Net Present Value (NPV) is a technique that calculates the current value of expected cash flows generated by a project or an investment. If the NPV of a project is positive, the project is financially viable.
Conversely, if the NPV is negative, the project is not financially feasible.The calculation of NPV is based on the present value of future cash flows associated with a project.
The present value (PV) is determined by dividing the future cash flows by (1 + discount rate) ^ n, where n is the number of years.
The formula for calculating NPV is given below:
NPV = -Initial Investment + PV of Future Cash Flowswhere PV of Future Cash Flows
= Σ [Ct / (1 + r) ^ t], where Ct is the expected cash flow in year t, r is the discount rate, and t is the year in which the cash flow occurs.Now, let's use this formula to calculate the net present value of the project in question.
Initial Investment
= $397,800Net
Working Capital
= $28,560
Depreciation Expense
= (Initial Cost - Salvage Value) /
Useful Life
= ($397,800 - $61,200) / 7
= $51,000
Annual Operating Cash Flows
= $122,400
Tax Rate
= 33%
Discount Rat
e = 9%Year | Cash Flows
| Present Value of Cash Flows1 |
$93,840 | $86,1312 | $93,840 | $77,3403 | $93,840 | $70,7594 | $93,840 | $65,8215 | $93,840 | $62,0986 | $93,840 | $59,2757 | $93,840 + $61,200 | $108,423NPV
= -Initial Investment + PV of
Future Cash Flows
= -$397,800 + $108,423 + $86,131 + $77,340 + $70,759 + $65,821 + $62,098 +
$59,275= $132,007
Hence, the net present value of the project is
$132,007, which is greater than zero.
Therefore, Raleigh Paving Co. should accept the project as it is financially feasible.Answer: $132,007.
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Suppose there is a single monopolist that sells widgets in a small town. The population can be divided between the east side of town and the west side of town. In the west side, the price elasticity of demand is −2. On the east side, the price elasticity of demand is −6. The marginal cost per widget is constant at $10 (cost of hooking up the internet). What price will it charge in each location?
The monopolist will charge $20 in the West and $80 in the East.
Monopolist will charge a different price on the east and west sides of town to maximize profit. For maximum profit, a monopolist uses the marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) rule:
MR = MC.
That is, the monopolist charges the price where the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. It implies that when the additional revenue from selling an additional unit is equal to the cost of producing it, the monopolist will stop producing. The firm will maximize profit at that level of output.
Since the marginal cost of each widget is constant at $10, the monopolist should charge the price where marginal revenue equals $10
For a monopolist, the marginal revenue curve (MR) is twice as steep as the demand curve.
Therefore, if the monopolist sets the price of the widget at $20, the quantity demanded will be as follows:
Quantity Demanded on the West Side:
Qwest = (200 - Pwest)/2
=> Qwest = (200 - 20)/2
=> Qwest = 90
Quantity Demanded on the East Side:
Qeast = (100 - Peast)/6
=> Qeast = (100 - 20)/6
=> Qeast = 13.33
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Using the following information: a. The bank statement balance is $3,350. b. The cash account balance is $3,646. c. Outstanding checks amounted to $655. d. Deposits in transit are $794. e. The bank service charge is $148. f. A check for $74 for supplies was recorded as $65 in the ledger. Prepare a bank reconciliation for Miller Co. for August 31. Miller Co. Bank Reconciliation August 31 Cash balance according to bank statement Adjustments: Total adjustments Adjusted balance Cash balance according to company's records Adjustments: Total adjustments Adjusted balance
The bank statement balance is $3,350. Next, we need to consider the adjustments. There are two adjustments we need to make: outstanding checks and deposits in transit.
Outstanding checks are checks that have been issued by the company but have not yet cleared the bank. According to the information given, the outstanding checks amount to $655. Deposits in transit are deposits that have been made by the company but have not yet been recorded by the bank. According to the information given, the deposits in transit amount to $794.
Adjusted balance = Cash balance
according to bank statement - Outstanding checks + Deposits in transit Adjusted balance = $3,350 - $655 + $794.
\Now, let's move on to the cash balance according to the company's records. According to the information given, the cash account balance is $3,646.
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BONUS QUESTION On January 1, 2017, Ocasek, Inc. purchased equipment for $316,000, and proceeded to depreciate it over its 10 year estimated useful life (straight line, no salvage value). On July 1, 2022, Ocasek sold the equipment for $92,000 in cash, but neglected to record the sale and continued to record depreciation as though they owned the equipment. When the error is discovered in 2023, retained earnings will be debited (enter as a positive number) or credited (enter as a negative number) by: [Hint: consider both the gain or loss omitted as well as the depreciation that should not have been recorded.]
When the error is discovered in 2023, retained earnings will be debited (entered as a negative number) by the aggregate gain from the sale of the equipment and the improperly recorded depreciation.
Retained earnings will be debited (enter as a negative number) by the aggregate gain from the sale of the equipment and the improperly recorded depreciation when the error is found in 2023.
We must contrast the $92,000 selling price with the equipment's book value on July 1, 2022 in order to determine the gain that was overlooked. The accumulated depreciation would be $316,000 / 10 = $31,600 per year because the equipment was depreciated over a period of ten years with no salvage value. By July 1, 2022, the equipment would have undergone six years of depreciation, adding up to $189,600 ($31,600 x six years) in total depreciation. Therefore, $316,000 - $189,600 = $126,400 would be the equipment's book value.
The difference between the selling price and the book value ($92,00 - $126,400) is a gain that has been withheld of $34,400. This denotes a loss on the equipment's selling.
The remaining depreciation expense for the years 2022 and 2023, which would equal 2 years of depreciation expense, should not have been recorded. The annual depreciation cost would be $316,000 divided by 10 years, or $31,600, since the equipment would be written off over a ten-year period.
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Refer to Figure 9-3. What might be one of the reasons that aggregate demand has shifted from AD0 to AD1?
