thinking bigger: how early-life environmental exposures shape the gut microbiome and influence the development of asthma and allergic disease
The imbalance, or dysbiosis, of the gut microbiome of babies has been linked to an increased risk of asthma and allergic diseases. Most studies To date, they have provided a wealth of data showing correlations
between disease risk factors in early life and changes in the structure of the gut microbiome that disrupt normal immunoregulation. These studies have generally focused on a specific risk factor, such as the mode of delivery or the use of antibiotics in the first years of life. Such "micro-level" exposures have a considerable impact on affected individuals, but not necessarily on the entire population. In this review, we place these mechanisms under a broader lens that takes into account the influence of upstream "macro-level" environmental factors, such as air pollution and the built environment. While these exposures are likely to have a minor impact on the microbiome at the individual level, their ubiquitous nature gives them great influence at the population level. We focus on the characteristics of the artificial indoor and outdoor environment, their microbiomes, and the research challenges inherent in integrating built environment microbiomes with the early-life gut microbiome. We argue that an exposome perspective that integrates internal and external microbiomes with macro-level environmental factors may provide a more comprehensive framework for defining how environmental exposures may shape the gut microbiome and influence allergic disease development.
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pulmonary tuberculosis is named for the tendency of the body to build protective capsules around areas where mycobacterium bacteria have invaded host tissues. the medical term for one of these encapsulated areas is a(n)
Pulmonary tuberculosis is named for the tendency of the body to build protective capsules around area Mycobacterium bacteria have invaded host tissues. The medical term for one of these encapsulated areas is tubercle.
What is pulmonary tuberculosis?Pulmonаry tuberculosis which is commonly known аs (TB) is cаused by а bаcterium cаlled Mycobаcterium tuberculosis. The body mаjorly fights the infection by encаpsulаting the bаcteriа into very smаll cаpsules cаlled tubercles. The bаcteriа cаnnot spreаd but remаin аlive аnd аre present in the surrounding tissues or in other people. This stаge is termed аs lаtent TB.
А tubercle is а smаll rounded point of а bone. It аlso refers to а nodule аttаched to bone, mucous membrаne (moist lаyer lining pаrts of the body), or skin. The term tubercle is less commonly used to refer to skin irritаtion resulting from а tuberculosis (TB) infection.
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what is the order of the trna binding sites on the 70s ribosome with respect to the 5' to 3' direction of the mrna?
E P A is the correct order of the trna binding sites on the 70s ribosome with respect to the 5' to 3' direction of the mrna.
What is Ribosomes?
Ribosomes are the biological machinery responsible for producing proteins. Numerous ribosomes, each of which has two subunits, are present in every cell. Before proceeding down the messenger RNA molecule's length and reading each three-letter codon, these two subunits tightly close the molecule. The transfer RNA binds to the ribosome and shares a base sequence with the messenger RNA.
Making proteins takes place at ribosomes, an intercellular structure composed of both RNA and protein. The messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence is translated by the ribosome into a specific string of amino acids that form long chains and fold to form proteins.
The ribosome, which functions as a cell's factory for protein synthesis, is a complex molecule consisting of proteins and ribosomal RNA molecules. Ribosomes were first identified by George E. Palade in 1955. He described them as cytoplasmic particles that selectively bind to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Palade and other researchers found that ribosomes carried out protein synthesis in cells; for this work, he was honored with the Nobel Prize in 1974.
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_________ is the heritable variation among individuals of a single population or within the species as
a whole.
A) Species diversity
B) Genetic diversity
C) Natural selection
D) Coevolution
E) Extirpation
Answer: Genetic Diversity
Explanation:
monoclonal antibodies . monoclonal antibodies . are produced normally in the human body are not yet available to the public and are still being developed can attach to a target cell while carrying a diagnostic marker or anticellular toxin
Monoclonal antibodies (also known as moAbs or mAbs) are proteins created in labs that operate like antibodies in human bodies. Antibodies are components of the immune system.
They seek for and adhere to antigens (foreign elements) in order to eliminate them. Monoclonal antibodies produced in laboratories aid in the stimulation of your own immune system.
