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Forensic DNA

How can DNA be used to help solve a crime?

The major advantage of using multiple restriction enzymes to cut the DNA during DNA fingerprinting is that it allows us to have multiple sets of data which can allow us to have a better analysis.

DNA fingerprinting which is also known DNA profiling, genetic fingerprinting, DNA typing is basically a genetic method of isolating as well as identifying variable elements which occur within the base-pair sequence of DNA. It is based on certain sequences of highly variable DNA which are known as minisatellites and are repeated within genes.

This process involves the use of restriction enzymes which perform the function of cutting the DNA at specific sites. Using multiple restriction enzymes gives us the advantage as we obtain multiple sets of DNA sequences which can allow a more thorough analysis.

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The normal bladder of female can hold up to 500 ml Of urine i.e. 17 ounces and in case of males, the normal bladder can hold up to 700 mL of urine i.e. 23 ounces. The urinary bladder acts as a short-term storage organ for urine.

It's situated in the pelvic cavity, underneath the parietal peritoneum and posterior to the symphysis pubis. The size and shape of the urinary bladder change depending on how much urine it contains and how much pressure it obtains from enclosing organs. The vacating of urine through urethra is known as urination. The amount of urine produced depends on various factors such as type of food and liquid consumed.

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the normal adult bladder can store up to 600 to 650 mL milliliters of urine.

A healthy bladder holds pee comfortably at atmospheric concentration with sporadic indications of filling and is free of bacterium or tumors (57). Adults typically have a functioning bladder capacity of between 300 and 400 ml.

This states that there is likely no inborn difference between males and females and gives the metabolic capacity of the adult male and female at 500 ml. The frequency with which one urinates directly affects the bladder's size.

The bladder wall may stiffen with age and lose some of its capacity to store pee. You may need to more often urinate when your capacity to hold it decreases. Additionally, you are more likely to get urinary tract infections.

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The best perspective for schizophrenia is Biopsychological. Disturbances in thought, perception, emotional reactivity, and social interactions are hallmarks of schizophrenia.

A mental condition called schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotional reactivity, and social relationships. Although each person's experience with schizophrenia is unique, the condition is often chronic and can be both severe and incapacitating.

Schizophrenia symptoms include psychotic manifestations like hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder (abnormal ways of thinking), as well as decreased emotional expression, decreased motivation to achieve goals, difficulty forming social connections, motor impairment, and cognitive impairment. Schizophrenia is frequently seen from a developmental viewpoint, despite the fact that symptoms typically appear in late adolescence or early adulthood. Children occasionally show signs of cognitive impairment and strange behaviour, and the presence of several symptoms over time indicates a more advanced stage of the condition. This trend might be caused by environmental factors such prenatal or early life stress as well as disturbances in brain development. This point of view feeds the belief that early interventions will alter the course of schizophrenia, which, when left untreated, frequently has highly devastating effects.

The biopsychological approach is a significant school of psychology that seeks to pinpoint the biological basis for emotion, cognition, and behaviour.

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Option C is Correct. The biopsychological viewpoint is the most effective one for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotional reactivity, and social relationships.

Schizophrenia is a mental illness marked by abnormalities in thought, perception, emotional reaction, and social interactions. While every individual's experience with schizophrenia is different, the illness is frequently chronic and can be quite severe or even incapacitating.

In addition to decreased emotional expression, decreased motivation to achieve goals, difficulty forming social connections, motor impairment, and cognitive impairment, schizophrenia symptoms also include psychotic manifestations like hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder (abnormal ways of thinking).

Despite the fact that symptoms of schizophrenia often manifest in late adolescence or early adulthood, the disorder is frequently viewed from a developmental perspective. Children can display unusual behavior and indicators of cognitive impairment.

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Option 4 is Correct. Alkaliphiles are the extremophiles that generate the enzymes needed to make detergents.

Proteases and pectinases are the three main groups. Proteases were the first of these to be widely utilized in the past to improve the efficacy of laundry detergents. Alkaline extracellular enzymes, whose characteristics meet the necessary criteria for enzymes to be employed in detergents, are frequently abundant in alkaliphilic Bacillus strains.

