Genes are genetic units that code for traits. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that express different phenotypes of the same trait. B) alleles are responsible for variation in traits, while genes are responsible for the expression of traits.
What are genes and alleles?
Genes are the hereditable DNA fragments that transmit the information needed to specify traits.
This information passes from parents to offspring, generation to generation.
Genes are physically placed and arranged in chromosomes. Each chromosome contains too many genes that might vary in length.
Alleles are different forms of a gene that result from a mutation in the original gene.
By the process of natural mutation, a gene might change into two or more alternative forms that are called alleles.
These alternative forms codify for the same trait expressing different phenotypes.
The correct option is B. alleles are responsible for variation in traits, while genes are responsible for the expression of traits.
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what is the maximum extent to which the parts of the temporomandibular joint can move when opening and closing as measured in degrees of a circle?
Range of motion is the maximum degree of a circle that the temporomandibular joint components can move when opening and closing.
The temporomandibular jointhas two craters that are separated by an articular plate and have fibrocartilaginous surfaces. Separate superior and inferior synovial membranes interline these superior and inferior articular craters.
The entire flow of a joint is a fit achievement; a range of motion (ROM) is the range or limit at which any of the parties may propose a joint or an established point. A tool called a goniometer is used to calculate the range of motion.
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in drosophila, mutation screening usually involves use of a balancer chromosome that includes three elements: a set of overlapping inversions, an easily recognized dominant mutation, and a recessive lethal mutation that prevents balancer homozygotes from surviving. which one, or combination, of these elements is necessary and sufficient to suppress crossovers?
In Drosophila genetics, balancer chromosomes are chromosomes that have had many inversions and rearrangements. Balancers, which were first described almost a century ago, are widely utilized in intricate crosses and stock maintenance.
A fly geneticist's toolkit includes powerful and crucial balancer chromosomes. They are employed in genetic mating strategies to keep harmful mutations in stable stocks, avoid recombination, and track chromosomes. Typical balancer chromosomes are made to do three things: carry dominant genetic markers, suppress meiotic recombination with their homologs, and carry recessive fatal mutations. This way, homozygotes that don't carry the desired mutation are eliminated. In Drosophila melanogaster, the Y chromosome plays a crucial role in male reproduction. only 16 of these are protein-coding genes.
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Cecropias are known for the mutualistic relationship they have with which creature?.
The mutualistic association that cecropias have with creature ants is well documented.
What function does a cecropia moth serve?The adult stage of the cecropia moth exists solely for mating and egg-laying. Cecropia moths must survive as adults on the fat reserves they stored while they were caterpillars. They actually only have a short lifespan and are completely mouthless.
How uncommon are cecropia moths?The International Union for Conservation of Nature has not evaluated the cecropia moth, but it doesn't appear to be all that uncommon to find in the United States. On a maple or birch tree, you might be able to catch one in the spring or summer.
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after calculating the rfp expression ratio for your mutant promoter, you determine the ratio is 0.73. what can you say about your mutant promoter?
A mutation in a gene's promoter region may interfere with the orderly recruitment of transcription factors (TFs) at the promoter, which may interfere with the normal processes of gene activation depending on the location and kind of the genetic defect. As a result, a promoter mutation can alter the amount of mRNA and consequently protein.
The ratio of RFP responses The RFP Response Ratio is a metric used to assess a company's diligence in selecting which RFPs to pursue. By dividing the total number of RFPs pursued by the total number of RFPs received, it is determined.
Promoter mutations can have extremely subtle effects. Additionally, the experiments required to examine the functional connection between the mutation and the disease are lengthy and challenging to carry out. Promoter mutation analysis is complicated.
As a result, comprehensive studies of promoter mutations are uncommon and frequently restricted to research laboratories.
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Which balanced redox reaction is occurring in the voltaic cell represented by the notation of a l ( s ) | a l 3 + ( a q ) | | p b 2 + ( a q ) | p b ( s ) ?.
As a redox reaction takes place, a voltaic cell generates power. The reduction potentials can be used to gauge a voltaic cell's voltage.
