Muscle Tissue: Helps in the contraction and movement of the digestive tract glands.Nervous Tissue: Helps in the regulation of gland secretions and movement of the digestive tract glands.Urinary System: It consists of the following types of tissues:Epithelial Tissue: Lines the lumen of the urinary tract.Connective Tissue:
Provides support and binds the epithelial tissue.Muscle Tissue: Helps in the contraction and movement of the urinary bladder.Nervous Tissue: Helps in the regulation of urination.Reproductive System: It is made up of different tissues such as:Epithelial Tissue: Lines the reproductive ducts and glands.Connective Tissue: Provides support and binds the epithelial tissue.Muscle Tissue: Helps in the contraction of the reproductive organs and movement of gametes.Nervous Tissue: Helps in the regulation of reproductive functions.Endocrine System: It consists of the following types of tissues:Epithelial Tissue: Forms the endocrine glands.Connective Tissue: Provides support and binds the epithelial tissue.Nervous Tissue: Helps in the regulation of hormone secretion.Nervous System: It is composed of different tissues such as:Neural Tissue: Makes up the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.Connective Tissue: Provides support and protection to the neural tissue.Special Senses: It consists of the following types of tissues:Epithelial Tissue: Forms the sensory organs such as the eye and ear.Connective Tissue: Provides support and protection to the sensory organs.Nervous Tissue: Helps in the reception and interpretation of sensory stimuli.
TO know more about that Digestive visit:
https://brainly.com/question/2272856
#SPJ11
biomechanics(biomedical engineering)
1. Draw and explain the type movements across the joints (biomechanical/medical terms). (10 credits).
In biomechanics, joints allow for various types of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction. These movements play a crucial role in the function and mobility of the musculoskeletal system.
Flexion: It refers to the bending or decreasing the angle between two body parts, typically in the sagittal plane. For example, bending the elbow or bringing the knee towards the chest.
Extension: It is the opposite of flexion and involves straightening or increasing the angle between two body parts. For instance, straightening the elbow or leg.
Abduction: It is the movement away from the midline of the body or spreading the limbs laterally. Examples include raising the arms sideways or spreading the fingers apart.
Adduction: It is the movement towards the midline of the body or bringing the limbs closer together. For example, bringing the arms down to the sides or crossing the legs.
Rotation: It involves the turning or twisting of a body part along its longitudinal axis. Examples include rotating the head from side to side or twisting the trunk.
Circumduction: It is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, resulting in a circular or cone-shaped movement. A classic example is the movement of the shoulder joint, where the arm moves in a circular motion.
These different types of joint movements allow for a wide range of motion, enabling activities such as walking, grasping objects, and performing complex athletic movements. The understanding of these movements is crucial for biomechanical analysis, rehabilitation, and designing prosthetics or orthotics to restore or enhance movement in individuals with musculoskeletal impairments.
Learn more about flexion here: https://brainly.com/question/28103671
#SPJ11
Farmer Dan grows com for a living. One day, Farmer Halsuggests to Farmer Dan that he should clone his best con plant in order to produce more cars of com per plant. Farmer Dan is not sure about Farmer Hal's idea, Why might Farmer Dan be hesitant to clonc his com? Answers A-D A The cloned corn would not have the same taste as the original plants O B Cloned plants would have increased genetic variability as well as a shortened life expectancy, C Cloning eliminates the ability to sexually reproduce and provide genetic variability o D Cloning the complants is difficult and expensive to accomplish,
Farmer Dan grows corn for a living. One day, Farmer Hal suggests to Farmer Dan that he should clone his best com plant to produce more corn per plant. Farmer Dan is not sure about Farmer Hal's idea.
There could be several reasons why Farmer Dan might be hesitant to clone his corn plants. One possible reason might be that cloning eliminates the ability to sexually reproduce and provide genetic variability. When plants are cloned, they are created by taking a piece of one plant and growing it into a new plant.
This means that all the new plants produced through cloning are genetically identical to the original plant. While this might seem like a good thing, it can actually be a problem for farmers. Farmers need genetic diversity in their crops so that they can adapt to changing conditions and resist pests and diseases.