Alkaliphiles/acidophiles: Enzymes from microorganisms that can endure pH extremes may be especially beneficial for usage in extremely acidic or strongly alkaline reaction environments, such as those seen in the manufacture of detergents. Extremozymes, or enzymes produced from extreme environments, have the ability to catalyze chemical reactions in environments that were previously assumed to be unfavorable for enzymatic activity, such as those present in industrial processes.

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Correct Question:

Which extremophile produces enzymes used in the production of detergents?

1-anaerobes

2-methanogens

3-acidophiles

4-alkaliphiles

Alkaliphiles and acidiphiles are the extremophiles that produce enzymes used in detergent production.

Alkaliphiles are the microorganisms that grow at places those have pH above than 9. These bacteria further have various categories like obligate alkaliphiles, facultative alkaliphiles and haloalkaliphiles. The examples of alkaliphiles are: Halorhodospira halochloris, Natronomonas pharaonis, etc.

Detergents are the chemical compounds that possess the property of cleaning oils and dirt from the surfaces of objects like clothes. These detergents are amphiphilic in nature with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic head. They possess the property of micelle formation. Detergents can be anionic, cationic or neutral in nature.

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The five important properties of epithelium  tissues are cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, and regeneration.

In general , Epithelial tissue are mainly composed of cells that are laid out in sheets which has strong cell-to-cell attachments. The  protein  present here is connected and they hold the cells together to form a tightly connected layer that is avascular but innervated in nature.

Epithelial tissue use to cover the entire body surface and organs, lines body cavities and hollow organs, they also have free surface, that is connected with underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane, they also lacks blood vessels, cells are tightly packed with each other.

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The five characteristics of epithelium are cellularity, polarity, attachment, vascularity, and regeneration.

Due to the presence of the basement membrane, simple epithelium makes a definite layer.

Simple type of epithelium is found inside the body probably because of its delicate nature. Epithelium forms the lining of the body cavities, blood and lymph vessels, heart, and respiratory system.

As the simple epithelium layer is thin in nature, it has the physiological advantage of faster absorption and filtration. Due to the ability of simple epithelium, especially is present in the lining of the digestive tract and for the exchange surfaces in the lungs. The endocrine as a cell is produced by the epithelial cells as the exocrine cells. Epithelial tissue cells can go through rapid division. Between the cells of the epithelial tissue, there are small intercellular spaces.

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True this gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that may help regulate when you sleep at night.

It is part of your endocrine machine and secretes the hormone melatonin. Your pineal gland's foremost activity is to help manage the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin. The pineal gland is formed like a tiny pinecone, which is how it were given its name (“pine”-al gland).

Melatonin is a hormone secreted by means of the enigmatic pineal gland in reaction to darkness, subsequently the call hormone of darkness.

Melatonin is produced by way of numerous tissues in the body, despite the fact that the essential supply is the pineal gland in the brain. Melatonin (blue) is produced certainly from the amino acid tryptophan, by using the pineal gland (purple) at night time-time.

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It is true that this gland releases melatonin, a hormone that may aid in controlling your nighttime sleep patterns.

It releases the melatonin hormone and is a component of your endocrine system. By secreting melatonin, your pineal gland's main function is to assist in controlling the circadian cycle of sleep and awake. The pineal gland was given the term "pine"-al gland because of the way it is shaped—like a little pinecone.

Melatonin is a hormone that the mysterious pineal gland secretes in response to darkness, earning it the moniker "hormone of darkness." Although melatonin is produced by a variety of body tissues, the pineal gland in the brain is the primary source. Tryptophan, an amino acid, is converted into melatonin (blue) by the pineal gland (purple), which produces this hormone at night.

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A descending spinal tract called the lateral corticospinal tract transmits voluntary motor impulses from the brain to the body's extremities damaged.

