Translation-Why did the nobility have so much power in Castile?
where Castile is a medieval kingdom (and previously a county) in the Iberian Peninsula. Nobility has been an important part of their lives in various ways.
In many societies with an aristocracy, there is a social class known as the noble. Normally, it comes right after nobility. The estate of the realm with numerous exclusive features and functions has frequently been known as nobility. The characteristics of nobility vary by nation and by era and may represent significant advantages over or relative to non-nobles or simply formal functions (such as precedence). The inheritance of nobility, along with its privileges and obligations, is typically patrilineal and hereditary.
During the medieval times in castile, Fiefs were vast territories ruled by barons and other high ranking nobles. They had direct access to the king and were very strong. They gave each Lord in charge of a separate manor a portion of their land. They were responsible for keeping an army in the king's service.
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Explain or describe the first 10 amendments in your own words.
Answer:
The First Amendment guarantees freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. This means that people are free to worship as they choose, express their opinions, gather in public spaces, and make requests to the government without fear of retaliation.
The Second Amendment protects the right to bear arms. This means that people have the right to own guns for self-defense and other lawful purposes.
The Third Amendment prohibits the government from forcing citizens to quarter, or house, soldiers in their homes without their consent during times of peace.
The Fourth Amendment protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. This means that the government must have a warrant or probable cause to search someone's property or seize their belongings.
The Fifth Amendment protects individuals from self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and deprivation of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. This means that people cannot be forced to testify against themselves, tried twice for the same crime, or punished without a fair trial.
The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a fair and speedy trial, an impartial jury, the right to be informed of the charges against you, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to an attorney.
The Seventh Amendment guarantees the right to a trial by jury in civil cases where the amount in question exceeds $20.
The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment. This means that bail and fines must be reasonable and punishments cannot be excessively severe or inhumane.
The Ninth Amendment states that the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage other rights retained by the people.
The Tenth Amendment states that powers not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states or to the people. This means that the federal government has limited powers and that states have the right to govern themselves to a certain extent.
Explanation:
The first 10 amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, protect essential individual rights and freedoms from government infringement, including freedom of speech, religion, and the press, the right to bear arms, and protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, among others.
1. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, religion, the press, peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government.
2. The Second Amendment protects the right to bear arms and is often a subject of debate regarding the balance between individual rights and public safety.
3. The Third Amendment prohibits the forced quartering of soldiers in private homes during peacetime.
4. The Fourth Amendment safeguards against unreasonable searches and seizures, requiring warrants based on probable cause.
5. The Fifth Amendment ensures due process, protection against self-incrimination, and prohibits double jeopardy.
6. The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial, an impartial jury, and legal representation.
7. The Seventh Amendment preserves the right to a jury trial in civil cases involving disputes over property or money.
8. The Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines.
9. The Ninth Amendment recognizes that the listing of specific rights does not exclude other rights held by the people.
10. The Tenth Amendment establishes that powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved for the states and the people.
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Help with this hurry
Answer:
Explanation:The quote "the slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun, then moved back again into slavery" is a powerful statement that highlights the struggle and challenges faced by African Americans throughout history. It speaks to the fleeting moments of hope and liberation experienced by those who have been oppressed, only to be pulled back into the vicious cycle of systemic racism and inequality.
The phrase "stood a brief moment in the sun" represents the short-lived experience of freedom and equality, which was often snatched away by discriminatory laws and practices. It is a reminder that despite the progress that has been made, there is still a long way to go in the fight for racial justice and equality.
The last part of the quote, "then moved back again into slavery," illustrates the cyclical nature of oppression, where systemic racism and discrimination continue to keep people of color trapped in a vicious cycle of poverty, inequality, and oppression. The statement underscores the need for sustained and continuous efforts to break this cycle, by creating systemic change that addresses the root causes of these issues and creates a more equitable society for all.
Which of the following statements best
describes a "command economy?"
A. All economic decisions are made by the collective
population.
B. All economic decisions are made by private firms.
C. All economic decisions are made by government
officials.