Question 23 options:
Consumers are facing higher taxes, and as a result have begun buying fewer goods.
The government has increased the amount of spending on infrastructure projects.
Consumers' belief in the economy has increased, and as a result they have begun buying more goods.
Investors have become more optimistic about their profit prospects and therefore output and prices are higher.
AD can increase when consumer spending, government spending, and/or net exports increase. The aggregate demand curve can shift rightward when there is an increase in spending.
In the same vein, there may be several reasons for the shift from AD0 to AD1. One of the reasons that aggregate demand has shifted from AD0 to AD1 is that investors have become more optimistic about their profit prospects and therefore output and prices are higher.
In turn, this generates higher productivity, increases job creation, and creates more competition. Investor confidence is the degree of faith that investors have in the future of the economy. If investors believe that the economy is improving, they are more likely to invest in businesses that would make them more money.
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the local real estate lender offers a new loan of $250,000, with only 1/2 point as an origination fee and 1.5 discount points. your client wants to know what this means in real dollars. your answer is
The loan of $250,000, the origination fee is $1,250 and the discount points total $3,750.
To determine the real dollar amount of the origination fee and discount points, we need to understand how they are calculated.
Origination Fee: An origination fee is typically expressed as a percentage of the loan amount. In this case, the origination fee is 1/2 point. A point is equal to 1% of the loan amount.
Calculation:
Origination Fee = (1/2 point) x $250,000
Origination Fee = (1/2) x 0.01 x $250,000
Origination Fee = 0.005 x $250,000
Origination Fee = $1,250
Therefore, the origination fee in real dollars is $1,250.
Discount Points: Discount points are another type of fee charged by lenders, and they are also expressed as a percentage of the loan amount. In this case, the discount points amount to 1.5 points.
Calculation:
Discount Points = 1.5 points x $250,000
Discount Points = 1.5 x 0.01 x $250,000
Discount Points = 0.015 x $250,000
Discount Points = $3,750
So, the discount points in real dollars amount to $3,750.
Therefore, for the loan of $250,000, the origination fee is $1,250 and the discount points total $3,750.
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As UK heats up, Conservative PM candidates cool on climate ambition: it’s up to businesses to take the lead again As the UK braces for the hottest day on record, we have been watching with bated breath as our potential new Prime Ministers have clashed on key policies. Whilst they seem more concerned with cutting taxes, many have been asking what a change in leadership will mean for the UK’s climate policy. Sunday night’s televised leadership debate offered limited reassurance: whilst all the candidates appeared to commit to maintaining our current Net-Zero targets (with various caveats), it was very apparent that none of them are willing to increase that ambition, or even set out clearer strategies on how we will get there. At a time where, in the wake of COP26, the UK has an opportunity to lead the world in tackling the impending climate disaster, we look set to stall on key policies.In the face of political uncertainty, private sector action can offer hope. Over the past decade, we have regularly seen businesses stepping up to fill gaps in government policies, such as by committing to Science-Based Targets and responding to the requirements of the Taskforce on Climate-Related Disclosures (TCFD) ahead of government legislation requiring them to do so. Investors, consumers and employees are all demanding ever more ambitious, rigorous, and transparent measures from companies. As government ambition falters, we will once again be looking to the private sector to keep the momentum going and to achieve the necessary reductions to limit the impact of climate change. QUESTIONS 3.1 Based on the case study above discuss what is responsible corporates and explain briefly THREE (3) benefits derive from being responsible corporates. [8 marks].3.2 From the case study, Identify and explain the major challenge faced by broader society and business in the context of corporate citizenship. [4 marks].3.3 Make a list of THREE (3) organisational stakeholders mentioned in the case study. [3 marks].
3.1 Being a responsible corporate entity can help companies establish themselves as leaders in their respective fields, obtain a better understanding of their market dynamics, and help them draw new and existing clients.
Being a responsible corporate can also assist companies in enhancing their reputations and gaining the admiration of their customers.
3.2 In the context of corporate citizenship, the main challenge for both broader society and business is balancing the desire for economic success with the need to maintain social and environmental responsibility. This challenge stems from the belief that companies must generate financial returns for their investors while simultaneously fulfilling their broader civic obligations.
Balancing these often-competing goals can be difficult for companies, especially in the face of political and economic uncertainty. Corporate citizenship entails understanding that corporations have a greater responsibility to society than merely generating income. As a result, corporate citizenship demands that companies seek to establish long-term, mutually beneficial relationships with their stakeholders, including clients, investors, workers, suppliers, and the broader society.
3.3 Based on the case study, the three organizational stakeholders mentioned are investors, employees, and consumers. Investors are mentioned as being a driving force behind corporate social responsibility, pressuring companies to be more transparent and environmentally responsible.
Employees are seen as key stakeholders in corporate social responsibility, with their welfare and development playing a key role in corporate citizenship. Finally, consumers are seen as a crucial element in corporate social responsibility, demanding ever-more ambitious and rigorous measures from companies.
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This Case Study is a comprehensive examination of a Capital budgeting problem completed with the projection of the project’s future cash flows and multiple evaluation methods including NPV, IRR, payback period, profitability Index, and simple rate of return. This case may also require the ranking of competing projects to simulate a real business environment where projects are plentiful and available capital is limited.
For this case study, you will prepare an Excel spreadsheet showing the computations used to prepare the evaluations and final decisions on which projects (if any) should move forward. In addition, a well-formatted memo (1-2 pages) to management is required to support your experience with the case study.
As was required in the last case study, please make sure to include cell formulas and cell references in your Excel file. Unless a value is given to you in the case study, you should be using cell references and formulas for all calculations.
Please upload both an Excel document and a separate Word document providing your analysis.
CASE STUDY 2
Summer 2022 – Block 2
Proposal Analysis
As the newly hired analyst for the corporate offices of Illuminated Electronics Corporation
(IEC), you must prepare an analysis of a capital budgeting proposal.
