Modigliani and Miller (M&M) Propositions I and II have significant implications in a no-tax world. Let's discuss each proposition below:
Modigliani and Miller (M&M) Proposition I:Proposition I of Modigliani and Miller suggests that the value of a firm is independent of the capital structure in a no-tax world. According to this proposition, the value of a firm is determined by its operating income, expected future growth, and risk of its assets, but not by the way it is financed. This implies that the market value of a firm remains constant, whether it is financed through equity or debt.In a no-tax world, the cost of capital is determined by the risk of the assets and not by the way they are financed. Therefore, a firm's cost of capital remains the same irrespective of its capital structure. Proposition I suggests that the company can reduce its cost of capital by increasing the debt component of its capital structure. However, the increase in debt financing also increases the risk associated with the firm. As the risk increases, the cost of capital also increases.Modigliani and Miller (M&M) Proposition II:Proposition II of Modigliani and Miller suggests that the cost of equity increases linearly with the increase in the debt-equity ratio. According to this proposition, the cost of equity rises as the leverage increases because of the increased risk of bankruptcy. Investors' expectations of a higher return from equity also increase as the debt-equity ratio increases. Therefore, the cost of equity is dependent on the level of risk, which is higher with an increase in the debt-equity ratio. In conclusion, the implications of Modigliani and Miller's propositions I and II in a no-tax world are that the capital structure of a firm is irrelevant in determining the value of the firm. The cost of capital is determined by the risk of the assets and not by the way they are financed. The cost of equity increases linearly with the increase in the debt-equity ratio because of the increased risk of bankruptcy. Investors expect a higher return from equity as the debt-equity ratio increases.
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The centerpiece of Republican Democracy is the idea of political representation – the idea that the people elect representatives that will work on their behalf to fulfill the duties of government. The institutions and processes by which the American people elect their representatives vary in the degree to which there are more democratic (something like ballot initiatives for legislation) or more republican (the appointment of Supreme Court justices by the President), with a system like the Electoral college falling somewhere in between. No matter how representatives are selected the idea, at least in theory, is that they will represent the people who elected them. The goal for this paper is to discuss and evaluate political representation in the U.S. when it comes to the two major political parties. In the last part of the class we will discuss the idea of new or third parties and their role in the system, so save all your ideas on that topic for then.
1.) Define political representation and discuss what it means in theory for the United States. You should have at least a few citations/sources here and, of course, in each of the following sections as well. (2-3 pages)
2.) How do political parties fit within this framework? Refer to Federalist Paper #10 and its idea of factions. What role do parties serve in the U.S. system? (2-3 pages)
3.) Evaluate the current state of representation in the United States when it comes political parties. Focus on the two major parties – Democrats and Republicans. This section should be 3-5 pages total. For each, describe:
Their current party platforms – what did they run on in 2020?
Who do they represent?
Ideology
Social identities (race, class, gender, sexuality, etc.)
Economics
Geography
4.) How can, or should, we reform political parties to better achieve the goal of political representation? These can be your suggestions or those offered by others. Would you anticipate that either party will engage in these reforms in 2022 or beyond? (2-3 pages)
The goal of this paper is to discuss and evaluate political representation in the U.S. within the framework of the two major political parties, Democrats and Republicans.
The paper aims to examine the concept of political representation in the United States and its application to the two major political parties. It will delve into the theoretical aspects of political representation, exploring the meaning and significance of representation in a democratic system. The discussion will be supported by relevant citations and sources to provide a comprehensive understanding of political representation in theory.Furthermore, the paper will explore the role of political parties within the framework of political representation, referencing Federalist Paper #10 and its concept of factions. It will analyze the function and purpose of political parties in the U.S. system, considering their role in representing the interests and views of the electorate.
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Please contribute to the following discussion questions in one discussion post:
What are developing states/societies?
How do developing states/societies differ from developed states/societies?
What is development and how do you measure it according to the reading and video?
What do you agree with and why?
Developing states/societies refer to countries or regions that are undergoing the process of economic, social, and political progress. These states often have lower levels of industrialization, infrastructure, and human development compared to developed states/societies.