Answer: C
Explanation:
In a command economy, the central government dictates the level of production of goods and controls their distribution and prices.
whats the differents in the patriot movemnt and the free slaves movement
The Patriot Movement and the Free Slaves Movement are two distinct social and political movements that emerged in different historical contexts and with different goals.
The Patriot Movement refers to a loosely organized group of individuals and organizations in the United States who are generally aligned with a conservative or libertarian ideology. They promote limited government, individual liberties, and the Second Amendment. The movement gained momentum in the early 2000s and has been associated with anti-government sentiment and conspiracy theories.On the other hand, the Free Slaves Movement refers to the abolitionist movement in the 19th century that fought to end slavery and secure civil rights for Black Americans. The movement was rooted in the struggle for human rights and equality, and it was led by Black activists, such as Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman, and White allies. The movement culminated in the Civil War and the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
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How does the policy of Containment differ from the policy of Isolationism?
*
Containment requires the US to distance and protect itself from any global conflict
Containment requires the US to remain neutral on conflicts involving European and Asian countries
Containment requires the US to involve itself in the foreign affairs of European and Asian countries
Containment requires the US to build partnerships throughout the western hemisphere
Answer:
Containment refers to a policy of actively containing the spread of communism, especially the Soviet Union, during the Cold War. The United States aimed to limit Soviet expansionism by providing military and economic aid to countries threatened by communism. The policy of containment required the US to involve itself in the foreign affairs of European and Asian countries, and sometimes even engage in military interventions.
On the other hand, Isolationism refers to a policy of remaining detached from global conflicts and avoiding entanglement in the affairs of other countries. Isolationism was most prominent in the 1930s, when the United States sought to avoid involvement in the World War II. The policy of isolationism required the US to distance and protect itself from any global conflict, and sometimes even to remain neutral on conflicts involving European and Asian countries.
In summary, while containment requires the US to involve itself in foreign affairs and global conflicts, isolationism requires the US to remain detached and avoid such entanglements.
Explanation:
What goddess would cast spells to protect the Egyptian people
I think it is Isis, since she is considered the Egyptian goddess of healing, protection, and magic.
Sourcing: Was this source written before or after the construction of the Panama Canal? How might this source have impacted or shaped the thoughts of leaders such as
President Theodore Roosevelt who eventually built the Panama Canal?
President Theodore Roosevelt was strong advocate for building the Panama Canal, which had significant economic and military benefits for the United States.
What is military?Military refers to the organized armed forces of a nation or state, including its army, navy, and air force. The primary purpose of the military is to protect the country's security and defend its interests, both domestically and internationally. This may involve engaging in combat operations, peacekeeping missions, or providing humanitarian assistance. Military personnel receive specialized training and equipment to perform their duties, and they are subject to a strict chain of command and discipline. The military plays a vital role in maintaining stability and ensuring the sovereignty of a nation. It is also often involved in disaster relief efforts and search and rescue missions.
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Describe 2 specific ethnic groups of people that immigrated to the US before 1870 and explain the PUSH FACTOR for each group
Answer:
The majority of these individuals came from Germany, Ireland, and England in the 1870s and 1880s, which were the main countries from whom immigrants came prior to the American Civil War
Explanation:
The majority of these individuals came from Germany, Ireland, and England in the 1870s and 1880s, which were the main countries from whom immigrants came prior to the American Civil War. Even yet, between the beginning of the California gold rush in 1849 and 1882, when their immigration was prohibited by federal law, a sizable number of Chinese people travelled to the United States.
Which statement describes Subduction?
A. volcanoes from above Rising Columns of hot mantle Rock.
B. large mountains range from as two plates pushed against each other .
C. oceanic crust is forced downward as one plate moves under another .
D. ocean basins widen as a new oceanic crust forms at a mid-ocean ridge.
PLEASE HELP!!!!
Answer:
C.) oceanic crust is forced downward as one plate moves under another .
Explanation:
Subduction is described as follows:
C. As one plate slides under another, the oceanic crust is pushed below.
At convergent plate borders, where two plates are moving towards one another, subduction takes place. The less dense oceanic plate will be forced to sink beneath the denser plate whenever an oceanic plate strikes a continental plate or another oceanic plate. Earthquakes, volcanic arcs, and deep-sea trenches are produced as a result of this process.