To know more about produce visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30698459
#SPJ11
5. The following data represent the number of times that a sample of residents in nursing homes who were aged 80 or older fell during a 12-month period. 3 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 4 0 3 26 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 3 1 1 0 4 6 9.0 1 Construct a frequency distribution table for this set of data in Stat Crunch, showing the absolute frequencies, relative frequencies, and cumulative relative frequencies. Would it be advantageous to group the data before constructing a frequency distribution? Why or why not? Construct a Summary Statistics table in StatCrunch to list then, mean, mode, Skewness and Kurtosis of the data. Paste your work from Stat Crunch into your assignment. 6. Using information from the frequency distribution in Exercise 5, answer the following: a. What percentage of the nursing home residents had at least 1 fall? b. What number of falls was the most frequent in this sample? c. What number of falls was least frequent in this sample? d. What percentage of residents had 2 or fewer falls? 7. Draw a graphic of the frequency distribution of the data in Exercise 5 using StatCrunch. Copy and Paste your graphic from Stat Crunch into your Word document submission. Describe the shape of the frequency distribution in terms of modality and skewness. Is the number of falls normally distributed?
In this case, since the dataset includes individual values, it would not be advantageous to group the data. Grouping is typically useful when dealing with a large range of values to simplify analysis and visualization
To complete Exercises 5 to 7, I'm afraid I cannot directly interact with StatCrunch or create visuals. However, I can guide you through the steps and provide explanations for each exercise. You can follow the instructions below to perform the necessary calculations and create the frequency distribution table and graphic in StatCrunch.
Exercise 5: Frequency Distribution Table
Enter the given data into a new dataset column in StatCrunch.
In StatCrunch, go to "Stat" > "Tables" > "Frequency" to open the frequency table dialog box.
Select the column containing the data for falls and move it to the "Frequency" variable.
Click the "Statistics" button and check the options for "Relative frequency" and "Cumulative frequency."
Click "Compute!" to generate the frequency distribution table, including absolute frequencies, relative frequencies, and cumulative relative frequencies.
Advantage of Grouping Data:
In this case, since the dataset includes individual values, it would not be advantageous to group the data. Grouping is typically useful when dealing with a large range of values to simplify analysis and visualization. However, in this scenario, the data seems manageable, and grouping could potentially lead to loss of information or detail.
Exercise 6:
a. To find the percentage of nursing home residents with at least 1 fall, sum the absolute frequencies for falls equal to 1 or more, and divide by the total number of residents in the sample.
b. The most frequent number of falls can be determined by identifying the highest absolute frequency in the frequency distribution table.
c. The least frequent number of falls can be determined by identifying the lowest absolute frequency in the frequency distribution table.
d. To find the percentage of residents with 2 or fewer falls, sum the absolute frequencies for falls equal to 0, 1, or 2, and divide by the total number of residents in the sample.
Exercise 7:
To draw a graphic of the frequency distribution, you can use a histogram or a bar chart in StatCrunch. Ensure that you select the appropriate options for axis labels and titles. Describe the shape of the frequency distribution in terms of modality (number of peaks) and skewness (symmetry or lack thereof). The normal distribution assumption can be evaluated by examining the shape of the distribution, but keep in mind that it might not be valid for small sample sizes or non-normally distributed data.
Learn more about histogram here:
https://brainly.com/question/16819077
#SPJ11
You are a PA at a private practice. A patient comes in with severe pain the abdomen, abdominal cramps, fever, chills, change in bowel movements, nausea and vomiting. You order a CT scan and run blood work. You find that your patient has an ulcer in the large intestine which has perforated.
What does large intestine perforation mean?
Through which layers of tissue would the perforation have to go through to reach and cross the visceral peritoneum?
What is peritonitis, and why is it of great concern?
How many organs can be affected by peritonitis?
Large intestine perforation means that there is a hole or a tear in the colon wall that lets the contents of the intestine to leak into the abdominal cavity. The large intestine or the colon is the last part of the digestive tract, and it is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes and storage of waste before it's expelled from the body via the rectum.
The colon has a complex structure, consisting of three main layers: the innermost mucosa, a middle layer of muscle, and the outermost serosa. Perforation usually occurs due to underlying conditions such as diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, or trauma.