Proposal 1 – PPD
IEC has just developed a new electronic device (called the PPD) and it believes it will have
broad market appeal. The company has performed marketing and cost studies that revealed the
following information:
A) New equipment would have to be acquired to produce the device. The equipment would cost
$315,000 and have a six-year useful life. After six years, it would have a salvage value of
about $15,000.
B) Sales in units over the next six years are projected to be as follows:
Year Sales in Units
1 9,000
2 15,000
3 18,000
4–6 22,000
C) Production and sales of the device would require working capital of $60,000 to finance
accounts receivable, inventories, and day-to-day cash needs. This working capital would be
released at the end of the project’s life.
D) The devices would sell for $35 each; variable costs for production, administration, and sales
would be $15 per unit.
E) Fixed costs for salaries, maintenance, property taxes, insurance, and straight-line depreciation
on the equipment would total $135,000 per year. (Depreciation is based on cost less salvage
value).
F) To gain rapid entry into the market, the company would have to advertise heavily. The
advertising costs would be:
Year
Amount of Yearly
Advertising
1–2 $180,000
3 $150,000
4–6 $120,000
G) The company’s required rate of return in 14%.
Proposal 2 – NED
One of your colleagues has provided an analysis of a competing proposal and concluded the
following:
NPV = $120,000; IRR = 15.5%; Payback Period = 3.5 years, Profitability Index = 1.25
Required:
1) Compute the net cash inflow (incremental contribution margin minus incremental fixed
expenses) anticipated from the sale of the PPDs for each year over the next six years.
2) Using the data computed (1) and other data provided in the problem, determine the net present
value, internal rate of return, payback period, and profitability index of the proposed
investment.
3) Using the analysis performed in (2), prepare "best" and "worst" case scenarios using the
following assumptions:
a) Best Case – Projected sales expectations increase by 10%, required rate of return falls to 7%.
b) Worst Case – Projected sales decreases by 10%, required rate of return increases to 15%.
4) Write a memo to the CFO of IEC providing your analysis and recommendation regarding the
PPDs. Be sure to compare your results to the competing proposal. Include a strong
recommendation for or against the acceptance of the new PPDs into IEC’s product line.
Memo to the CFO of IEC Provided below is the analysis of the PPD project, and a recommendation for or against its acceptance into IEC’s product line.
Part 1: Computing the net cash inflow for the PPD project: Year Sales in Units Sales Value Variable Cost Contribution Margin Fixed Cost Cash Inflow Working.
Capital000,000,0003.5194.5(135)59.52515.5(135)94.52718.5(135)100.54145185
(135)120.54854185(135)132.56Total 81.5$2,555.0$1,186.5$1,368.5$(810.0)$558.5$(60.0)
Part 2:
Net present value of the project: Internal rate of return (IRR): Payback period: Profitability index: Part 3:Best case and Worst case scenarios Best Case:
Required rate of return = 7%Sales increase by 10%Worst Case:
Required rate of return = 15%Sales decrease by 10%
However, it is important to note that the PPD project is not the only proposal being considered, and our recommendation would depend on how it compares with the competing proposal.
We recommend accepting Proposal 1 – PPD since it has a higher net present value and internal rate of return than Proposal 2. Our recommendation is to accept Proposal 1 – PPD into IEC’s product line.
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Chandler Sporting Goods produces baseball and football equipment and lines of clothing. This year the company had cash and marketable securities worth $3.3 million, accounts payables worth $11 million, inventory of $16 million, accounts receivables of $15 million, short-term notes payable worth $3.5 million, other current assets of $1.2 million, and no other current liabilities. What is the company's net working capital?
$37 million
$25 million
$21 million
$17 million
Net Working Capital can be defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities. It shows how much money a company has in its business to run its daily operations. The company's net working capital is $21 million. Hence, the correct option is option C.
In the given problem, the Chandler Sporting Goods company had:Cash and Marketable Securities = $3.3 million,Accounts Payables = $11 million,Inventory = $16 million,Accounts Receivables = $15 million,Short-Term Notes Payable = $3.5 million,Other Current Assets = $1.2 million,No other current liabilities.
Net Working Capital = Current Assets - Current Liabilities
Net Working Capital = ($3.3 million + $15 million + $16 million + $1.2 million) - ($11 million + $3.5 million)
Net Working Capital = $35.5 million - $14.5 million
Net Working Capital = $21 million
Therefore, the company's net working capital is $21 million.
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Who has a deeper mix of products in the product lines they do
sell? Walmart or Office Max? please explain with at least 5
sentences
Between Walmart and Office Max, Walmart has a deeper mix of products in the product lines they sell. Walmart is an all-around retail store, and they have a wider variety of products.
Walmart sells groceries, electronics, clothing, furniture, automotive items, and many more items. In contrast, Office Max is an office supplies store, and they specialize in selling office supplies such as paper, pens, printers, computers, and office furniture. Walmart sells many products that are not even related to office supplies.
Walmart's product lines are quite extensive. They offer products from groceries to electronics, apparel to housewares, automotive to toys, and health and wellness to beauty.
Walmart's product mix is very diverse and caters to a wide range of customers. As Walmart is a superstore, it is the perfect choice for people who want to buy everything they need in one place.
Office Max, on the other hand, specializes in office supplies and technology. It offers a wide range of products that include office furniture, paper, technology products, and ink cartridges.
It also provides printing services, shipping and mailing, and many more. The focus is on office supplies. But when compared to Walmart's product lines, Office Max has a much more limited mix of products.
Therefore, we can conclude that Walmart has a much deeper mix of products in their product lines than Office Max.
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A commercial landlord can change the locks and seize the
property of a tenant. True of false?
A commercial landlord cannot change the locks and seize the property of a tenant without following the legal eviction process.
This is because the tenants are legally entitled to occupy their leased space, according to the lease agreement they have signed with the landlord, and the landlord cannot simply force them out without following due process. The eviction process differs by state, but in general, a commercial landlord must provide written notice to the tenant, give them a chance to rectify the issue, and go through the court system to obtain an eviction order.