NEED HELP ASAP!! [30 POINTS]
When was South Vietnam reunited with North Vietnam as a single communist nation?
[A] - As soon as the French agreed not to make any claims for territory.
[B] - Once they received approval from a majority of the nations in UN General Assembly.
[C] - Soon after U.S. troops departed.
[D] - Vietnam united as a democracy shortly after U.S. troops left.
Don’t make the answer confusing please.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Once they received approval from a majority of the nations in UN General Assembly.
1.Based on this cartoon, which concept
influenced Kemal Atatürk's development of
New Turkey?
(1) laissez-faire
(3) communism
(2) modernization
(4) zionism
Based on this cartoon, modernization influenced Kemal Atatürk's development of New Turkey.
What is modernization?Modernization is the process of transforming a society to a more advanced state by introducing new technology, infrastructures, and social systems. It involves making changes to existing technology and infrastructure, updating or replacing existing systems, and introducing new ones. This may involve changes to the economic system, such as introducing new regulations or financial systems that can be used to facilitate trade and investment. It may also involve changes to the social system, such as introducing new educational systems, updating existing laws, or introducing new laws that can help to protect the rights of citizens. Modernization can also involve changes to the cultural system, such as introducing new forms of entertainment, art, or literature. Modernization can help to improve the quality of life for individuals and societies, but it can also lead to increased inequality, as some people may be better able to access the benefits of the new technologies and systems.
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Multiple-Paragraph Outline (4 Paragraphs) animal farm
Animal Farm is a classic dystopian novel written by George Orwell. The story follows a group of farm animals who overthrow their human owner and create a society based on equality and cooperation.
The Outline for Animal Farm
Introduction: The novel opens with Old Major, a wise old pig, calling for a rebellion against the human farmer, Mr. Jones. The animals come together to overthrow their oppressor and create a society based on the principles of Animalism.
Rising Action: The pigs, particularly Napoleon and Snowball, take on leadership roles and begin to make decisions for the other animals. Initially, they work together to build a windmill and improve the farm. However, Snowball is eventually driven out and Napoleon becomes the sole leader. He begins to abuse his power, changing the rules to benefit the pigs and using violence to suppress dissent.
Climax: The climax of the novel occurs when the pigs, who have become indistinguishable from humans in their behavior and appearance, hold a meeting with neighboring human farmers. The other animals look on in horror as they realize that the pigs have become just as oppressive as their former human masters.
Conclusion: The novel ends with the animals reflecting on their failed revolution and the pigs' betrayal. They realize that they have been living under a dictatorship and that their vision of a free and equal society has been corrupted. The novel serves as a warning against the dangers of totalitarianism and the importance of vigilance in maintaining freedom and democracy.
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Learning Task 2: Ask your parents/siblings about their hand and foot spa ex
perience. Let them describe the way the staff performed hand spa treatment.
on with specific observations. Then, let them rate the actual service based on
the following criteria. You may note other details or processes that are notable
Criteria
Always 4 Usually 3 Seldom 2 Never 1
Melt the wax
Apply the wax
Bag the client hand
Remove the wax
Apply moisturizer all over
hand
The answer of processing questions are (1) We feel happy; (2) may be it would be fun; (3) Yes; (4) Applying wax; (5) To avoid the people.
In the the table given below (criteria with their service),
Criteria: Melting the wax - usually (3)
Criteria: Apply the wax - usually (3)
Criteria: Bag the client hand - usually (3)
Criteria: Remove the wax - usually (3)
Criteria: Apply moisturizer all over the hand - Always (4)
Answers of processing questions:
(1) We feel happy while doing al these activities.
(2) May be doing the service would be fun, if could do it with someone.
(3) Yes, all the processes were done perfectly.
(4) The important skills in hand and foot spa learnt from the experience is Applying the wax.
(5) Yes, it is important to follow standard procedures in performing a service like hand waxing to avoid the person not to get hurt and to be feel good and positive about the service provided.