It is a surgical emergency that requires immediate attention because the fecal matter in the abdominal cavity can cause severe inflammation known as peritonitis. Peritonitis is a life-threatening inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the thin lining of the abdominal cavity and covers the organs located in the abdomen.
Peritonitis can be caused by infection, ruptured diverticulum, perforated colon, or stomach ulcer, and it can lead to sepsis, a severe infection that can be fatal if not treated promptly. The visceral peritoneum is the layer of the peritoneum that covers the organs, and it is a continuous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
The perforation would have to go through the serosa and mucosa layers to reach and cross the visceral peritoneum. All organs that are located in the abdomen can be affected by peritonitis, including the liver, stomach, spleen, and pancreas, as well as the intestines.
Learn more about: perforation
https://brainly.com/question/31660641
#SPJ11
1. Type out the simple equation for the splitting of an ATP molecule to provide energy (be sure to include the enzyme).
2. Type out the simple equation that shows how PCr can be used to produce an ATP molecule (be sure to include the enzyme).
1. The simple equation for the splitting of an ATP molecule to provide energy, catalyzed by the enzyme ATPase, is:
ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pi + energy
In this equation, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is hydrolyzed by the enzyme ATPase, resulting in the formation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate), inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the release of energy.
2. The simple equation that shows how PCr (phosphocreatine) can be used to produce an ATP molecule, catalyzed by the enzyme creatine kinase, is:
PCr + ADP → ATP + Cr
In this equation, PCr donates a phosphate group to ADP in the presence of creatine kinase, resulting in the formation of ATP and creatine (Cr). This process, known as phosphorylation, helps replenish ATP levels during high-intensity muscle contractions when the demand for energy is high.
To know more about ATP
brainly.com/question/836184
#SPJ11
A guide to get eddit. 10 points Sav A LPS (Lipopolysaccharides) in Gram +ve bacteria B. Secondary lymphoid organs C. Usually bivalent D. children are born with a defect in the development of the lymph node structure are a subpopulation of B cells that predominate in the peritoneal and pleural cavities of many species and are a min population in spleen and lymph node. F. Part of MHC class I G. T-cell differentiation stage where cells expresses both CD4 and CD8 co-receptor molecules on its surface. H. Produce IgA in MALT and GALT areas 1. helps V-D-J genes rearrangement in B-cells J. if an immature B cell expresses a receptor specific for a self-antigen and interacts with that self-antigen in the bone marrow, it is eliminated or deleted, by apoptosis K children are born with a defect in the development of the thymic structure L. Provide a primary response to the antigen that encounters with the BCR. M. interact with CD8, whose expression defines the subset of T cells called CD8+ T cells. N. interact with CD4, whose expression defines the subset of T cells called CD4+ T cells. O. Part of MHC class II P an enzyme plays a crucial role in a step in intracellular signaling during pinocytosis, but not in exocytosis. Q enterotoxin released by staphylococcal organisms R. re-exposure to antigen activates a secondary response to antigen that is more rapid than the primary response. S. Primary lymphoid organs T. Usually monovalent Question 1 of 1
A. LPS (Lipopolysaccharides) in Gram +ve bacteria, B. Secondary lymphoid organs, D. Children are born with a defect in the development of the lymph node structure.
F. Peritoneal and pleural cavity B cells
G. T-cell differentiation stage expressing both CD4 and CD8 co-receptor molecules
H. Production of IgA in MALT and GALT areas
J. Elimination of immature B cells expressing self-antigen receptors
K. Children born with a defect in the development of the thymic structure
L. Primary response by B cells to encountered antigens
M. Interaction with CD8 co-receptor in T cells
N. Interaction with CD4 co-receptor in T cells
O. Part of MHC class II
R. Secondary response to antigen re-exposure
S. Primary lymphoid organs
T. Usually monovalent
A. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are components found in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria, not Gram-positive bacteria.
B. Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer's patches, where immune responses are initiated.
D. Children born with defects in lymph node development have impaired lymph node structure.
F. B cells that predominate in peritoneal and pleural cavities are called B1 cells, and they are a minor population in the spleen and lymph nodes.
G. The T-cell differentiation stage where cells express both CD4 and CD8 co-receptor molecules is known as the double-positive stage.