The main difference between developing and developed states/societies lies in their level of economic development, infrastructure, living standards, and social indicators. Developed states/societies have achieved higher levels of industrialization, technological advancements, and infrastructure development, leading to higher standards of living, better healthcare, education, and overall well-being for their citizens.
Development can be defined as the process of improving the economic, social, and political well-being of a society. It involves enhancing factors such as GDP growth, income distribution, access to education and healthcare, human rights, and environmental sustainability. The reading and video may suggest various indicators to measure development, such as GDP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), poverty rates, education enrollment rates, life expectancy, and environmental sustainability metrics.
Personally, I agree with the concept of development as a multidimensional process that goes beyond economic growth. It should encompass improvements in the overall well-being and quality of life for individuals within a society. I also find the use of multidimensional indicators like the HDI valuable, as it takes into account factors beyond just economic measures. Assessing development from a holistic perspective can provide a more accurate understanding of the progress made by states/societies.
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Assume you are preparing an indirect cash flow statement. Please
identify the section (Activities) of the cash flow statement and
whether the change represents a source or a use of cash.
Balance Sh
In preparing an indirect cash flow statement, the section that identifies the change as a source or use of cash is the Operating Activities section.
The Operating Activities section represents the cash flows generated or used in the normal course of business operations. It includes activities such as cash received from customers, cash paid to suppliers, employees, and other operating expenses. The change in the balance of operating activities reflects the net cash provided or used by the company's core operations.
If the change in the balance of operating activities is positive, it represents a source of cash. This indicates that the company generated more cash from its operations than it used during the period. On the other hand, if the change is negative, it represents a use of cash, indicating that the company utilized more cash in its operations than it generated.
It is important to analyze the operating activities section of the cash flow statement to understand the cash flow dynamics and the company's ability to generate cash from its core business operations.
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he figure shows cost curves of a firm in a competitive market. the firm always makes the choice to maximize its profit. if the market price of the product is $3.25, what is the firm's revenue?
The firm's revenue is $2,600 when the market price of the product is $3.25.
In order to find the firm's revenue, we need to know the quantity of the product the firm is selling at $3.25.
The point where the marginal cost (MC) curve intersects with the supply curve represents the quantity that the firm is willing to produce at a given price.
In this case, we can see that the intersection occurs at a quantity of Q = 800.
Therefore, the firm is willing to produce and sell 800 units of the product at a price of $3.25.
Now we can calculate the revenue by multiplying the price and quantity: Revenue = Price x Quantity = $3.25 x 800= $2,600
Therefore, the firm's revenue is $2,600 when the market price of the product is $3.25.
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Consider the following financial information for The Procter & Gamble Company stock. What is Procter & Gamble's price- to-earnings ratio? Procter & Gamble Stock price per share: $124.57 Earnings per share: $4.32 Price-to-book ratio: 6.8649 538.14 4.32 18.15 28.84
Price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio) is a financial ratio that compares the price per share of a company's stock with its earnings per share. In other words, the P/E ratio represents the value that investors place on each dollar of earnings of a company. It is one of the most popular financial ratios used by investors to determine the value of a company's stock.
A high P/E ratio indicates that the investors are willing to pay more for each dollar of earnings of the company, while a low P/E ratio indicates that the investors are not willing to pay much for each dollar of earnings of the company. The formula for calculating the P/E ratio is as follows: P/E ratio = Price per share / Earnings per share given that the stock price per share of The Procter & Gamble Company is $124.57 and the earnings per share is $4.32, the P/E ratio can be calculated as P/E ratio = 124.57 / 4.32= 28.84 Therefore, the P/E ratio of The Procter & Gamble Company is 28.84. This means that the investors are willing to pay $28.84 for each dollar of earnings of the company.
Given the financial information provided for The Procter & Gamble Company, it can be concluded that the P/E ratio of the company is 28.84.
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Write a mathematical expressioon of somebody who gets no utility
from soccer games but gets utility from concerts. use U=(Qs,Qc)
The mathematical expression for someone who gets no utility from soccer games but gets utility from concerts can be represented as follows:
U(Qs, Qc) = (0, Uc)
In this expression, Qs represents the quantity of soccer games attended, and Qc represents the quantity of concerts attended. The utility from soccer games is given as 0, indicating that there is no enjoyment or satisfaction derived from attending soccer games. On the other hand, the utility from concerts, denoted as Uc, is a variable that represents the level of enjoyment or satisfaction obtained from attending concerts.