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Define the terms listed:
- Second Amendment
- 19th Amendment
- 26th Amendment
- Incriminate
Which method of enacting policy usually has the most long-lasting effect?
-The Supreme Court orders Congress to fix the law.
-Congress passes new laws designed to implement the policy.
-The president directs federal agencies to change regulations.
-Citizens vote in state-by-state referendums.
Answer:
The supreme court orders congress to fix the law
Explanation:
Civics
The Qin Dynasty revolutionized how China would govern itself through complex bureaucracy.
Explain how this system worked and describe some of its major accomplishments.
Answer:
The Qin Dynasty, which lasted from 221 BCE to 206 BCE, was a period of major transformation in China. During this time, the dynasty established a complex bureaucratic system that laid the foundation for Chinese governance for centuries to come.
The Qin Dynasty's bureaucracy was characterized by a hierarchical structure with the emperor at the top, followed by various officials and administrators who were responsible for carrying out the emperor's directives. These officials were chosen based on their abilities, rather than their social status, which helped to create a more efficient and effective government.
One of the major accomplishments of the Qin Dynasty was the standardization of laws and measurements throughout the empire. The emperor's legal code, which was written down for the first time, was based on strict punishments for crimes, with severe penalties for even minor offenses. This helped to create a sense of order and stability in society.
The Qin Dynasty also established a system of public works projects, such as the construction of the Great Wall of China and the Lingqu Canal. These projects helped to improve transportation and communication throughout the empire and stimulated economic growth.
In addition, the Qin Dynasty was known for its military prowess, which allowed it to expand the empire's borders and conquer neighboring territories. This military strength was supported by the bureaucracy, which helped to ensure that the emperor's directives were carried out efficiently and effectively.
Overall, the Qin Dynasty's bureaucratic system played a key role in establishing the foundations of Chinese governance, which would continue to evolve and develop over the centuries that followed. Its accomplishments in standardizing laws and measurements, creating public works projects, and expanding the empire's borders laid the groundwork for China's continued growth and development as a major world power.
which best summarizes the concept of manifest destiny in the 1840s? responses the united states should grow enough crops to supply all of its citizens with food. the united states should grow enough crops to supply all of its citizens with food. the united states should help other countries achieve justice in their courts. the united states should help other countries achieve justice in their courts. the united states should be the most powerful country in the world. the united states should be the most powerful country in the world. the united states should grow from the atlantic to the pacific.
Manifest Destiny in the 1840s was the belief that the United States should expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific, becoming the most powerful country in the world.
It was based on the idea of Americans' special mission to spread democracy and civilization to the continent.
Manifest Destiny was a widely held belief in the 1840s that the United States should spread democracy and civilization to the continent, growing from the Atlantic to the Pacific and becoming the most powerful country in the world.
This idea was based on the American mission of self-government and the advancement of the idea of liberty for all citizens. Manifest Destiny held that this mission could only be fulfilled by the expansion of the United States.
This belief justified the expansion of the United States into land that belonged to Native Americans and other foreign countries, such as Mexico and Canada.
Expansion was based on the idea of Anglo-Saxon superiority, and that it was the duty of the United States to civilize the continent. This belief justified the expansion of the United States, as well as many of the policies that were enacted, such as the Indian Removal Act.
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Why did Thomas Jefferson want to move forward with the Louisiana Purchase?
Answer:
Jefferson's men were in Paris because he wanted to buy the port of New Orleans. To him, New Orleans was key: Whoever owned it would be America's natural enemy because that nation would control the channel through which produce from more than a third of the United States had to pass.
Explanation:
What is the only court mentioned in the constitution? where is it mentioned in the constitution?
The only court mentioned in the U.S. Constitution is the Supreme Court. It is mentioned in Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution.
The Supreme Court is the only court listed in the U.S. Constitution. The judicial power of the United States is vested in one supreme court and in any lesser courts that the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish, according to Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which established the judicial branch of government.