A spinal cord damage would prevent voluntary movement above and below the injured level. To accommodate the more nerve cells and connections required to process information relevant to the upper and lower limbs, two areas of the spinal cord are expanded (see Figure 1.10B). The ventral horn is spherical, whereas the dorsal horn is thin and reaches to the spinal cord's border. Reduced postural control and impaired selectivity of postural control can be caused by lesions to the cortico-reticulospinal system.

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The accomplishment, or the most common way of accomplishing, harmonious dissemination of isotopes inside a predetermined format of molecules in synthetic animal types or gathering of substance species.

Isotopes are particles that have a similar nuclear number (and, consequently, by and large, a similar science) but unique mass. The distinction in mass turns out to be synthetically significant in specific occurrences. For instance, when a carbon-hydrogen bond is supplanted by a carbon-deuterium bond (deuterium being…

A dynamic isotope impact is an unthinking peculiarity wherein isotopically subbed particles respond at various rates. Understanding the rate distinctions gives data on the idea of the rate-deciding step.

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The heart rate is regulated by a feedback process that involves the nervous and endocrine systems. The sympathetic nervous system, which is activated during times of stress or physical activity, stimulates an increase in heart rate.

On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system, which is activated during times of rest and relaxation, stimulates a decrease in heart rate. Additionally, the hormone adrenaline, which is released by the adrenal gland, also increases heart rate.

This feedback process helps to maintain a balance or "homeostasis" of the heart rate in response to changes in the body's needs. For example, when the body is engaged in physical activity, the sympathetic nervous system and adrenaline will increase the heart rate in order to pump more oxygen-rich blood to the muscles. Conversely, when the body is at rest, the parasympathetic nervous system will decrease the heart rate to conserve energy.

It's important to note that this feedback process is a dynamic and continuous process that helps to ensure the body's internal stability in response to different internal and external conditions. This helps to maintain the balance of the heart rate and supports overall health and well-being.

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Darkfield microscopy is most frequently displayed in a microscope image that has one or more colors on a background of black.

The specimens are brilliant against a black backdrop when viewed under darkfield microscopy. Placing a patch stop filter inside the filter holder will allow brightfield microscopes with condensers to be quickly changed to darkfield microscopes. The microscope's direct light is refracted by the filter.

To illuminate unstained samples so they look brightly lit against a dark background, dark-field microscopy is the best method. A vivid image of the specimen is created by light flowing through the specimen at oblique angles and reflecting into the microscope objective after being refracted, diffracted, and reflected into the objective by an opaque stop in the condenser, which previously prevented direct light.

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Correct Question:

An image from a microscope including one or more colors on a black background is likely an example of ________.

Jellyfish cnidarian is the portuguese man of war. The correct option is A

Cnidaria is a phylum under kingdom animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments.

Characteristics of Cnidarian are :

Therefore Cnidarian muscles play crucial roles in locomotion, defense from predators e.g contracting and burying in crevices and sand feeding and digestion through continuous peristaltic movements.

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While heat is produced during the digestion process in both animals (a rabbit (and endothermic regulator) and a lizard (an ectothermic conformer) decide to have dinner together. they both eat a big meal), the heat will increase the lizard's body temperature but will be dissipated in the rabbit because the rabbit must maintain a stable core body temperature.

Endothermic animals are those that can maintain a constant body temperature regardless of their surroundings. All birds and mammals (including rabbits) in the animal kingdom are endothermic. Even some fish are thought to be endothermic.

Endotherms have warm blood, whereas ectotherms have cold blood. The primary distinction between the two is that endotherms can generate and maintain constant body temperature.

Ectotherm, any cold-blooded animal—that is, any animal whose body temperature regulation is dependent on external sources such as sunlight or a heated rock surface. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles (lizard), and invertebrates are all ectotherms.

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The name of the layers of the cell membrane is Phospholipid Bilayer.

The plasma membrane is composed specifically of phospholipids, which encompass fatty acids and alcohol. The phospholipids inside the plasma membrane are organized in two layers, called a phospholipid bilayer, with a hydrophobic, or water-hating, indoors and a hydrophilic, or water-loving, exterior.