Monoclonal antibodies are often administered as an intravenous (IV) solution injected directly into your vein (sometimes referred to as an infusion). They are frequently administered at an infusion facility, where numerous people are receiving therapy at the same time.
If this is your first time receiving treatment, you should bring someone with you to learn about the procedure and what to expect.
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Michelle and Keith are apparently normal, but their daughter was born with alkaptonuria, an inherited metabolic disorder. If alkaptonuria is like most human hereditary disorders, the probability of their next child being born with alkaptonuria is:
The likelihood that their subsequent child will be born with alkaptonuria is 1/4 if the ailment is genetic like the majority of human diseases.
Only three-fourths of the F2 exhibited the dominant phenotype, compared to 100% of the F1.
Tyrosine and phenylalanine are two of the amino acids that make up proteins, and alkaptonuria, often known as black urine sickness, is a relatively rare genetic disease that inhibits the body from completely metabolizing these amino acids. It causes the body to accumulate homogentisic acid, a chemical. This can eventually cause a variety of health issues and render the urine and other bodily fluids a dark color. Chemical processes are typically used to break down amino acids. However, homogentisic acid, a chemical created along the way, cannot be further decomposed in alkaptonuria. This is due to improper operation of the enzyme that usually breaks it down. Proteins called enzymes are responsible for causing chemical reactions. Darkly stained diapers are one of the condition's early warning signs since homogentisic acid turns urine black when it's exposed to air for a few hours. The illness might not be recognized until maturity if this symptom is missed or disregarded in a baby or kid because there are typically no other obvious symptoms until the person is in their late twenties and early thirties.
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1) what is the nucleophile in the reaction catalyzed by dna polymerase? why is this significant for the initiation of dna synthesis?
When did scientists first begin transferring mrna from one species into the cells of a different species?.
In 1961, the scientists whilst Brenners first begin transferring mRNA from one species into the cells of a different species.
It began out in 1961, whilst Brenner and associates defined the presence of an volatile intermediate molecule that copies the statistics encoded via way of means of the DNA and directs the synthesis of proteins: RNA.
The institution round Brenner labored with virus-inflamed cells and analysed the gene expression. They concluded that the protein-encoding statistics isn't found in solid ribosomal RNA. Instead, a brief RNA molecule acts as a transcript of the genetic code. This RNA turned into termed messenger RNA (mRNA). Ribosomes synthesise proteins in step with the statistics dictated via way of means of mRNA (Brenner et al., 1961).
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true or false he carrying capacity of p. aurelia living alone (without p. caudatum) in gause's lab flask with nutrients is about 550
The carrying capacity of Paramecium aurelia living alone (without p. caudatum) in gause's lab flask with nutrients is about 550. This is a true statement.
Paramecium populations reached carrying capacity on day 12. This was because that day was the largest amount of paramecium ever recorded.
Competition is a type of population interaction in which the fitness of one species is significantly reduced in the presence of another species. This occurs when multiple species compete for the same resource, limiting it and adversely affecting both interacting species.
Both Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium share the same niche because he was grown together in one flask using bacteria as a food source.
From the above figure, we can see that Paramecium aurelia grew well in the mix, but Paramecium caudatum did not. Therefore, Paramecium caudatum (less competitive) was eliminated because he could not compete with Paramecium aurelia (more competitive) for the same limited food source.
This is because two closely related species competing for the same resource cannot coexist indefinitely, and when resources are limited, the competitively inferior species will eventually be eliminated. An example of Gause's principle of competitive exclusion.
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Explain why siblings may share similarities but are not identical.
Siblings may share similarities but are not identical because they have different genetic makeup due to the segregation of chromosomes in gametic parental cells and the process of crossing over.
Why are siblings not genetically identical?Siblings are not genetically identical because the gametes in the parent suffer a process known as chromosome segregation, which involves the segregation of different homologous chromosomes in the germinal cells before the process of fertilization.