Do voltaic cells undergo redox reactions?As a redox reaction takes place, a voltaic cell generates power. The reduction potentials of the half reactions can be used to calculate the voltage of a voltaic cell. Batteries, a practical source of electricity, are made from voltaic cells.
What kind of operation takes place in a voltaic cell?natural redox reactions
A voltaic cell, often referred to as a galvanic cell, is an electrochemical cell that produces electricity by redox reactions that occur on their own.
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describe the effect of increasing the efferent radius on glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate
An growth in efferent radius will lower each capillary stress and filtration rate. With an expanded radius, the blood might be capable of float quicker out of the glomerular and reduce filtration rate(much less urine is produced), and the stress will drop while the blood quantity is decreased.
An growth withinside the efferent arteriolar diameter (lower in resistance) reasons a lower withinside the glomerular capillary hydrostatic stress and a lower in GFR. A lower withinside the diameter of the efferent arteriole has the other effect.
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individuals from which of the following backgrounds are least likely to experience emerging adulthood? group of answer choices western cultures high ses low ses all of these are equally likely to experience emerging adulthood
Emerging adulthood is primarily found in developed countries, with most young people completing tertiary education and becoming parents at an average age of about 30.
Adulthood, the period in a person's lifespan when they reach full physical and mental maturity. Adulthood usually begins at age 20 or 21. From about 40 to middle-aged, from about 60 to the elderly.
"Emerging adulthood" is a term that describes the developmental stage from about age 18 to her 29 that most people go through in their 20s in Western culture, and perhaps in other parts of the world as well. Growing adults have five characteristics:
Selfishness, insecurity, the search for identity, and in-between, a sense of possibility. Emerging adulthood occurs in all ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic groups, but the experience of emerging adulthood differs from group to group.
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are these ciliates more closely related to all other protists than they are to plants, fungi, or animals? select all that apply. are these ciliates more closely related to all other protists than they are to plants, fungi, or animals?select all that apply. ciliates are as closely related to plants as they are to protistan members of the archaeplastida. ciliates are more closely related to all other protists than they are to plants, fungi, and animals. ciliates are more closely related to the unikonta than to fungi and animals. ciliates are as closely related to plants as they are to protistan members of sar. ciliates are as closely related to fungi and animals as they are to protistan member of SAR:
Ciliates are connected to protistan members of the eukaryotic supergroup Unikonta in the same way that fungi and mammals are. the aforementioned.
Why are these ciliates less closely related to plants, fungi, or mammals than to all other protists?Ciliates have protistan members of the Archaeplastida as close relatives as they do to plants. Ciliates are protistan members of the eukaryotic supergroup Unikonta and are closely linked to both fungi and animals.
What protists share the most genetic similarity with fungi and animals?The organisms that are most similar to the kingdom of fungi are nucleariids. They are single-celled organisms that consume bacteria and algae for food. Choanoflagellates are the closest relatives of animals. They are also single-celled protists and have a flagella at the cell's one side.
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although goats and sheep appear similar and can be mated (gametes fuse), their offspring are rarely born alive. this is an example of .
When Arizona's Grand Canyon formed, squirrels and other small mammals that were once part of a single population were no longer able to contact or reproduce with each other across this new geographic barrier.
They could no longer cross. The squirrel population underwent allopatric speciation. Kaibab and Abert's Squirrels: Separate species of squirrels evolved after the Grand Canyon formed, resulting in different species of squirrels evolving on both sides of the canyon. Reproductive isolation is a set of mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes that prevent members of two different species that interbreed or mate from producing offspring, or that ensure that any offspring that may be produced are not fertile. In speciation, an ancestral species splits into two or more offspring species that are genetically different from each other and can no longer interbreed. Darwinian evolutionists distinguished between two main forms of speciation, allopatric speciation, which takes place under conditions of spatial isolation of populations, and sympatric speciation, which occurs within populations sharing the same habitat.