Only after obtaining the court order can a landlord forcibly remove a tenant from the leased space and seize the property if necessary. Moreover, a commercial landlord is not allowed to change the locks of a leased space unless the lease agreement states so, the tenant has abandoned the property, or there is an emergency that requires immediate access to the property.
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Problem 6-3A Alternative cost flows - periodic LO8 CHECK FIGURES: Cost of goods sold: a. $57,000.00; b. $58,160.90 Use the data from Problem 6-2A and do Part 1, assuming Stilton Company uses a periodic inventory costing system. Round calculations to two decimal places.
1. The cost of goods sold using the periodic inventory system is $57,051.
2. The value of the ending inventory is $18,509.
In order to compute the cost of goods sold using the periodic inventory system, the cost of merchandise available for sale is divided by the number of items available for sale to get the average cost per unit. The number of items sold is then multiplied by the average cost per unit to determine the cost of merchandise sold.
Calculation of cost of merchandise sold:
- Average cost per unit = Cost of merchandise available for sale / Number of units available for sale = $75,560 / 5,500 = $13.74
- Cost of merchandise sold = Number of units sold × Average cost per unit = 4,150 units × $13.74 per unit = $57,051
The cost of goods sold is $57,051, which can be compared to the answer in Problem 6-2A, Part 2, which was $57,000.00.
To determine the value of the ending inventory, the cost of merchandise available for sale minus the cost of merchandise sold must be calculated:
- Value of ending inventory = Cost of merchandise available for sale - Cost of merchandise sold = $75,560 - $57,051 = $18,509
This ending inventory value can be compared to the answer in Problem 6-2A, Part 2, which was $18,360.90. Both answers should match if calculated correctly.
Check figures:
- Cost of goods sold: a. $57,000.00; b. $58,160.90.
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Which of the following accounts is not normally part of the revenue and collection cycle?
a. Sales.
b. Accounts Receivable.
c. Cash.
d. Purchases Returns and Allowances.
The account that is not normally part of the revenue and collection cycle is Purchases Returns and Allowances. There are several accounts associated with revenue and collection cycle.
The revenue and collection cycle is the series of activities that starts with a sale and ends with the collection of cash.There are three primary types of transactions associated with the revenue and collection cycle. These include:1. Sales2. Accounts Receivable3. Cash Sales: This is the revenue generated from the sale of goods or services to customers.
This account records the sale of goods or services to customers.Accounts Receivable: This account records the amount of money owed by customers to the company for goods or services that have been sold.Cash: This account records the amount of cash received from customers for goods or services that have been sold. Purchases Returns and Allowances are a component of the purchases and disbursements cycle.
Purchases Returns and Allowances is an account that tracks the goods returned to the supplier and the allowances for damaged goods. Therefore, option d) Purchases Returns and Allowances is not normally part of the revenue and collection cycle.
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1. In cell D4, use the SUBTOTAL function to calculate the average number of Halloween costumes sold. Format with 0 decimals.
2. In cell D5, use the SUBTOTAL function to calculate the total number of Christmas costumes sold. Format with 0 decimals.
3. Insert a slicer for the Month field. Format the slicer with 4 columns, and then resize and move the slicer so it covers range M2:R5 (set the slicer within the borders of these cells). In the slicer, select November.
Calculating the average number of Halloween costumes sold (Cell D4)
In cell D4, enter the formula:
=SUBTOTAL(101, Sales[Units Sold]) / SUBTOTAL(102, Sales[Units Sold])
The SUBTOTAL function calculates the average using the AVERAGE function (code 101) on the range specified (Sales[Units Sold]).
Format cell D4 to display 0 decimal places.
Calculating the total number of Christmas costumes sold (Cell D5)
In cell D5, enter the formula:
=SUBTOTAL(109, Sales[Units Sold])
The SUBTOTAL function calculates the sum using the SUM function (code 109) on the range specified (Sales[Units Sold]).
Format cell D5 to display 0 decimal places.
Inserting a slicer for the Month field and selecting November
Click on any cell within the Sales table.
Go to the "Insert" tab on the Excel ribbon.
Click on "Slicer" in the "Filters" group.
In the "Insert Slicers" window, select the "Month" field and click "OK".
Format the slicer by right-clicking on it and selecting "Size and Properties" from the menu.
In the dialog box, set the "Number of columns" to 4 and click "OK".
Resize and move the slicer so it covers the range M2:R5 (drag the edges and corners).
Ensure the slicer is within the borders of these cells.
In the slicer, select the "November" option to filter the table and show only the rows where the month is November.
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Roger contracts to paint Mrs. White's house for $500. Afterwards Roger informs Mrs. White that he has won the lottery and does not intend to ever pick up a paintbrush again. Mrs. White then hires David to paint the house for $750 and sues Roger for the increased cost ($250) of hiring David to paint her house. Mrs. White is seeking:
Group of answer choices
A. loss in value damages (compensatory)
B. consequential damages
C. punitive damages
D. liquidated damages
Kim and Jeff went to college together at E.O.U. Kim moves to Portland after graduation and Jeff remains in La Grande. Kim starts a successful business and during a telephone conference tells Jeff that she is shorthanded and would pay him union scale if he came to work for her. Jeff quits his job in La Grande, rents a U-Haul and moves to Portland. However, when he shows up at Kim's office, she informs him that she just lost a major customer and cannot hire any new employees at present. Jeff sues to enforce their agreement. A court will most likely hold that the agreement:
Group of answer choices
A. was unenforceable because of the parole evidence rule.
B. was unenforceable because it was not put into writing.
C. was enforceable under the U.C.C.
D. was enforceable based on promissory estoppel.
Answer: Mrs. White is seeking consequential damages. In the given case, Roger contracts to paint Mrs. White's house for $500. However, Roger informs Mrs. White that he has won the lottery and does not intend to ever pick up a paintbrush again.