Moreover, the formation of the gamete cells also suffer another process that increases the genetic variation of the resulting meiotic cells called crossing over or recombination, which is well known to change genetic fragments between non sister chromatids.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that siblings are not genetically identical but share similarities because the zygote derives from cells having different genetic makeup due to the segregation of chromosomes and crossing over.
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if an organic nerve toxin (acting at the neuromuscular junction) renders the ion channel of postsunaptic actetylcholine receptors permenently open, the toxin would most likely to
It causes prolonged depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) are postsynaptic potentials that increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential in neuroscience. By allowing positively charged ions to enter the postsynaptic cell, ligand-gated ion channels open, causing a brief depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane potential. These are the opposite of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), which are often caused by the movement of either positive or negative ions into or out of cells. While IPSPs are occasionally brought on by an increase in positive charge outflow, EPSPs can also come from a reduction in positive charge outflow. Excitatory postsynaptic current is the ion flow that creates an EPSP (EPSC).
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the ear canal ends at a tightly stretched membrane called the cochlea. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
The tympanic membrane is also called the eardrum. Separates the outer ear from the middle ear. When sound waves reach the tympanic membrane, they cause it to vibrate.
The cochlea (auditory inner ear) transforms sound into a neural message. The function of the cochlea is to transform the vibrations of the cochlear fluids and associated structures into a neural signal. At the end of the ear canal is the eardrum. The eardrum is a thin membrane that separates the ear canal from the middle ear. The eardrum is attached to a part of the first hearing bone called the malleus. The ear canal and eardrum are covered with skin just like the skin on the outside of the body. The basilar membrane is a rigid structural element within the cochlea of the inner ear that separates two fluid-filled tubes that run along the spiral of the cochlea, the scala media and scala tympani.
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if the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate?
If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation,
The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control.
What is skeletal muscle?
The skeleton contains one of the three essential muscle tissues in the human body. Each skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of muscle fibers coated in connective tissue sheaths. The various bundles of muscle fibers that make up skeletal muscles are known as fasciculi.
Skeletal muscle are voluntary muscles that are controlled by the somatic nervous system. The other forms of muscle include cardiac muscle, which is striated, and smooth muscle, which is non-striated. Both of these muscle groups fall into the category of being involuntary, or controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
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3) the seed coat's most important function is to provide a) a nonstressful environment for the megasporangium. b) the means for dispersal. c) dormancy. d) a nutrient supply for the embryo. e) desiccation resistance.
The function of the seed coat is to protect the inner workings of the seed hence, the answer is e) desiccation resistance.
The outer coating that protects a seed is known as the seed coat. Numerous varieties of seeds are included by the definition of seed coat. Distinct types of seeds have different seed coats that can seem different. Seed coatings can be more robust and thick or more delicate and thin depending on the type of seed. For instance, coconut seeds have a lot thicker, more durable seed coat than bean seeds, which have a much thinner seed coat. Seeds come in both light and dark shades. Cream, black, green, yellow, and brown are among the colours. The interior seed structures receive information about environmental stressors from the seed coat as well. Typically, when seeds identify the ideal circumstances for water, light, moisture, and temperature, the seed coat cracks. The embryo appears from the seed once it has opened.
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regarding x-linked traits, if a father with normal color vision has children with a heterozygous mother, what percentage of the daughters will have normal color vision?
The daughters, who are known as carriers because one of their X chromosomes has the mutation but the other one is normal, are typically unaffected if only the father or mother has the faulty X-linked gene.
If sons receive the defective X-linked gene from their mother, they will be afflicted.
Describe X-linked inheritance. There is a 50% possibility that daughters will carry the gene and be able to pass it on to the following generation. A daughter has a 50% probability of not having the gene and not being able to pass it on.
Yes, a female can inherit a copy of the gene that causes colorblindness from her father, is the short response. She will actually most likely be colorblind if her father is.
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A child experiences a serious and rare illness at three months old. A researcher studies this child until adulthood to learn about the impact of the illness on his family. What method is the researcher using?.
The impact of the sickness on his family is studied through a case study as the researcher follows this youngster until he or she is an adult.