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Before the development of molecular techniques, scientists classified animals based on shared morphological and embryological characters. Complete the sentences discussing the bases for traditional animal classification. Animals possess specialized ____________ . The division of animals as radial or bilateral is based on each group's body ____________ . The Bilateria are, in turn, divided into three major classifications based upon the structure of the ____________ . This feature is important because it allows for organs to be cushioned by ____________ that is relatively incompressible. Lastly, animals can be classified by the way their zygotes subsequently divide to form a multicellular individual; the embryological pathway can proceed by either ____________ cleavage. cartilage complete or incomplete fluid mitotic or meiotic nucleic acids organs radial or spiral tissues symmetry DNA BODY CAVITY FLUID BONE
Animals collectively known as the Eumetazoa possess specialized tissues. The division of animals as radial or bilateral is based on each group's body. The Bilateria are, in turn, divided into three major classifications based upon the structure of the Body Cavity. This feature is important because it allows for organs to be cushioned by fluid that is relatively incompressible. Lastly, animals can be classified by the way their zygotes subsequently divide to form a multicellular individual; the embryological pathway can proceed by either radial or spiral cleavage.
Eumetazoa include all multicellular forms except the sponges. A fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs is termed as body cavity. The division planes are not at 90° angles, thus the blastomeres are not aligned directly over or beside one another in spiral clevage. In Radial Cleavage resulting daughter cells are located exactly on top of one another.
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blocking afferent action potentials from the chemorecep- tors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to a. changes in ph b. changes in pco2 c. changes in blood pressure d. changes in po2
It would be difficult for the brain to control breathing in response to -
(option c) change in blood pressure.
A chemoreceptor, sometimes referred to as a chemosensory receptor, is a specialized sensory organ that converts a chemical substance (either endogenous or produced) into a biological signal. If the chemoreceptor is a neuron, the signal may take the form of an action potential; otherwise, it may take the form of a neurotransmitter that can activate a nerve fibre. Examples of such specialised cells include taste receptors and internal peripheral chemoreceptors like the carotid bodies. An increase in the breathing amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, for example, is one alteration that a chemoreceptor can detect in physiology (hypercapnia).
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What is the background activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ans called?.
Multiple autonomic innervations
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers innervate the heart, glands, and smooth muscles (dual innervation). Additionally, they are typically reciprocally engaged, meaning that when the activity of one division rises, the activity of the other falls.
What is the proper name for the equilibrium between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity?Homeostasis is the state of balance between the two systems.Activity is determined by dual innervation at each target effector. For instance, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions both connect to the heart. One makes the heart beat faster, while the other makes the heart beat slower.
The definitions of sympathetic and parasympathetic activityThe nervous system controls "fight-or-flight" reactions. In other words, this sympathetic technique prepares the body for challenging exercise. The bodily functions that we would anticipate would make this possible do in fact occur. The "rest and digest" processes are regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
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which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tis- sues? a. decreased temperature b. decreased ph c. increased tissue po2 d. none of the above
The answer is option (d) is none of the above.
What is oxygen?
Its atomic number is 8, making oxygen a chemical element. When oxygen is present at normal pressures and temperatures, it forms the chemical compound (O2), which has two atoms and is a colorless gas.
What is hemoglobin ?
In addition to carrying oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and facilitating the return of carbon dioxide, hemoglobin also functions as a two-way respiratory carrier. Hemoglobin's high affinity for oxygen and low affinity for carbon dioxide, organic phosphates, hydrogen ions, and chloride ions in arterial circulation are characteristics that distinguish them from one another.
Therefore, answer is option (d) is none of the above.
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what connections can you make between homeostasis and the reproductive system in the concept map? select all that apply.
Connections can you make between homeostasis and the reproductive system is that it does other organ system’s maintenance is not provided by the reproductive system.
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is any self-regulating process that allows biological systems to maintain stability while adjusting to environmental factors that are best for survival.
The organism's equilibrium is not greatly aided by the reproductive system. The maintenance of the species is what the reproductive system actually pertains to. By ensuring that the children live, the reproductive system keeps the body's balance.
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if a retrovirus could infect one of any of these kinds of cells, which would amplify it the most within the first 2 hours?