H. IgA (Immunoglobulin A) production occurs in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) areas.
J. Immature B cells that express receptors specific for self-antigens and interact with them undergo elimination or deletion by apoptosis in the bone marrow.
K. Defects in thymic development affect the development of T cells, not the thymic structure itself.
L. B cells provide a primary immune response by recognizing antigens through their B-cell receptors (BCR).
M. CD8+ T cells interact with CD8 co-receptor molecules.
N. CD4+ T cells interact with CD4 co-receptor molecules.
O. MHC class II molecules are involved in antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells.
R. Re-exposure to an antigen triggers a faster and stronger secondary immune response compared to the primary response.
S. Primary lymphoid organs include the bone marrow and thymus, where immune cell development occurs.
T. The term "usually monovalent" is not applicable in this context.
These explanations clarify the accuracy of each statement and provide a better understanding of the topics related to the given options.
Learn more about T cells here
https://brainly.com/question/29517719
#SPJ11
For genotype: rep * P ^ (- |ac| ^ S) |acP^ + |acO^ + /acZ^ + /acY
Select the best description of permease activity in the following environmental conditions.
3 v
Lactose Present; Glucose Absent
1. High
3
Lactose Absent; Glucose Absent
2. Basal
3. None
3
Lactose Present; Glucose Present
4. Lower than basal
In the given genotype and environmental conditions, permease activity would be lower than basal when lactose is present and glucose is also present.
The given genotype represents the expression of the permease gene under different environmental conditions, specifically in the presence or absence of lactose and glucose. Permease is an enzyme responsible for transporting lactose into the cell.
1. Lactose Present; Glucose Absent:
In this condition, the genotype indicates that the expression of permease is influenced by the presence of lactose (|acP^) and the absence of glucose (/acZ^ and /acY).
The power (^) symbol indicates the influence of lactose concentration (P) and the strength of the allele (|ac|) in regulating permease activity. Since lactose is present and glucose is absent, the expression of permease would be higher than basal, resulting in increased permease activity.
2. Lactose Absent; Glucose Absent:
In this condition, both lactose and glucose are absent, which means there are no inducers for permease expression.
The genotype indicates the absence of lactose-related alleles (|acP^) and glucose-related alleles (/acZ^ and /acY). Therefore, permease activity would be at a basal level, which is the default level of activity without specific inducers.
3. Lactose Present; Glucose Present:
In this condition, both lactose and glucose are present. The genotype suggests that the expression of permease is influenced by lactose (|acP^), but glucose-related alleles are also present (/acZ^ and /acY).
The presence of glucose-related alleles indicates a repressive effect on permease expression.As a result, permease activity would be lower than basal despite the presence of lactose.
Based on the given options, the closest description for permease activity in the condition of lactose present and glucose present would be "Lower than basal."
The combined effect of lactose induction and glucose repression leads to a reduction in permease activity compared to the basal level.
To know more about "Potassium-40" refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/13061505#
#SPJ11
Would a standard or elemental formula be recommended for this patient's needs? O High Fat Formula O Standard Formula
The choice between a standard or elemental formula depends on the patient's specific needs and medical conditions, with standard formulas being balanced and elemental formulas being easier to digest and absorb.
La elección entre una fórmula estándar o elemental para las necesidades de un paciente depende de varios factores, incluidas las necesidades específicas del paciente y sus condiciones médicas. Se puede recomendar una fórmula estándar si el paciente no tiene restricciones dietéticas específicas o problemas digestivos. Las formulaciones estándar suelen estar bien equilibradas y ofrecen una combinación de macronutrientes como carbohidratos, proteínas y grasas. Pero si el paciente tiene problemas para absorber o digestionar ciertos nutrientes debido a condiciones como mala absorción o trastornos gastrointestinales, una fórmula elemental puede ser más adecuada. Las formulaciones elementales están diseñadas para que sean fáciles de digestionar y absorber, proporcionando los nutrientes esenciales en una forma más sencilla que requiere poca digestion. Para hacer una recomendación informada, un profesional de la salud debe evaluar las necesidades únicas del paciente.
learn more about elemental here:
https://brainly.com/question/31950312
#SPJ11