By setting the utility from soccer games to zero, it implies that the individual derives no value or pleasure from attending soccer games. However, their utility from concerts can vary based on their preferences and experiences.
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Exercise 1-11 (Algo) Balance sheet identification and preparation LO P1
End-of-year current assets for two different companies follow. One is a manufacturer, Rayzer Skis Manufacturing, and the other, Sunrise Foods, is a merchandiser.
Account Company 1 Company 2
Cash $ 7,000 $ 5,000
Merchandise inventory 47,000 —
Raw materials inventory — 44,000
Work in process inventory — 32,000
Finished goods inventory — 52,000
Accounts receivable, net 61,000 71,000
Prepaid expenses 4,000 800
1. Identify which set of numbers relates to the manufacturer and which to the merchandiser.
2a. & 2b. Prepare the current asset section of the balance sheet at December 31 for each company
Based on the given information, we can identify the following set of numbers as belonging to the manufacturer, Rayzer Skis Manufacturing:
Raw materials inventory: $44,000
Work in process inventory: $32,000
Finished goods inventory: $52,000
These inventory accounts are typically associated with a manufacturing company that produces goods through various stages, from raw materials to finished products.
2a. Current asset section of the balance sheet for Rayzer Skis Manufacturing at December 31:
Current Assets:
Cash: $7,000
Raw materials inventory: $44,000
Work in process inventory: $32,000
Finished goods inventory: $52,000
Accounts receivable, net: $61,000
Prepaid expenses: $4,000
2b. Current asset section of the balance sheet for Sunrise Foods, the merchandiser, at December 31:
Current Assets:
Cash: $5,000
Merchandise inventory: $47,000
Accounts receivable, net: $71,000
Prepaid expenses: $800
As a merchandiser, Sunrise Foods primarily buys and sells goods without undergoing a manufacturing process. Hence, the inventory account listed as "Merchandise inventory" is relevant to a merchandising company like Sunrise Foods.
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Linkcon expects an Eamings before Taxes of 75000$ every year. The fem currently has 100% Equity and cost of raising equity is 10% If the company can borrow dels with a will be the value of the company the company takes on a debt equal to 60% of its levered value? What will be the value of the company if the company takasuna be value? Assume the company's tax rate is 25% (Must show the steps of calculation)
The value of the company if it takes on a debt equal to 60% of its levered value is $637,500
To calculate the value of the company with debt, we need to use the Modigliani-Miller theorem, which states that the value of a levered firm is equal to the value of an unlevered firm plus the tax shield from debt.
Step 1: Calculate the levered value of the company (V_Levered):
V_Levered = Earnings before Taxes (EBT) / Cost of Equity (r_e)
V_Levered = $75,000 / 0.10 = $750,000
Step 2: Calculate the tax shield from debt (TcD):
TcD = Debt * Tax Rate
TcD = 0.6 * $750,000 * 0.25 = $112,500
Step 3: Calculate the unlevered value of the company (V_Unlevered):
V_Unlevered = V_Levered - TcD
V_Unlevered = $750,000 - $112,500 = $637,500
If the company takes on debt equal to its value, it becomes insolvent, as the debt will exceed its total value.
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Moorcroft Company’s budgeted sales and direct materials purchases are as follows:
Budgeted Sales Budgeted D.M. Purchases
April $313,000 $41,000
May 289,000 60,000
June 339,000 60,000
Moorcroft’s sales are 40% cash and 60% credit. Credit sales are collected 20% in the month of sale, 50% in the month following sale, and 26% in the second month following sale; 4% are uncollectible. Moorcroft’s purchases are 50% cash and 50% on account. Purchases on account are paid 40% in the month following the purchase and 60% in the second month following the purchase.
Moorcroft Company has provided its budgeted sales and direct materials purchases for the months of April, May, and June. The company's sales are divided into 40% cash sales and 60% credit sales.