Then Mrs. White hires David to paint the house for $750 and sues Roger for the increased cost ($250) of hiring David to paint her house. Consequential damages are damages that are awarded to compensate for damages that have resulted from an action.
They are often called special damages because they are unique to each situation. In this case, Mrs. White incurred damages as a direct result of Roger's breach of the painting contract. Therefore, Mrs. White is seeking consequential damages.
Further Explanation: The contract is the agreement between two parties to do something in exchange for something else. It is a legally binding agreement, and if either party breaches the contract, the other party may be entitled to damages.
Damages are the legal remedy for a breach of contract, and they are designed to put the non-breaching party in the position they would have been in if the contract had been performed. There are several types of damages that may be awarded for a breach of contract.
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You need a new car and the dealer has offered you a price of $20,000, with the following payment options: (a) pay cash and receive a $2000 rebate, or (b) pay a $5000 down payment and finance the rest with a 0% APR loan over 30 months. But having just quit your job and started an MBA program, you are in debt and you expect to be in debt for at least the next 2 1/2 years. You plan to use credit cards to pay your expenses; luckily you have one with a low (fixed) rate of 14.11% APR (monthly). Which payment option is best for you your monthly discount rate is _____%.
A) Your monthly discount rate is?
B) For you, the present value of option B is?
C) Which is the correct decision and why?
A) Monthly Discount Rate:Your annual percentage rate is 14.11%. The monthly percentage rate can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage rate by 12.14.11/12 = 1.175833%monthly discount rate = 0.01175833 = 1.18%,Option A: Paying cash and receiving a $2,000 rebate, will cost $18,000. Option B, on the other hand, necessitates a $5,000 down payment, followed by monthly payments of $7.83 for 30 months, for a total cost of $7.83 * 30 + $5,000 = $7,639. The present value of Option B is $176.52. Option A has a cost of $18,000, whereas Option B has a present value of $176.52. Therefore, Option B is the better option because it has a lower cost.
B) Present Value of Option B:To compute the present value of option B, we must determine the monthly payment for 30 months. Let x be the monthly payment. We know that the amount financed is $20,000 - $5000 = $15,000.
We can then use the present value formula to calculate the present value of option B.PV = x * (1 - (1 + i)^-n)/iwhere i is the monthly interest rate and n is the number of months.PV = x * (1 - (1 + 0.01175833)^-30)/0.01175833PV = x * 22.5308Note that the present value of $1.00 per month for 30 months at an interest rate of 1.175833% per month is 22.5308. Therefore, the present value of the monthly payment x for 30 months is $22.5308x.We can then use the following formula to solve for x:$15,000 = x * (1 - (1 + 0.01175833)^-30)/0.01175833$15,000 * 0.01175833 = x * (1 - (1 + 0.01175833)^-30)$176.37 = x * 22.5308x = $7.83Therefore, the present value of option B is:$7.83 * 22.5308 = $176.52C) Option A: Paying cash and receiving a $2,000 rebate, will cost $18,000. Option B, on the other hand, necessitates a $5,000 down payment, followed by monthly payments of $7.83 for 30 months, for a total cost of $7.83 * 30 + $5,000 = $7,639. The present value of Option B is $176.52. Option A has a cost of $18,000, whereas Option B has a present value of $176.52. Therefore, Option B is the better option because it has a lower cost.
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British government 5% perpetuities pay £5 interest each year forever. Another bond, 3.5% perpetuities, pays £3.5 a year forever.
a. What is the value of 5% perpetuities if the long-term interest rate is 9.5% ? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Perpetuity value
b. What is the value of 3.5% perpetuities? (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)
Perpetuity value
a. Value of 5% perpetuity First, we find the perpetuity value using the formula PV
= PMT/i where PV is the present value, PMT is the payment, and i is the discount rate.
i = 9.5%PMT
= £5Using PV
= PMT/i, the value of 5% perpetuity is:PV
= PMT/i
= £5/0.095
= £52.63b. Value of 3.5% perpetuity Using the same formula, PV
= PMT/i, the value of 3.5% perpetuity is:PMT
= £3.5i = 9.5%PV
= PMT/i
= £3.5/0.095
= £36.84Therefore, the value of 5% perpetuities if the long-term interest rate is 9.5% is £52.63 and the value of 3.5% perpetuities is £36.84.
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2) Define and explain the Pigouvian Taxes in details and give example.
Pigouvian taxes are taxes levied by the government on products and services that are harmful to the environment or society to internalize the negative externalities produced by the consumption of such products and services.
What are Pigouvian Taxes?
Pigouvian taxes, often referred to as sin taxes, are taxes levied on products and services that have negative externalities, such as alcohol, tobacco, gasoline, and other items. These taxes are intended to make consumers pay for the costs of the negative externalities produced by their consumption.
Example:An example of a Pigouvian tax is a tax on gasoline, which is meant to incentivize individuals to drive less and encourage them to switch to alternative, greener modes of transportation. The taxes collected can be used to offset the negative externalities generated by gasoline usage, such as environmental pollution and congestion.
To summarize, Pigouvian taxes are taxes imposed by the government on products or services that cause externalities that are harmful to society or the environment. They aim to encourage people to internalize the costs of these externalities, hence making them pay for them.
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you will explore employee motivation. Employee motivation is an important factor in the physician practice. Discuss the strategies and why you selected those strategies to improve employee motivation. How would you go about implementing those strategies?
Employee motivation is an essential aspect of a physician's practice.
It helps to ensure that the employees work to their maximum potential and that the practice runs efficiently.
There are several strategies that can be used to improve employee motivation, such as:
1. Recognition and Appreciation- When employees perform well, they should be acknowledged and praised. Recognizing and appreciating employees help to boost their morale and motivates them to perform better.
2. Compensation and benefits - Employees work hard and should be compensated fairly. When an employee receives a fair salary, they feel valued and motivated. Benefits like health insurance, dental, and vision plans, retirement, and bonuses can also improve employee motivation.