The mobile membrane consists of layers, the internal and outer phospholipid layers. The internal layer consists of fatty acid tails, which might be hydrophobic (meaning they repel water) and the outer phospholipid layer consists of polar heads that are hydrophillic (which means they absorb water.)

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Phospholipid Bilayer is the term for the cell membrane's layers.

Particularly phospholipids, which include fatty acids and alcohol, make up the plasma membrane. The phospholipids in the plasma membrane are arranged in two layers, or phospholipid bilayers, with an interior that is hydrophobic (hates water) and an exterior that is hydrophilic (loves water).

The internal and external phospholipid layers make up the layers that make up the mobile membrane. The exterior phospholipid layer is made up of polar heads that are hydrophillic, and the inside layer is made up of fatty acid tails that may be hydrophobic (meaning they reject water) (which means they absorb water.)

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James H. Miller Jr. Electric Generating Plant in Alabama, which burns coal, is the most polluting power plant in the US.

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The similarity in karyotypes can be on the basis of size, position of the centromere, and staining patterns in the chromosomes.

Karyotyping is basically the process of pairing as well as ordering all the chromosomes of a particular organism. Therefore, it provides a genome-wide snapshot of a particular individual's chromosomes.

Karyotypes are prepared by using the standardized staining procedures which help reveal the characteristic structural features for each of the chromosome. The human karyotypes are of significant importance as they help detect gross genetic changes or anomalies present in the DNA. The similarities or differences in the size, position of the centromere and also the staining patterns in the chromosomes.

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Epipelagic Zone is associated with the continental shelf

A continent's oceanic margin is referred to as a continental shelf. The seven major geographical divisions of Earth are called continents. The shelf break, a drop-off point on a continent's coastline, is the end of the continental shelf.

The area of the ocean that lies on the continental shelf is referred to as the "Epipelagic Zone," also called the "Sunlight Zone." From the surface, it descends 200 metres. The Greek words pelagikos, which means "of the sea," and epi, which means "at the surfaces," are combined to form the word epipelagic.

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has a sizable percentage of its npp devoted to secondary chemicals. This is due to the possibility of secondary chemicals, such as poisons and other chemical defences, aiding in the plant's herbivore defence.

The warm, swampy atmosphere may also encourage the development of bigger plants with more powerful roots that can help them anchor themselves and take up nutrients from the nutrient-rich soil. The plant can thrive under these circumstances by allocating a large part of NPP to the roots. Life on Earth depends on a wide variety of creatures called plants. Through the process of photosynthesis, they are primary producers that turn light, water, and carbon dioxide into energy. The development and reproduction of the plant are then fueled by this energy.

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Option 2 is Correct. High disturbance levels, which encourage competitive exclusion, diminish species diversity, claims the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.

The highest diversity will be found at levels of moderate disturbance, according to the intermediate disturbance theory. In connection to washing-induced disturbance, we assessed the species diversity, abundance, and species diversity of bacteria on human skin. 26 Feb 2014.

All species are in danger of going extinct at high levels of disturbance brought on by recurrent forest fires or human activities like deforestation. Because species that flourish at both early and late successional stages can coexist, the IDH theory states that diversity is thus maximized at intermediate levels of disturbance.

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Correct Question:

According to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis: choose all the correct answers to the question.  you will have more than one correct answer. group of answer choices :

1. high disturbance levels reduce species diversity due to high mortality.

2. high disturbance levels reduce species diversity because they promote competitive exclusion.

3. low or absent disturbance levels reduce species diversity because they promote competitive exclusion

d. none of the above.

Option 2 is Correct. High disturbance levels, which encourage competitive exclusion, diminish species diversity, claims the intermediate disturbance hypothesis.

The highest diversity will be found at levels of moderate disturbance, according to the intermediate disturbance theory. In connection to washing-induced disturbance, we assessed the species diversity, abundance, and species diversity of bacteria on human skin. 26 Feb 2014. All species are in danger of going extinct at high levels of disturbance brought on by recurrent forest fires or human activities like deforestation. Because species that flourish at both early and late successional stages can coexist, the IDH theory states that diversity is thus maximized at intermediate levels of disturbance.