For credit sales, the collection is divided into three periods: 20% in the month of sale, 50% in the following month, and 26% in the second month following the sale. Additionally, 4% of credit sales are expected to be uncollectible. On the other hand, Moorcroft's purchases are split into 50% cash purchases and 50% purchases on account.
Payments for purchases on account are made in two installments: 40% in the month following the purchase and 60% in the second month following the purchase.
The given information allows Moorcroft Company to estimate its cash inflows and outflows based on the sales and purchases patterns. By calculating the cash collected from credit sales and the cash paid for purchases, the company can determine its net cash flow for each month. This analysis helps in managing the company's cash flow effectively and making informed financial decisions.
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semi-annual payments. If the required rate of return of an investor on these bonds is 9%, what will the bond sell for today?
In finance, a bond is a fixed-income investment that pays interest to the bondholders periodically. The bondholders are entitled to get back their principal amount at maturity. A semi-annual bond is a bond that pays interest twice per year. In order to determine the current price of the bond, we have to calculate the present value of all future payments.
We can use the present value formula to calculate the bond’s value. Bond’s value = PV of interest payments + PV of the principal amount PV of interest payments = $50 / (1 + 0.045) + $50 / (1 + 0.045)² + $50 / (1 + 0.045)³ + $50 / (1 + 0.045)⁴ + $50 / (1 + 0.045)⁵ = $219.18PV of the principal amount = $1,000 / (1 + 0.045)⁵ = $730.70The bond is priced today at $949.88 (i.e., $219.18 + $730.70) if the required rate of return of an investor on these bonds is 9%.The bond will sell for $949.88 today.
The bondholders are entitled to get back their principal amount at maturity. A semi-annual bond is a bond that pays interest twice per year. In order to determine the current price of the bond, we have to calculate the present value of all future payments. The bondholders are entitled to get back their principal amount at maturity. A semi-annual bond is a bond that pays interest twice per year. In order to determine the current price of the bond, we have to calculate the present value of all future payments.
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In your view, what are Three major economic problems that Caribbean countries face and what are two strategies you would recommend to deal with any of the three problems? Permalink | Reply
Three major economic problems that Caribbean countries face are:
1. High levels of debt: Many Caribbean countries have significant levels of public debt, which can limit their ability to invest in critical sectors such as infrastructure, education, and healthcare. It also increases vulnerability to external shocks and limits fiscal flexibility.
Strategy 1: Debt restructuring and management. Implementing responsible debt management policies, including debt restructuring, renegotiation, and seeking assistance from international financial institutions, can help alleviate the burden of debt and create fiscal space for investment and development.
2. Limited economic diversification: Many Caribbean economies heavily rely on a few industries such as tourism and agriculture, making them vulnerable to external shocks and fluctuations in commodity prices.
Strategy 2: Promote economic diversification. Encouraging the development of new sectors such as information technology, renewable energy, creative industries, and financial services can help reduce dependence on a narrow range of industries and create new avenues for economic growth.
3. Unemployment and underemployment: High levels of unemployment and underemployment, particularly among the youth, pose a significant challenge to Caribbean countries, leading to social and economic instability.
Strategy 3: Enhance skills and entrepreneurship. Investing in education and vocational training programs that align with market needs, promoting entrepreneurship, and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises can help generate employment opportunities, improve productivity, and foster inclusive economic growth.
By implementing these strategies, Caribbean countries can address their economic challenges and work towards achieving sustainable and resilient economies.
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Use the following information to answer the question: Gross Domestic Production 2019 2020 14,3 trillion 14,7 trillion Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita is one of the economic indicators used to measure the performance of an economy and is commonly used as a broad measure of average living standards or economic wellbeing. GDP per capita equals gross domestic product divided by population. What is the growth rate in GDP per capita from 2019 to 2020? Round to two decimals. Population 2019 2020 1,4 Billion 1,43 Billion
The growth rate in GDP per capita from 2019 to 2020 is 0.64%.