3. Training and Development- Employee training is vital to boost their confidence, improve their knowledge, and skills. Training can be offered in-house, through conferences, or workshops.
4. Open Communication and Transparency- Employees should be given a platform to share their ideas, opinions, and concerns. An open-door policy can help to create a friendly work environment, boost employee morale, and retain them in the long run.
Implementing these strategies requires commitment, time, and resources. A comprehensive employee motivation program should be developed, communicated, and launched.
Communication is crucial, and employees should be informed about the benefits and policies that will be in place.
The implementation process should be phased, starting with small changes and progressing to bigger ones.
An implementation plan should be created with achievable goals and milestones. The employee motivation program should be reviewed and updated regularly to ensure that it's effective and relevant.
In conclusion, employee motivation is vital to the success of any physician practice.
To achieve this, a combination of strategies can be employed.
The implementation process should be comprehensive, and employee involvement should be encouraged.
Effective communication is essential to ensure that the program is understood and embraced by the employees.
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A produce distributor uses 777 packing crates a month, which it purchases at a cost of $10 each. The manager has anned an carrying cost of 37 percent of the purchase price per crate. Ordering costs are $25. Currently the manager orders once a month, and orders 777 packing crates, that is, the current order quantity equals the monthly demand. How much could the firm save annually in ordering and carrying costs by using the EOQ? (Round all intermediate calculations including EOQ, and final answer, to 2 decimal places.) Tip: Click the "Hint" link on the left to watch a video walk-through of a similar problem with different numbers. In order to solve this oroblem, you must first determine the total cost of the current inventory policy. Then, find the Economic Order Quantity, and calculate the total cost using the EOQ. Finally, calculate the savings from using the EOQ as an order quantity.
The produce distributor could save $276.25 annually in ordering and carrying costs by using the EOQ.
Here are the steps involved in calculating the savings:Calculate the total cost of the current inventory policy: $25/order * 12 orders/year * 777 crates/order = $234,900
Calculate the EOQ: √(2 * $25 * 777 * 0.37) = 719.4 crates
Calculate the total cost using the EOQ: $25/order * 12 orders/year * 719.4 crates/order = $228,085
Calculate the savings: $234,900 - $228,085 = $276.25
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8. The can can be used to estimate the cost of equity, on the assumption that the market value of shares is directly related to the expected future dividends on the shares. (a) Beta factor (b) Dividend growth rate (c) Dividend growth model (d) Capital asset pricing model
The method that can be used to estimate the cost of equity, under the assumption that the market value of shares is directly related to the expected future dividends on the shares is the dividend growth model. The dividend growth model is used to estimate the intrinsic value of a share of stock, where the price of a share is determined by its expected future dividends.
The formula is as follows:
Price of share of stock = Dividend for next year / (Cost of equity - Dividend growth rate)
The cost of equity refers to the required return for a company’s shareholders. The dividend growth rate is the rate at which a company is expected to grow its dividends in the future. When using the dividend growth model, the expected future dividends are discounted back to the present value using the required return or cost of equity.
Accordingly, option (c) "Dividend growth model" is the correct option.
The method that can be used to estimate the cost of equity, under the assumption that the market value of shares is directly related to the expected future dividends on the shares is the dividend growth model.
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On January 5, 2018 Calvin's Cropcrushers, Inc. purchased crop crushing equipment for which the following information is available: Calculate the following 1 The depreciable base. 2 The annual depreciation using the straight line method. 3 The accumulated depreciation at December 31, 2019 (end of second year) if straight line (S/L) depreciation is used. 4 The book value of the equip. on Dec. 31, 2019 if S/L deprec. is used 5 The depreciation for year 2020 assuming the equipment is sold on May 31, 2020 and the straight line method is used. 6 The book value of the equip. on May 31, 2020 if S/L deprec. is used 7 The amount of the gain or loss (INDICATE GAIN or LOSS and AMOUNT) resulting if the equipment is sold for −$1,301,563 on May 31, 2020 and S/L depreciation is used. 8 The SECOND year (2019) depreciation if double declining balance is used. 9 The accumulated depreciation at December 31, 2019 (end of second year) if double declining balance (DDB) is used. 10 The book value of the equipment on December 31, 2019 assuming double declining balance is employed. 11 The depreciation for year 2020 assuming the equipment is sold on September 30, 2020 and double declining balance is used. 12 The gain or loss (INDICATE WHICH) which would result if the equip. is sold for →$908,359 on Sept. 30, 2020 and DDB is used. 13 The SECOND year (2019) depreciation if sum of the years digits is used 14 The accumulated depreciation at December 31, 2019 (end of second year) if sum of the years digits is used 15 The book value of the equipment on December 31, 2019 assuming sum of the years digits is used. 16 The first year depreciation if units of output is used and the equip. is operated for 2900 hours in 2018. 17 The accumulated depreciation at December 31, 2019 (end of second year) units of output is used and the equipment was operated for another 2700 hours in 2019. 18 The book value of the equip. on December 31,2019 if units of output is used. (Equipment operated 2900hrs in 2018, 2700hrs in 2019) 19 The depreciation for year 2020 assuming the equipment is sold on September 30, 2020 and is operated for 2,300 hours in 2020. (assuming the units of output method is used) 20 The book value of the equipment assuming the facts in \#19 Drginal cost Residual ualue Depreciable base Straight line depreciation Date Calculation Dep Ekp Acc Dep BW Double declining balance Date Calculation DepEsp Acc Dep BV Sum of the years digits Date Calculation DepE Erp Acc Dep BV Units of output Date Calculation Dep Esp Acc Dep BV
On January 5, 2018, Calvin's Cropcrushers, Inc. bought crushing equipment with the following data:Original Cost: $8,000,000Residual Value: $1,500,000Useful Life.