Research methodology known as a case study is frequently used in the social and life sciences. Research using case studies is not universally defined. 1 But very simply... A case study is "an intense study about a person, a group of people, or a unit, with the objective of generalising over several units," according to the definition. 1 An rigorous, systematic assessment of a single person, group, community, or other unit in which the researcher looks at in-depth data relating to multiple factors has also been referred to as a case study. 2
Case studies are a method used by researchers to better comprehend complicated phenomena by examining them in their natural environment.
3 4 In fact, Sandelowski5 contends that case studies can help researchers better understand the holistic nature of nursing care.
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alpine tundra is found on the top of mountains while arctic tundra is found close to the north pole. these two biomes have similar plants and animals even though they can be located in very different regions of the world. why are these two biomes so similar?
Alpine tundra is cold and dry because it is a high latitude and arctic tundra is cold and dry because it is at a high altitude.
Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that lacks trees due to its high elevation and associated harsh climate. Low temperatures and precipitation; harsh cold winds; low-lying vegetation; thin, dry, and poorly developed soils; and rapidly changing weather characterize the alpine tundra. Because of these conditions, the alpine tundra is a treeless habitat.
Tundra ecosystems are treeless areas found in the Arctic and on mountain peaks where the climate is cold and windy and rainfall is scarce. Much of the year, tundra lands are covered in snow, but summer brings bursts of wildflowers.
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Which change would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?.
Factors like a decrease in temperature and a CO2 increase in pH could cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve.
An enhanced oxygen affinity of hemoglobin is shown by a left shift, reducing the amount of oxygen that is available to the tissues.
The curve swings to the left as pH rises. This happens as a result of a shift in amino acid residues brought on by a higher hydrogen ion concentration, which stabilizes deoxyhemoglobin in a state (the T state) with a decreased affinity for oxygen.
The curve moves to the left as CO2 levels drop; CO2 has two effects on the curve. First, as CO2 builds up, carbamino molecules are produced. These compounds bind to oxygen to form carbaminohaemoglobin. Deoxyhaemoglobin is stabilized in the T state by carbaminohaemoglobin.
The curve shifts to the right when the temperature rises and to the left when the temperature falls. Thermostats do not have a significant impact, but hypothermia and hyperthermia cases also show the effects.
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Which reservoir receives most of the carbon from industrial combustion, the burning of fossil fuels?.
The oceans are, via way of means of far, the biggest reservoir of carbon, observed via way of means of geological reserves of fossil fuels, the terrestrial surface (plans and soil), and the atmosphere.
The biggest reservoir of the Earth's carbon is placed withinside the deep-ocean, with 37,000 billion heaps of carbon stored, while about 65,500 billion heaps are discovered withinside the globe. Carbon flows among every reservoir through the carbon cycle, which has sluggish and speedy components.
Rocks like limestone and fossil fuels like coal and oil are garage reservoirs that incorporate carbon from flowers and animals that lived tens of thousands and thousands of years ago. When those organisms died, sluggish geologic strategies trapped their carbon and converted it into those herbal resources.
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What are examples of types of chemical markers associated with dna that determines when, where and by how much genes are expressed in each cell?.
The study of how cells influence gene activity without modifying the DNA sequence is known as epigenetics. In Greek, "epi-"means "above," thus "epigenetic" refers to variables other than the genetic code.
3 examples of epigenetic factors;
DNA Methylation is one type of epigenetic modification. DNA methylation works by introducing a chemical group into the DNA.Histone transformation. DNA wraps around proteins known as histones.Non-coding RNA (non-coding RNA). Your DNA serves as a blueprint for the production of both coding and non-coding RNA.Two epigenetic processes involved in gene expression control are DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) [4]. Since the 1960s, DNA methylation has been discovered and widely investigated in bacterial DNA.
Histone methylases (HMTs), histone acetyltransferases (HATs), and histone deacetylases (HDACs) regulate gene expression.
Mutagens are exogenous agents that cause genetic alteration. Mutagens frequently induce changes in the chemical structure of nucleotides, resulting in substitutions, insertions, and deletions in the DNA sequence.