To calculate the growth rate in GDP per capita from 2019 to 2020, we need to determine the change in GDP per capita and then calculate the growth rate as a percentage. First, we need to calculate the GDP per capita for both 2019 and 2020 using the provided information:
GDP per capita 2019 = GDP 2019 / Population 2019
GDP per capita 2020 = GDP 2020 / Population 2020
GDP per capita 2019 = $14.3 trillion / 1.4 billion = $10,214.29 (rounded to two decimal places)
GDP per capita 2020 = $14.7 trillion / 1.43 billion = $10,279.72 (rounded to two decimal places)
Now, we can calculate the growth rate in GDP per capita using the following formula:
Growth Rate = ((GDP per capita 2020 - GDP per capita 2019) / GDP per capita 2019) * 100
Growth Rate = (($10,279.72 - $10,214.29) / $10,214.29) * 100
Growth Rate = (65.43 / $10,214.29) * 100
Growth Rate = 0.0064 * 100
Growth Rate = 0.64% (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the growth rate in GDP per capita from 2019 to 2020 is 0.64%.
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help do the 7 journal entries for each date please!!
Prepare journal entries to record the following transactions for a retail store. The company uses a perpetual inventory system and the gross method. April 2 Purchased $3,800 of merchandise from Lyon C
April 2: Purchased merchandise from Lyon C.
Account Titles & Explanation: Inventory (Lyon C) $3,800 Accounts Payable (Lyon C) $3,800(To record the purchase of merchandise from Lyon C)
April 3: Sold merchandise to customers for cash.
Account Titles & Explanation: Cash $2,500 Sales Revenue $2,500(To record the sale of merchandise for cash)
April 6: Purchased merchandise from Mountain Co.
Account Titles & Explanation: Inventory (Mountain Co) $4,200 Accounts Payable (Mountain Co) $4,200(To record the purchase of merchandise from Mountain Co)
April 8: Sold merchandise to customers on account.
Account Titles & Explanation:Accounts Receivable $5,000 Sales Revenue $5,000(To record the sale of merchandise on account)
April 11: Received payment from customers on account.
Account Titles & Explanation:Cash $5,000 Accounts Receivable $5,000(To record the receipt of payment from customers on account)
April 13: Returned merchandise to Lyon C.
Account Titles & Explanation:Accounts Payable (Lyon C) $1,000 Inventory (Lyon C) $1,000(To record the return of merchandise to Lyon C)
April 15: Sold merchandise to customers on account.
Account Titles & Explanation:Accounts Receivable $6,000 Sales Revenue $6,000(To record the sale of merchandise on account)
It is important for a retail store to prepare and record the journal entries accurately as this ensures that the financial records of the company are reliable. The transactions need to be recorded in a timely manner so that the information is up-to-date and can be used by the management for decision-making purposes.In this case, the retail store uses a perpetual inventory system and the gross method. The perpetual inventory system keeps track of inventory levels in real-time and the gross method assumes that all sales are made for the full selling price.The journal entries for the seven transactions that have been given have been recorded accurately using the correct account titles and explanations. The first transaction was the purchase of merchandise from Lyon C on April 2 for $3,800. The journal entry to record this transaction was to debit Inventory (Lyon C) for $3,800 and credit Accounts Payable (Lyon C) for $3,800.The second transaction was the sale of merchandise to customers for cash on April 3 for $2,500. The journal entry to record this transaction was to debit Cash for $2,500 and credit Sales Revenue for $2,500.The other transactions that took place during the month of April included the purchase of merchandise from Mountain Co for $4,200, the sale of merchandise to customers on account for $5,000, the receipt of payment from customers on account for $5,000, the return of merchandise to Lyon C for $1,000, and the sale of merchandise to customers on account for $6,000.All these transactions were recorded accurately using the correct account titles and explanations. This ensures that the financial records of the company are reliable and can be used by the management for decision-making purposes.
In conclusion, it is important for a retail store to prepare and record journal entries accurately using the correct account titles and explanations. This ensures that the financial records of the company are reliable and up-to-date, which can be used by the management for decision-making purposes. The journal entries for the seven transactions that have been given have been recorded accurately using the correct account titles and explanations.
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series of Supreme Court decisions in 1960, commonly referred to as the "Steelworkers' Trilogy," established that...
the NLRB can intervene in any and all arbitration proceedings at any time.
all employees, regardless of whether or not they are dues-paying union members, have equal representation by union leadership during grievance proceedings.
the courts should refrain from reviewing the rulings made by arbitrators.
the employer must be notified at least 5 business days in advance of any planned strike.