Cancer cells are the best target to amplify the most within first 2 hours. Highly oncogenic retroviruses are recombinants of viral and host genes.
Retroviruses are viruses with RNA rather than DNA in their genomes that infect cancer cells. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that is used to integrate into the DNA of the host cells. It is enhanced to a greater extent the more cell replication takes place. More retroviruses are then produced by the cell, infecting further cells. Many diseases, including AIDS and various types of cancer, are linked to retroviruses.
Low-incidence cancer-causing retroviruses lack inserted host information. Instead, it seems that they alter the expression of potentially carcinogenic host genes, which in turn results in cancer. Retroviruses incorporate proviral DNA into the chromosomal DNA of their host during the course of their regular life cycle. Integrations take place across numerous locations. Although most integrations are benign, some can cause cancer. Many of these seem to encode tyrosine phosphorylating protein kinases.
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is dna attracted to the anode or cathode? which is applied to the top of the casket/gel and which is applied to the bottom of the casket/gel. why?
In gel electrophoresis, the anode is positively charged. DNA is a negatively charged molecule, which attracts different charges, so DNA migrates towards the anode during gel electrophoresis.
Gel electrophoresis is the experimental method for the separating mixtures of the DNA, RNA, or the proteins by the molecular size. In gel the electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are to be forced into the gel containing small pores by the electric field. What is the Principle of Gel Electrophoresis? Gel Electrophoresis and DNA DNA is negatively charged, so when an electric current is passed through the gel, the DNA migrates towards the positively charged electrode. Fragments are ordered by size because short DNA strands migrate through the gel faster than long strands.
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Active neurons need ATP to support which of the following?
A) the movement of materials to the soma by axoplasmic transport
B) the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules C) the movement of materials from the soma by axoplasmic transport
D) the recovery from action potentials
E) all of the above
the axoplasmic transport of materials TO the soma and the axoplasmic transport of materials FROM the soma. the creation of chemicals related to neurotransmitters. recuperation from potentials. Through stimulating microglia, ATP may encourage the rebuilding of synaptic networks.
Extracellular ATP is primarily thought to serve as a rapid excitatory neurotransmitter in neuro-neuronal and neuro-effector synapses by activating postsynaptic P2X receptors. Additionally, ATP stimulates microglia to generate plasminogen, a kind of neurotrophic factor that improves synaptic neurite outgrowth from explants of neocortical tissue and encourages the proliferation of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons.
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When all the members of a species or population have the same allele for a certain gene, we say that gene is.
When all the members of a species or population have the same allele for a certain gene, we say that gene is homozygous.
What do you understand by homozygous?The presence of two identical alleles at a particular gene locus is called homozygous. It may have two normal alleles or two alleles that have the same variant.
Individuals can be homozygous or heterozygous for these homologous loci such that if all the members of a population are homozygous for the same allele, then that allele is said to be fixed. There are two or more alleles for a gene and each contributing a relative frequency in the gene pool.
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Examining our photo further, those orangish-red petals belong to the heliconia rostrata. What undersea creature is it commonly named after?.
The herbaceous perennial plant Heliconia rostrata, often known as the hanging lobster claw or false bird of paradise, is indigenous to Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, and El Salvador.
What does heliconia's color resemble?Heliconias, which are related to canna, strelitzia, and bananas, have a development pattern in common with those plants. The bracts that cover the flowers' petals can be a variety of vibrant colors, including reds, oranges, yellows, and greens. Pollination is frequently restricted to a subset of the local hummingbirds due to floral form.
Why is the lobster claw name given to the Heliconia flower?This plant has paddle-shaped leaves that are connected to the family of bananas. Heliconias have "bracts" that resemble beaks and can be any color—orange, purple, red, yellow, pink, or green—and are sometimes referred to as "lobster claws" or "parrot flowers."
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what substance get reabsorbed by the nephrons and why ?
Answer: Ca++, Na+, glucose, and amino acids
Explanation:
The cash flow statement should be evaluated by examining the cash flow pattern ______.