The Supreme Court's organization and functions are only broadly outlined in the Constitution; Congress must create subordinate federal courts and specify the scope of its authority and how it will operate. The Constitution does, however, state that justices of the Supreme Court must be chosen by the President with the Senate's advice and consent, and that they must serve for a "good behaviour" period. Additionally, the Supreme Court is empowered by the Constitution to use its judicial review authority to declare legislation or other government actions unconstitutional.
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What did the Chavin culture in south America heavily rely on?
A. Fishing
B. Trade and barter
C. Pottery and metal work
D. Advanced irrigation systems \
The Chavin culture in South America heavily relied on C. Pottery and metalwork.
The Chavin civilization emerged in the Andean highlands of Peru around 900 BCE and lasted until around 200 BCE. They were known for their advanced artistic and metallurgical skills, including the creation of intricate pottery and the use of gold, silver, and copper in their metalwork. The Chavin also had a complex religious system that involved the worship of various deities and the use of hallucinogenic plants in religious rituals.
While fishing and trade were also important to the Chavin economy, pottery and metalwork were central to their artistic and cultural identity. The Chavin created a distinctive style of pottery that featured geometric designs and intricate iconography, and their metalwork included intricate jewelry and ceremonial objects. These artistic and cultural achievements were a testament to the sophistication and creativity of the Chavin civilization.
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Which action was a direct result of the massive loss of life during World War
2?
OA. The Nuremberg trials
B. The Atomic Bomb Act
C. The Restoration Act
OD. The Potsdam Conference
SUBMIT
Answer:
A. The Nuremberg trials
The massive loss of life during World War 2 led to the establishment of the Nuremberg trials, which were a series of military tribunals held by the Allied powers after the war to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany for war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity. The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949, and resulted in the conviction of several high-ranking Nazi officials. The trials were a direct response to the atrocities committed during the war and were intended to hold the perpetrators accountable for their actions.
Watch the video, “Growing Sectionalism,” and write down two things you learned.????
The Sectionalism is the excessive preference for a region's interests over those of the nation as a whole. Tension has persisted between several regions throughout American history
The West threatened New Englanders in the 18th and 19th centuries as American immigrants moved westward, taking many of their region's most skilled and tenacious laborers with them. Additionally, a growing railroad network allowed Western farmers to produce grain and wool that outsold those of the impoverished New England hill region. As a result of their appreciation for the distinctiveness of their region, their belief that Easterners looked down on them as being uncultured, and their resentment of the Eastern businessmen who were taking advantage of them, Westerners in turn created their own strong sectional identity. When California submitted its application to become a state that forbade slavery in the union in 1850, partisan fervor was stoked. Sen. Henry Clay of Kentucky initially supported compromise legislation, but Sen. Robert Byrd of West Virginia eventually helped it pass.
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Mayra poured 10 mL of vinegar into a plastic cup. Then she recorded the initial
temperature as 22 degrees Celsius. While a thermometer was in the cup she added about
1/2 teaspoon of baking soda to the cup. She noticed that the baking soda dissolved into
the vinegar and bubbles started to form. After the bubbles stopped and the temperature
stopped changing Mayra recorded the temperature as 15 degrees celsius.
Which model most accurately depicts the change that happened in the cup?
The reaction in which energy is absorbed during the reaction and the reactants have more energy than the products would be the most appropriate model to represent this shift.
Would an endothermic or exothermic reaction cause the beaker to become cold when vinegar and baking soda are combined?Energy was required to separate baking soda and vinegar, and energy was released when carbon dioxide, sodium acetate, and water were formed. As more energy was used to separate the vinegar and baking soda, the temperature decreased.
What distinguishes an experiment from an endothermic experiment?While some interactions produce heat, others absorb it. Temperature increases during exothermic processes but decreases during endothermic ones.
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In May 1945, Germany surrendered after Nazi forces were trapped between:
A. American and Soviet forces in the West, and British forces in the
East.
B. British forces in the West, and American and Soviet forces in the
East.
C. American and British forces in the West, and Soviet forces in the
East.
D. Soviet forces in the West, and American and British forces in the
East.
SUBMIT
Answer:
c
Explanation:
how did jimmy carter affect georgias AND the united states society, economy, and government?