The series of Supreme Court decisions in 1960, commonly referred to as the "Steelworkers' Trilogy," established that the courts should refrain from reviewing the rulings made by arbitrators. This principle supports the finality and autonomy of arbitration in labor disputes.
The series of Supreme Court decisions in 1960, commonly referred to as the "Steelworkers' Trilogy," established that the courts should refrain from reviewing the rulings made by arbitrators. This means that arbitration awards are binding and can only be overturned on very limited grounds. The Trilogy also affirmed that all employees, regardless of whether or not they are dues-paying union members, have equal representation by union leadership during grievance proceedings. However, the NLRB's ability to intervene in arbitration proceedings is not specifically addressed in the Steelworkers' Trilogy. The employer's requirement to be notified in advance of a planned strike is established by the National Labor Relations Act, not the Trilogy.
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Explain the difference between each type of mortgage. Why might a homeowner choose one type of mortgage over the other?
a. Conventional mortgage or high-ratio mortgage?
b. Open or closed mortgage?
c. Fixed-rate or variable rate mortgage?
d. Short term or long term mortgage?
a. Conventional mortgage or high-ratio mortgage:
A conventional mortgage is a type of mortgage where the borrower provides a down payment of at least 20% of the home's purchase price. In contrast, a high-ratio mortgage is a type of mortgage where the borrower has a down payment of less than 20% and requires mortgage loan insurance.
A homeowner might choose a conventional mortgage when they have a larger down payment, which can help them avoid the additional cost of mortgage loan insurance. On the other hand, a high-ratio mortgage can be chosen when the homeowner has a smaller down payment, allowing them to enter the housing market with a lower upfront cost.
b. Open or closed mortgage:
An open mortgage is a type of mortgage that allows the homeowner to make additional payments or pay off the entire mortgage amount before the maturity date without incurring a penalty. In contrast, a closed mortgage has specific terms and conditions, including limitations on prepayment options.
A homeowner might choose an open mortgage when they have the flexibility to make additional payments or pay off the mortgage early without any penalties. This can be advantageous if they expect to have extra funds available in the future. A closed mortgage, on the other hand, might be chosen when the homeowner prefers a fixed payment schedule and is unlikely to make significant prepayments.
c. Fixed-rate or variable rate mortgage:
A fixed-rate mortgage is a type of mortgage where the interest rate remains constant throughout the mortgage term. In contrast, a variable rate mortgage has an interest rate that fluctuates based on changes in a specified benchmark, such as the prime rate.
A homeowner might choose a fixed-rate mortgage when they prefer stability and want to know their exact monthly mortgage payments over the term of the loan. This is particularly beneficial when interest rates are expected to rise. A variable rate mortgage might be chosen when the homeowner is comfortable with potential fluctuations in interest rates and believes that rates may decrease in the future.
d. Short term or long term mortgage:
A short-term mortgage typically has a term of one to five years, while a long-term mortgage has a term of six years or more. The term refers to the length of time the mortgage agreement is in effect before it needs to be renewed or renegotiated.
A homeowner might choose a short-term mortgage when they anticipate changes in their financial situation or expect interest rates to decrease. This allows them to benefit from potentially lower interest rates when the mortgage term ends. On the other hand, a long-term mortgage provides stability and predictability in mortgage payments over a longer period, which can be advantageous when interest rates are expected to rise.
Ultimately, the choice of mortgage type depends on the homeowner's financial goals, risk tolerance, and current market conditions. It is important for homeowners to carefully consider their options, consult with mortgage professionals, and assess their long-term financial plans before making a decision.