Examine the cash flow pattern of the subtotals for the three sections of the cash flow statement to evaluate it.
The amount of cash or cash equivalent that the guest receives or discharges parenthetically of a fee(s) to creditors is popular as cash flow. Cash flow reasoning is frequently used to analyze the liquidity position of the association. Cash flow is the inflow and efflux of services from a trade. It should be for daily movements, taxes, buying stock, and paying workers and money needed to run a business.
Cash flow is the main cause it enables you to meet your existent monetary responsibilities as well as anticipate the future. A cash flow statement is an economic statement that supports an aggregate dossier concerning all cash inflows a company endures from allure continuous movements and external expense beginnings. It again includes all cash outflows that finance trade projects and money during a likely ending.
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what connects the upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons? what connects the upper motor neurons to lower motor neurons? interneurons sensory neurons primary afferent neuron muscle fibers
Lower motor neurons' anterior horn cells form a synaptic connection with upper motor neurons in the spinal cord, typically through interneurons. The lower motor neurons' cell bodies, known as the anterior horn cells, are found in the spinal cord's grey matter.
Interneurons serve as the communication hubs for neural circuits, allowing information to be sent to lower motor neurons or the central nervous system (CNS) in the brain stem and spinal cord from higher motor neurons, sensory, or motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Your muscles contract when they receive a signal from the higher motor neurons via another signal that is sent to them. They are essential for the adult mammalian brain's neurogenesis, neuronal oscillations, and reflexes.
Renshaw cells are among the earliest interneurons to be discovered. The motor neurons' axon collaterals stimulate them. Renshaw cells also link negatively to a number of motor neuron populations.
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which of the following converts nitrogen from the atmosphere into reactive nitrogen. (select the three correct answers.) a. bacteria in root nodules of some types of plants b. plants without root nodules c. lighting d. animals e. bacteria in water or soil
The options that convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into reactive nitrogen are c. lighting e. bacteria in water or soil a. bacteria in root nodules of some types of plants
The nitrogen that is present inside the atmosphere is in a form that cannot be used by plants. In order for this atmospheric nitrogen to be used by plants, it needs to be converted into nitrates and nitrites.
The atmospheric nitrogen can be converted into nitrates and nitrites either by lightning. Also, bacteria that are present inside the soil and water change the atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants. Bacteria that are present in the root nodules can also exhibit this function.
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archaeopteryx is a primitive bird from the late jurassic period that shares many characteristics with extinct theropod dinosaurs and modern-day birds. based on this information archaeopteryx would be a(n)
Archaeopteryx is a primitive bird from the late jurassic period that shares many characteristics with extinct theropod dinosaurs and modern-day birds. based on this information archaeopteryx would be a(n) transitional form.
What is Archaeopteryx?
In what is now southern Germany, Archaeopteryx lived in the Late Jurassic approximately 150 million years ago. At that time, Europe was an archipelago of islands in a shallow, warm, tropical sea that was much closer to the equator than it is today. The largest species of Archaeopteryx might reach lengths of around 0.5 m, making them roughly the size of a Eurasian magpie, with the largest individuals possibly growing to the size of a raven. Archaeopteryx shared more traits with other small Mesozoic dinosaurs than they did with contemporary birds, despite its small stature, broad wings, and presumed capacity to fly or glide. They particularly resembled the dromaeosaurids and troodontids in that they had long bone tails, sharp teeth in the jaws, and three clawed digits.
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Remnant of low-mass or medium-mass star
PLS HELP do tomorrow
A. White Dwarf
B. Neutron Star
White dwarfs are small stars that emerge when larger stars like red giants run out of hydrogen, which they use as fuel, and disintegrate. White dwarfs are the core of these large stars. A) White Dwarf
What is a white dwarf?
An average star can go through different stages in its life cycle as it evolves.
The stages are the followings,
NebulaProtostarMain sequence (orange and yellow dwarf)SubgiantRed giantWhite dwarf.
When red giants begin to disintegrate because they run out of fuel (hydrogen), they lose their outer layers, and their core remains exposed. This core of low mass cools and becomes a white dwarf.