Jimmy Carter, who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981, had a significant impact on G e orgia and the United States in various ways.
What was his impact as governor?As a Georgia state senator and governor, he emphasized public education, racial equality, and environmental protection. As president, Carter promoted human rights, energy conservation, and a more balanced foreign policy.
His administration also oversaw the creation of the Department of Energy and the signing of the Camp David Accords between I s r ael and Egypt. Carter's presidency was also marked by economic challenges, including high inflation and unemployment.
Overall, Carter's legacy is one of a committed public servant who sought to improve the lives of Americans and promote peace and justice on a global scale.
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What did President Harding believe about post-World War I America?
O It was wounded and needed international
help.
It was unshaken and secure and had new hope
It would be a major world leader from that point forward.
DONE
When one surveys the world about him after the great storm, noting the marks of destruction and yet rejoicing in the ruggedness of the things which withstood it, if he is an American he breathes the clarified atmosphere with a strange mingling of regret and new hope. We have seen a world passion spend its fury, but we contemplate our Republic unshaken, and hold our civilization secure.
- Warren G. Harding
Inaugural address, 1921
Answer:
President Harding believed that post-World War I America was unshaken and secure and had new hope. In his inaugural address in 1921, he remarked that although the world had experienced destruction and chaos, the American Republic had withstood it all and remained strong. He noted that America had the potential to be a major world leader from that point forward.
Explanation:
What was an effect her movement had on the prison and mental health
Mental health issues and substance abuse issues occur alongside one another. Many other incarcerated individuals may experience depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, or PTSD. 5 For some, these issues may be pre-existing conditions.
Who was the movement's leader for prison and mental health reform?
Due to her desire to make life better for those who are on the periphery of society, Dorothea Dix learned about this sinister truth. She worked as a nurse and prison instructor, where she came into contact with inmates who had severe mental illnesses.
What was the mental health reform movement?
Insane people were given the exact treatment they required without being mistreated thanks to the mental health reform movement. The first to advocate for the rights of those with mental illnesses was former schoolteacher Dorothea Dix. The "voice for the mad" was said to be her.
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Why did Democratic Republicans attack
Federalists in the election of 1800?
Check all of the boxes that apply.
for increasing the size of the federal
government
for supporting the French
for lack of military support
because of the Alien and Sedition Acts
Answer:
increasing the size of the federal government,
their support for the French,
their lack of military support,
the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Explanation:
The Democratic-Republicans attacked Federalists in the election of 1800 because of their support for increasing the size of the federal government, their support for the French, their lack of military support, and the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were seen as an attack on civil liberties, and the Democratic-Republicans used this to their advantage to rally support against the Federalists.
Which group educating the public about the closet in nature of the war
Without more context or knowledge, it is challenging to give a definite response. Yet, a number of organisations and organisations work to inform the public about the facts and effects of war. Many public
The public is educated on the reality of war by a number of groups and organisations. These organisations seek to increase public understanding of the terrible repercussions that armed conflict has on people, communities, and societies at large. They also emphasise the significance of resolving disputes amicably rather than using force and aggressiveness. These organisations want to establish a culture of peace and nonviolence where disputes are settled peacefully and cooperatively rather than through force. They do this via advocacy and education. These groups aid in the creation of a more just and peaceful society by informing the public about the reality of war and encouraging nonviolent conflict resolution. public
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Which was a disagreement between the Catholic Church and the Eastern
Orthodox Church?
A. The Catholic Church wanted to use Greek as the official language.
B. Only the Catholic Church followed the pope.
C. In the Orthodox Church, priests were not allowed to marry.
D. The Orthodox Church did not believe in Jesus Christ.
C. In the Orthodox Church, priests were not allowed to marry, was a disagreement between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, priests were allowed to marry and have families, while in the Catholic Church, priests were expected to remain celibate. This was one of the many differences that led to the Great Schism in 1054, which resulted in the separation of the two churches. Other factors included disagreements over the authority of the Pope, the use of icons in worship, and theological differences. The split between the two churches created lasting divisions between the Eastern and Western Christian traditions, which still exist today.
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