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PLSSS HELP IF YOU TURLY KNOW THISS
Succession is the process of gradual change through adaptation from one community to another.
What is succession?Succession or ecological succession is the process whereby the community of plants and animals occupying a particular habitat gradually changes.
The community of plants and animals living in a particular habitat keeps changing because the habitat itself keeps changing. Thus, organisms living in the habitat have to keep adapting to the changing habitat.
However, if there are no major disruptions to the changing community, it eventually reaches a point whereby very little to no changes occur again. Such a community is known as a climax community.
Succession can be primary or secondary. Primary succession starts from the scratch in a place that has never held life before that just got newly colonized with life. Secondary succession happens when a community undergoing primary succession experiences a major disruption.
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when the difference in ph across the membrane of a glass electrode at 25 oc is 3.75 ph units, how much voltage is generated by the ph gradient?when the difference in ph across the membrane of a glass electrode at 25 oc is 3.75 ph units, how much voltage is generated by the ph gradient?
About 222 mV is generated by the pH gradient.
The Nernst equation determines the electrochemical cell potential at any given temperature, pressure, etc. It explains how cell potential relates to both the activities of electrically active (electroactive) species and standard potential.
The voltage generated across a membrane because of the hydrogen ion concentration gradient is [tex]E=\frac{2.303RT}{nF} \times\Delta pH[/tex]. Here, E is reduction potential, T is the temperature in kelvin, R is the universal gas constant, n is ion charge, and F is the Faraday constant.
Given, T=25°C=25+273=298K and pH=3.75. We know that, R=8.314J/mol.K and F=96485J/V.mol.
Then,
[tex]\begin{aligned}E&=\left(\frac{2.303\times8.314\times298}{1\times96485}\right)\times3.75\\&=0.0591\times3.75\\&=0.2216\\&=\mathrm{0.222\;V}\\&\approx\mathrm{222\;mV}\end{aligned}[/tex]
The answer is 222 mV. Therefore, the correct option is B.
The complete question is -
When the difference in pH across the membrane of a glass electrode at 25 °C is 3.75 pH units, how much voltage is generated by the pH gradient?
A. Not Enough Information to Determine
B. 222 mV
C. 180 mV
D. 273 mV
E. 0.222 mV
F. 0.273 mV
G. 3.75 mV
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individuals carrying a brca1 mutation to show a dominant or recessive pattern of increased cancer incidence, and why
Individuals carrying a BRAC1 mutation show a dominant or recessive pattern of increased cancer incidence because it follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern.
The strongest genes for breast cancer susceptibility are typically BRCA1 and BRCA2.
It is also noteworthy that societal mutations that cause disease are to blame for an increase in early-onset breast cancer cases.
This type of breast cancer typically manifests as an early-onset, high-intensity, bilateral form that follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Carriers of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations are more likely to develop this disease and other cancers, particularly ovarian cancer.
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beetles may be the most varied order of animals. new beetle species are authenticated, completely unpredictably, at a typical rate of one every 7.0 months. a supplement to a guide is planned to be published after 20 new species have been discovered.
The supplement to a guide is planned to be published after 20 new species have been discovered at the 11.8 month.
The Poisson distribution is used to resolve this question, as we've got best the suggest. In this distribution, the usual deviation is the rectangular root of the suggest.
In this question, we've got that:
Species are determined at a price of as soon as each 7 months.A complement to a manual is deliberate to be posted after 20 new species were determined.a) What are the predicted fee and widespread deviation of the wide variety of months (dealt with as a non-stop degree of time) till the complement is posted?Mean is: 7x 20 = a 140 months.Standard deviation is sqrt a hundred and forty = 11.8 months.The suggest till the complement is posted is a hundred and forty months, whilst the usual deviation is of 11.8 monthsRead more about animals:
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3. Why do you think it is important for a cell to be selective?
Answer:
It it important for a cell to be selective because this function allows for certain molecules to let in and let out, if we had a non permeable cell, it wouldn't allow anything to leave nor enter. If we had a 100% permeable cell, EVERYTHING would be permitted to go through, harmful or not.