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Investigators employ the method of crime scene reconstruction to ascertain the sequence of events that took place during a crime.

A range of methods, including photography, mapping, and measuring, may be used in the reconstruction, which is based on the physical evidence discovered at the crime scene. Reconstructing a crime scene is intended to offer a logical and factually accurate account of what happened that may be used as evidence in court. The reconstruction is utilised to clarify and highlight other pieces of evidence in the case since it is regarded as demonstrative evidence. Professional crime scene investigators study the scene and offer a thorough reconstruction of the events that took place using a combination of scientific and forensic approaches.

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Specialists utilize the technique for crime location reproduction to determine the succession of occasions that occurred during wrongdoing.

A scope of techniques, including photography, planning, and estimating, might be utilized in the reproduction, which depends on the actual proof found at the crime location. Reproducing a prime location is expected to offer a legitimate and verifiably precise record of what happened that might be utilized as proof in court. The reproduction is used to explain and feature different bits of proof for the situation since it is viewed as illustrative proof. Proficient detectives concentrate on the scene and proposition an exhaustive reproduction of the occasions that occurred utilizing a blend of logical and criminological methodologies.

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These experiments are designed to test general theories about the genetic basis of developmental and life-history traits by examining patterns of phenotypic changes and correlations that emerge under specific selection regimes.

The laboratory describes the broad category of natural selection experiments that we refer to as selection experiments that include all experiments that use selection pressure to change populations over time.

Laboratory natural selection is currently heavily used in this setting, with its use in applied studies making a significant difference, when compared to other selection experimentation methods such as artificial selection and directed evolution.

Thus, these experiments are designed to test general theories about the genetic basis of developmental and life-history traits by examining patterns of phenotypic changes and correlations that emerge under specific selection regimes.

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Prior to providing the subsequent ventilation, the chest should drop. not longer than ten seconds.

With both hands the second rescuer must slowly squeeze the bag. 1 second and visibly cause the chest to elevate.

Different ways in which you can do chest compressions to an adult :-

1. Take up a position by the victim's side.

2. Verify that the victim is flat, supported, and lying faceup.

3. Set up your body and hands to apply compressions to your chest.

Place the heel of one hand on the victim's lower breastbone at the centre of the victim's chest (sternum).Your other hand's heel should be placed on top of the first hand.Straighten your arms, then place your shoulders so that they are directly above your hands.

4.) Perform chest compressions between 100 and 120 times per minute.

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Yes, that is correct. Nerve cells, also known as neurons, are the basic units of the nervous system. They receive stimuli from the environment or from other cells and transmit electrical signals, known as action potentials, to other neurons or to effector organs such as muscles and glands.

Neurons are specialized cells that have the ability to generate and conduct electrical impulses, known as action potentials. They have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons and the axon transmits signals to other neurons or effector organs. The electrical impulse or action potential is generated at the axon hillock and travels down the axon to the axon terminals where it triggers the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the receiving neuron or effector organ.

Neurons are organized to form complex networks that perform the functions of the nervous system. These networks, which include the brain and spinal cord, allow for the processing, integration, and coordination of information, allowing the organism to respond to its environment.

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Neurons commonly referred to as nerve cells are the fundamental components of the neurological system. They are stimulated by their surroundings or by other neurons, and they respond by producing electrical impulses known as action potentials.

These action potentials are then transmitted along the neuron's axon, where they are passed on to other neurons or to effector organs such as muscles or glands. Neurons are specialized cells that are able to transmit and process information quickly and efficiently.

Neurons are organized into complex networks that perform the functions of the nervous system, including sensation, perception, learning, memory, and movement.

These networks are composed of many different types of neurons, each with specialized functions and properties. For example, some neurons specialize in sensing different types of stimuli, while others specialize in transmitting signals over long distances.