White Dwarfs are Remnant of low-mass or medium-mass star. Option A)
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researchers have found that increasing global temperatures will cause methane (ch4), a greenhouse gas, to be emitted at increasing rates by microorganisms found in freshwater ecosystems. what biogeochemical cycle will be most directly affected by this increase in methane?
The carbon cycle will be most directly affected by this increase in methane. The correct answer is option (A).
It is obvious from the supplied question that the rate of methane emission will increase as a result of the anticipated rise in temperature brought on by global warming. The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that will be directly impacted by this.
One atom of carbon and four hydrogen atoms make up the molecule known as methane. The carbon dioxide that organisms release into the atmosphere is captured by producers as part of the carbon cycle, and when methane emissions rise, it becomes more difficult for organisms to absorb carbon dioxide due to its excess presence. Carbon dioxide should be present in order for the producers to capture the carbon.
The complete question is:
Researchers have found that increasing global temperatures will cause methane (ch4), a greenhouse gas, to be emitted at increasing rates by microorganisms found in freshwater ecosystems. what biogeochemical cycle will be most directly affected by this increase in methane?
(A). Carbon cycle
(B). Hydrogeological cycle
(C). Nitrogen cycle
(D). Phosphorous cycle
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What is the role of atp when large molecules need to be transported across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient?.
To release energy, the link between the phosphate groups is broken. This energy aids in the movement of molecules against a concentration gradient across cell membranes.
What method is used to move molecules across a cell membrane?Active and passive transport are the two methods used to move molecules across a cell membrane. Simple diffusion, assisted diffusion, and osmosis are examples of passive transport techniques that depend on the inherent kinetic energy of molecules.
How does ATP work to give the cell energy?Energy is released when the connection between the second and third phosphate groups is broken for cellular functions. Glucose provides the energy necessary for the breakdown of ADP and a phosphate group into ATP during cellular respiration.
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the vital capacity is equal to the group of answer choices maximum amount of air breathed out. the air that comes in during a normal breath. maximum amount of air breathed in. maximum amount of air breathed in and the maximum amount of air breathed out. the air left in the lungs after exhalation.
The maximum amount of air breathed in and the maximum amount of air breathed out during a single breath.
The amount of air in the lungs that is still present after a forceful expiration is known as the residual air. The tidal volume refers to the amount of air exchanged during typical breathing. The volume of air that can be forcefully inspired after regular inspiration is referred to as the inspiratory reserve volume. The vital capacity is equal to the total lung capacity minus the residual volume. The inspiratory capacity is the vital capacity less the expiratory reserve volume. When using a spirometer to measure rapid exhalation, obstructive disorders like emphysema or asthma can be detected and their effects can be determined.
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when activated, the reduces hunger. a) lateral hypothalamus b) ventromedial hypothalamus c) central hypothalamus d) thalamus
The ventromedial hypothalamus when activated reduces hunger.
The hypothalamus is a small part of your brain that sits just above the pituitary gland. It controls various bodily functions like hunger, thirst, body temperature, and hormones released by the pituitary gland. The three parts of the hypothalamus that regulate food intake are called the ventromedial nuclei, the lateral hypothalamic zone, and the arcuate nucleus. The ventromedial nucleus is the center of satiety and when stimulated causes the feeling of satiety. On the other hand, the lateral hypothalamic zone is the center of nourishment and when stimulated, it causes the feeling of hunger. Finally, there is the arcuate nucleus which is like a switchboard that receives various signals from the gastrointestinal tract. This nucleus sends neural fibers to regulate the feeding center and the satiety center. The lateral hypothalamus responds to any internal or external stimulation that causes a feeling of hunger. Once you've eaten, the ventromedial hypothalamus sends signals telling you when you feel full and have had enough.
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How is information for a spectific protein carried on the dna molecule
Answer: First, enzymes read the information in a DNA molecule and transcribe it into an intermediary molecule called messenger ribonucleic acid, or mRNA. Next, the information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the "language" of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.