Explaination:
N/A, I believe the answer itself is an explanation.
What might plant cells do with the sugars made during photosynthesis?
_____________________________
Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae. They are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions. Plant cells have special organelles called chloroplasts, which create sugars during the process of photosynthesis.Plants use the energy of the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into a sugar called glucose. Glucose is used by plants for energy and to make other substances like cellulose and starch. Cellulose is used in building cell walls, meanwhile starch is stored in seeds and other plant parts as a food source.In conclusion to this, it is likely that once the plant cells have forged the sugars during photosynthesis, they will send the necessary amount of sugars to the mitochondria, where in which it will be broken down to produce energy (ATP).
^(NOTE)^: Mitochondrion (mi-to-chon-dri-on) is an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur. It has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers (cristae).________________________________________________________
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what is the function of myoglobin in muscle cells? group of answer choices stores atp breaks down glucose stores oxygen stores glucose
Your striated muscles, which include your heart and skeletal muscles, contain the protein known as myoglobin.
How does myoglobin function in muscles?Myoglobin is a protein found in both skeletal muscles and the heart. While you exercise, your muscles use up the entire amount of oxygen in your body. Because myoglobin carries oxygen, the muscles have access to more oxygen and can exert themselves for longer.
What is the purpose of myoglobin?A heme prosthetic group in myoglobin can reversibly bind to oxygen. It serves as a protein that muscles in the body utilize to store oxygen. Depending on the oxygen concentration in the environment, it can bind and release oxygen.
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The ________ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.
autonomic
The autonomic nervous system controls glandular, cardiac, and smooth muscle activities in an automatic manner.
Which nerve system is responsible for involuntary control?The autonomic nervous system of the peripheral nervous system regulates automatic physiological processes like digestion, blood pressure, respiration, and sexual desire.
The somatic nervous system: What does it do?To enable us to create a reaction, the brain and spinal cord must process and integrate the information from multiple sources. In order to perform our daily activities, the somatic nervous system connects the central nervous system (CNS) with organs and striated muscle.
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sequences that are conserved, that is, similar in many different organisms, are unlikely to be functionally important. true false
The made claim is False. Conserved sequences, or those that are similar across a wide range of organisms, are unlikely to be crucial in terms of function.
A living item is considered an organism if it has an organized structure, can respond to stimuli, reproduces, grows, adapts, and maintains homeostasis. So every living thing on Earth that is an animal, plant, fungus, protist, bacterium, or archaeon qualifies as an organism. Any organic, living system that performs as a separate unit is considered an organism in biology. Cells make up every living thing in the ecosystem. Taxonomy divides living things into categories like multicellular animals, plants, and fungus, or unicellular microbes like protists, bacteria, and archaea. Three groups of living things—producers, consumers, and decomposers—can be distinguished among an ecosystem's inhabitants. Each of them is crucial for the ecosystem.
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in the figure, a straight wire carries a steady current i perpendicular to the plane of the page. a bar is in contact with a pair of circular rails, and rotates about the straight wire. the direction of the induced current through the resistor r is
The direction of the induced current through the resistor R is given by, option c, that is, there is no induced current through the resistor.
The current that occurs when a conducting loop is subjected to a changing magnetic field is called induced current. The following points are used to talk about how induced current is made:
When the conducting loop is subjected to a change in the magnetic field, induced current can be produced in a variety of ways, including:
-By altering the strength of the magnetic field.
- Inserting the conductor into and removing it from the magnetic field.
- adjusting the distance between the magnet and the conducting loop.
-By modifying the area of the loop within the constant magnetic field.
In the figure,
The field is always perpendicular to the area vector.
So that
B.A=0.
Consequently, The resistor directs no induced current.
The correct answer is c.
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(Complete question)
in the figure, a straight wire carries a steady current is perpendicular to the plane of the page. a bar is in contact with a pair of circular rails and rotates about the straight wire. the direction of the induced current through the resistor R is
a. from a to b
b. from b to a
c. there is no induced current through the resistor
*Image attached*