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Stage of mitosis and meiosis when the principles of segregation and independent assortment are at work : in anaphase I of meiosis, each pair of homologous chromosomes segregate independently of all the other pairs of homologous chromosomes.

The principles of segregation and independent assortment are at work during meiosis. Segregation refers to the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I, whereas independent assortment refers to random alignment of chromosomes during meiosis I, which leads to formation of genetically diverse gametes. These principles do not occur during mitosis, as during mitosis the cell only makes an exact copy of its chromosomes and no genetic recombination takes place.

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Answer: the C gene for melanin production is rabbit coats.

Explanation:

The eastern mole has hands that are adapted for digging and tunneling. They have short, broad, shovel-like forepaws with long, curved claws.

Eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) is a species of mole found in the eastern United States and parts of Canada. It is a small, burrowing mammal that lives in moist soils and feeds on insects, worms, and other small invertebrates. It is active both day and night and can be found in many different habitats, from grasslands to woodlands.

The front paws are larger than the hind feet, which are adapted for pushing dirt. The palms and digits are flattened and spread out for maximum contact with the ground. The claws on the front feet are long and curved, allowing them to dig and scoop the dirt away, while the claws on the hind feet are slightly curved and more flattened. The eastern mole’s hands are highly specialized for digging and tunneling, which is the mole's primary activity.

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Answer:

Plants are classified based on the presence of a certain specialized tissue. A specialized tissue called xylem tissue helps transport water and dissolved minerals to all parts of the plant.

Explanation:

Xylem is a complex tissue in plants that is responsible for the transportation of water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plant. It is composed of several different cell types, including tracheary elements and parenchyma cells. The tracheary elements have thick walls and are dead at maturity, they are responsible for the transportation of water and dissolved minerals. The parenchyma cells support the tracheary elements and also store food.

Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in plants, the other one is called phloem, which is responsible for the transportation of sugars and other organic compounds throughout the plant.

Answer:

blood

Explanation:

oxygen with food and nutrients

Answer:

genome

Explanation:

its the total collection of DNA in an organism

Option 1 is Correct. You can tell a cell is a prokaryote by looking at it under a microscope since it has no nucleus.

Prokaryotic cells lack organelles, have no nucleus, and are significantly smaller than eukaryotic cells. A cell wall protects every prokaryotic cell. Many additionally include a polysaccharide-based capsule or slime layer. Prokaryotes frequently have protrusions (appendages) on their surface.

There's no nucleus in the cell. Organelles that are attached to membranes and a real nucleus are absent from the cellular structure of prokaryotic species. All of the cells are prokaryotic. This indicates that they lack a nucleus or any other membrane-enclosed structures. A light microscope may enable the observation of larger bacterial cells.

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Correct Question:

Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. how do you know? group of answer choices

1. the cell lacks a nucleus.

2. the cell lacks cytoplasm.

3. the cell lacks genetic material.

4. the cell lacks a cell membrane

The cell can be recognized as a prokaryote under the microscope because: (1) the cell lacks a nucleus.

Prokaryotes are the organisms that possess a prokaryotic cell. A prokaryotic cell is the primitive type of cell that does not possess a nucleus. Instead, it comprises of a mass of genetic material called nucleoid that lies openly in the cytoplasm.

Nucleus is the cell organelle present only in the eukaryotic cells. It regulates each and every function of the cell. The nucleus is a double membranous structure with small pores in it called the nuclear pore. The nucleus is comprised of the genetic material of the cell.

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The carbon cycle cannot be observed in its entirety because it is a global process, so it is helpful to understand the process of carbon circulation in the ecosystem.

Students and scientists can better grasp how carbon flows through the ecosystem and affects it by using models.

The carbon cycle explains how carbon moves between several Earth-based reservoirs. This cycle is crucial for preserving the Earth's carbon balance and stable temperature.

Therefore, the use of the carbon cycle model describes better knowledge about the phenomenon.

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Answer:The scientific name for the common octopus is Octopus vulgaris.

Explanation:The scientific name for the common octopus is Octopus vulgaris. The scientific name for the common european squid is Loligo vulgaris.