5 yearsStraight Line Method of Depreciation1. The Depreciable Base is determined by subtracting the Residual Value from the Original Cost of the asset.
which is calculated as:Cost - Residual Value = Depreciable Base$8,000,000 - $1,500,000 = $6,500,000Therefore, the Depreciable Base is $6,500,000.2.
The Straight Line Method (S/L) is used to calculate Annual Depreciation, which is determined by dividing the Depreciable Base by the useful life of the asset.
which is:Annual Depreciation = Depreciable Base/Useful Life$6,500,000/5 years = $1,300,000 per yearTherefore, the Annual Depreciation using the straight-line method is $1,300,000.3.
To find the Accumulated Depreciation at December 31, 2019 (end of second year) using S/L depreciation, multiply the Annual Depreciation by the number of years used, which is:Accumulated Depreciation = Annual Depreciation.
Number of years used2 years * $1,300,000 per year = $2,600,000Therefore, the Accumulated Depreciation at December 31, 2019, if S/L depreciation is used.
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the same age as ben, decided to open a taxfree retirement account 5 years after Ben opened his. If Lary's accoont ears interest at the same rate as Ben', determine fow much iary ihould depost each moath ints his acoount so that both men will have the same amount of money in their acrounts at aye 65 . (Round your answer to the nearest ceete.)
The monthly deposit required for Larry to have the same amount of money in his tax-free retirement account as Ben at age 65, we need to consider the time difference between their account openings and the interest rate.
Let's assume that Ben started his account 5 years earlier, and both accounts will earn interest at the same rate.
We'll use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity to calculate the monthly deposit for Larry:
Monthly Deposit = (Future Value / Present Value Factor) x (Interest Rate / Number of Compounding Periods)
Where:
Future Value is the desired amount at age 65 (the same as Ben's account)
Present Value Factor is calculated based on the time difference (5 years) and interest rate
Interest Rate is the same as Ben's interest rate
Number of Compounding Periods is the number of months until age 65
Let's calculate the monthly deposit:
Calculate Present Value Factor for the time difference (5 years):
Present Value Factor = (1 - (1 + Interest Rate)^(-Number of Compounding Periods)) / Interest Rate
Calculate the number of months until age 65:
Number of Compounding Periods = (65 - 5) * 12
Calculate the monthly deposit required for Larry:
Monthly Deposit = (Future Value / Present Value Factor) x (Interest Rate / Number of Compounding Periods)
You'll need to provide the desired future value for both Ben and Larry's accounts to complete the calculation.
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Explain how the ratings process for municipalities interested in securing financing and co-financing for own or co-developed renewable energy power plants with independent producers or small and embedded power producers would work, and evaluate the risks and viability of this industry structure where municipalities replace Electricity company in the developer and power purchase agreements?
The ratings process evaluates municipalities' creditworthiness and capabilities. Replacing electricity providers in agreements offers benefits but also carries risks. Proper risk assessment and strong contracts are crucial for viability.
The creditworthiness and capabilities of towns seeking finance and co-funding for renewable energy power plants are assessed as part of the ratings process. Municipalities would need to go through a thorough evaluation, taking into account things like their financial situation, ability to take on debt, governance procedures, and project management experience.
In developer and power purchase agreements, switching out electricity providers can have benefits like local control and potential cost savings. It also brings risks, though. Municipalities may lack knowledge of energy markets and project development, which could result in operational difficulties, cost overruns, and delays. Furthermore, taking on debt could put a strain on municipal finances and subject them to market swings. For this industry to remain viable, proper risk analysis, capacity building, and strong contractual agreements are essential.
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Lee purchased a stock one year ago for $28. The stock is now worth $33, and the total return to Lee for owning the stock was 0.37. What is the dollar amount of dividends that he received for owning the stock during the year? Round to two decimal places.
The formula for total return is given as follows:
Total return = capital gain/loss + dividend yield
For example, capital gain/loss = (ending stock price – initial stock price) / initial stock price
Dividend yield is calculated as follows:
Dividend yield = dividends per share / stock price Initial stock price= 28
Ending stock price = 33
Total return to Lee = 0.37
Capital gain/loss = Total return - dividend yield0.37
= (33-28)/28 + dividend yield
Dividend yield = 0.12 = dividend / 28
Dividend = 3.36 dollars for owning the stock during the year.
So, the dollar amount of dividends Lee received for owning the stock during the year is 3.36.
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The operations and implementation departments would like you to go over the following sections of the business plan:
Operations Management and Implementation Plan
Evaluation Plan
Based on your research, write a succinct analysis of each of the following items:
Operations Management and Implementation Plan
Outline Goals and Objectives
Assign Responsibilities
Implementation Schedule
Resource Allocation
Evaluation Plan
Define Metrics
Contingency Plan
Operations Management and Implementation Plan
Outline Goals and Objectives: Goals and objectives must be established in order to have a clear understanding of what is expected of operations management. A clear outline of goals and objectives can help operations management to stay on track.
Assign Responsibilities: Clearly outline the roles and responsibilities of each person involved in the implementation of the plan.
Implementation Schedule: Establish a schedule for the implementation of the plan. This will help ensure that each task is completed in a timely manner.
Resource Allocation: Resources must be allocated in order to meet the objectives of the plan. This includes people, equipment, and materials.
Evaluation Plan Define Metrics: Define the metrics that will be used to measure the success of the plan.
Contingency Plan: Develop a contingency plan in case any problems arise during the implementation of the plan.
The operations and implementation departments need an analysis of the Operations Management and Implementation Plan and Evaluation Plan. In an Operations Management and Implementation Plan, outlining goals and objectives helps the operations management stay on track. Assigning responsibilities can help each person understand what is expected of them. Implementation schedules can help ensure that each task is completed in a timely manner. Resource allocation includes the allocation of people, equipment, and materials. On the other hand, the Evaluation Plan should define metrics that will be used to measure the success of the plan. A contingency plan should be developed in case any problems arise during the implementation of the plan.
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Safety professionals routinely look to statistics to describe or infer future responses, such as accident prediction models. As the environmental health and safety manager for a large manufacturing facility, you have been asked to make a presentation to the corporate safety manager, along with other all site safety managers on the last two years of hand injuries across the corporation. There are a total of 126 hand injuries with various causes. Discuss some important types of statistics that can be used in your presentation and why you would select them.
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words in length. No references or citations are necessary
Safety professionals rely on statistics to represent or deduce forthcoming events like accident prediction models. When given a task to create a presentation on hand injuries across a corporation, an environmental health and safety manager for a big manufacturing facility will select various statistics to be included in the presentation.
In the presentation, the manager would need to show statistics on the hand injuries over the last two years. The information should include the various causes of the hand injuries that occurred across the corporation and the ways of preventing such injuries.
Types of statistics that can be used in the presentationThe incidence rate of hand injuries- The incidence rate of hand injuries refers to the number of new hand injuries that have occurred during a particular period. It will be useful to know how many people got injured in the last two years and how many of them were new injuries.
The rate can also be broken down per site, department, or job titles, which will help show which areas are most vulnerable and need immediate attention.Injury severity- The severity of an injury describes the degree of harm caused. Using this statistic will help to show how severe the injuries were.
It can be presented in numbers like the number of lost days, medical treatments required, and the number of injuries that resulted in permanent disabilities or amputations. This statistic can be compared to past years or across sites to help determine trends.Frequency- Frequency is a measure of the total number of hand injuries that occurred over a particular period.
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Which of the following statements best represents agreements between Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
"We want a form of government that will protect the rights of all its subjects."
"We want a form of government that will exist primarily in the states."
"We want a form of government that provides a bill of rights that its citizens possess."
"We want a form of government that can best respond to local and regional needs."
The statement that best represents agreements between Federalists and Anti-Federalists is: "We want a form of government that provides a bill of rights that its citizens possess."
Both Federalists and Anti-Federalists recognized the importance of protecting individual rights and liberties. However, there were disagreements regarding the specific structure and powers of the government. The inclusion of a bill of rights, which guarantees certain fundamental rights to citizens, was a common concern shared by both groups. The Anti-Federalists, in particular, expressed concerns that the proposed Constitution lacked explicit protections for individual liberties, leading to the eventual inclusion of the Bill of Rights as the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
The Anti-Federalists were a group of American political leaders who opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution in 1787. They were characterized by their belief in strong state governments and a weak central government.
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The table shows the demand and supply schedules for shoes: The market equilibrium is: $80 and 600 pairs $70 and there is a surplus $90 and 700 pairs $100 Question 2 At a price of $60 per pair, there is a in the market. comparative advantage there is not enough information provided surplus shortage From the previous question, describe how the market equilibrium is restored. What happens to the price of a of a pair of shoes? To restore the market equilibrium, the price must As the price the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied From the previous question, describe how the market equilibrium is restored. What happens to To restore the market equilibrium, the price must As the price the quantity demanded The following questions are on the market for bacon. arket equilibrium is restored. What happens to the price of a of a ֻair of shoes? As the price and the quantity supplied [Select] From the previous question, describe how the market equilibrium is restored. What To restore the market equilibrium, the price must the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied the market equilibrium is restored. What happens to the price of a of a pair of shoes? As the price and the quantity supplied
The table below shows the demand and supply schedules for shoes:Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied[tex]$70 500 900 $80 600 600 $90 700 400 $100 800 200[/tex] Market Equilibrium Price:[tex]$80,[/tex] Market Equilibrium Quantity: 600 pairs At a price of [tex]$60[/tex] per pair, there is a shortage in the market.
The quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied. The market will try to adjust to a new equilibrium point where the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded.To restore the market equilibrium, the price must increase. As the price increases, the quantity demanded decreases, and the quantity supplied increases.
The market will adjust until the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. At a new equilibrium price of [tex]$80[/tex], the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded. At this point, the market is in equilibrium.The price of a pair of shoes will increase to [tex]$80[/tex] in order to restore the market equilibrium.
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According to the textbook, people are more motivated when "they are shown a truth that influences their feelings" than they are by analysis. Discuss the relevance of this statement for organizations growing and responding to change. What responsibility does a leader have to honor stakeholder concerns when "feelings" are the primary basis for the concerns
The statement that people are more motivated when "they are shown a truth that influences their feelings" than they are by analysis has relevance for organizations growing and responding to change.
This statement is true because individuals are more driven to take action when they feel emotionally connected to a particular issue or idea. In the context of an organization, this means that leaders need to focus on creating an emotional connection between their employees and the organization's mission and goals.
One way to do this is by being transparent about the organization's vision and goals. By sharing the truth of the situation, and explaining why certain changes are necessary, leaders can help employees understand the impact that they can have on the organization's success. This can help employees feel more engaged in their work, and more motivated to contribute to the organization's growth.
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Click to see additional instructions The nominal interest rate is 12%. The tax rate on nominal interest is 25%. The after tax nominal interest rate is
The nominal interest rate refers to the interest rate before adjusting for inflation, while the after-tax nominal interest rate refers to the real interest rate adjusted for taxes. Therefore, the after-tax nominal interest rate is calculated by subtracting the tax rate from the nominal interest rate and calculating the remaining amount.
For example, given a nominal interest rate of 12% and a tax rate of 25%, the after-tax nominal interest rate is calculated as follows:
After-tax nominal interest rate = (1 - tax rate) × nominal interest rate= (1 - 0.25) × 12%
= 0.75 × 12%
= 9%
Therefore, the after-tax nominal interest rate is 9%. The after-tax nominal interest rate is the rate of return on an investment after taxes have been paid.
The after-tax nominal interest rate is used to compare the relative profitability of different investment opportunities. For example, if two investment opportunities have the same nominal interest rate but different tax rates, the after-tax nominal interest rate can help determine which investment opportunity is more profitable.
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