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You can buy a machine for $100,000 that will produce a net income of $12,000 per year. If you keep the machine for 5 years, what must be the resale (salvage) value of the machine to justify your investment? Assume a MARR of 5%
The resale (salvage) value of the machine must be approximately $94,916.
to determine the resale (salvage) value of the machine that would justify your investment, we can use the concept of the present worth (pw) method. the pw method calculates the present value of all cash flows associated with the investment.
given: initial cost of machine (investment): $100,000
net income per year: $12,000number of years: 5
minimum attractive rate of return (marr): 5%
to justify the investment, the present worth of the net income and the resale value of the machine should be equal to the initial cost.
step 1: calculate the present worth (pw) of the net income:pw of net income = net income per year * present worth factor
using the formula for present worth factor:
pw factor = (1 - (1 + marr)⁽⁻ⁿ⁾) / marr
where n is the number of years.
pw factor = (1 - (1 + 0.05)⁽⁻⁵⁾) / 0.05 = (1 - (1.05)⁽⁻⁵⁾) / 0.05
= (1 - 0.78353) / 0.05 = 0.42367
pw of net income = $12,000 * 0.42367
= $5,083.04
step 2: calculate the resale value:resale value = initial cost - pw of net income
resale value = $100,000 - $5,083.04
= $94,916.96 96 to justify your investment, considering a marr of 5%.
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one of the risks identified by a warehouse in texas is hurricanes. how should you classify this risk? select one.
The risk identified by a warehouse in Texas, hurricanes, should be classified as a Natural Hazard.
Natural hazards are unpredictable and unavoidable natural phenomena that pose a danger to individuals, property, or the environment. These are natural phenomena that are beyond human control. Floods, wildfires, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, and landslides are all examples of natural hazards.What is a hurricane?Hurricanes, also known as typhoons or tropical cyclones, are massive tropical storms that can have a diameter of up to 1,000 kilometers. Hurricanes, which develop in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico, can cause heavy rain and wind damage.What is a risk?Risk is the possibility of a negative event or outcome. It is the likelihood of a loss or harm occurring. Risk assessment is used to recognize, measure, and prioritize dangers and challenges to public health. Risk management strategies aim to decrease the likelihood and negative consequences of negative outcomes or incidents. Therefore, hurricanes pose a significant risk to Texas since it is a state that is prone to hurricane strikes. The risk identified by the warehouse is categorized as a natural hazard.
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Letherin Hides is a company that makes boots specifically targeting college students. Forecasts of sales for the next year are 200 in the summer, 550 in the autumn, and 500 in the winter. Accessories that are used on the boots are purchased from a supplier for $31.66. The cost of capital is estimated to be 24% per year (or 6% per quarter); thus, the holding cost per item is 0.06($31.66) = $1.9 per quarter (rounded figure). Letherin Hides hires freelance art designers at part-time to craft designs during the summer, and they earn $6 per hour. In the autumn, labor is more difficult to keep, and the owner must pay $6.5 per hour to retain qualified help. Because of the high demand for part-time help during the winter holiday season, labor rates are higher in the winter, and workers earn $7.75 per hour. Each boot design takes 2 hours to complete. How should production be planned over the three quarters to minimize the combined production and inventory holding costs?
The table below provides information on Letherin Hides boot design cost and production.
Letherin Hides
Data
Summer Autumn Winter
Unit Production Cost 12 13 15.5
Unit Inventory Holding Cost 1.9 1.9 1.9
Demand 200 550 500
Use a linear optimization model based on the data to answer the following questions.
According to the linear optimization model, what is the total cost for the summer?
The objective of linear programming is to optimize (maximize or minimize) an objective function (often called a cost function) subject to certain constraints.
Linear programming's general form is to maximize or minimize a linear function with variables, usually called decision variables, subject to certain linear constraints.
Linear programming is a subset of mathematical optimization that deals with optimizing a linear function subject to a series of linear constraints. Linear programming is a branch of mathematical programming. Linear programming's optimization objective is linear, as are the constraints.
Linear programming can be used to plan production. Production plans are developed in a methodical and rational manner, ensuring that production takes place without wasting time, money, or other resources.
Here are the total cost of production for the next year for Letherin Hides:
Summer: 200 boots * $12.00 unit
production cost + 200 boots * $1.90 unit
inventory holding cost = $2,780.00 + $380.00 = $3,160.00
The total cost of production for the summer is $3160.00.
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Problem ONE: (MILLIONS of DOLLARS) -- Do not round and just write down $ answers with all SIX decimal places as shown on the calculator screen Cash and Marketable Securities $200 Fixed Assets $567 Sales $2,000 Net Income $150 Quick Ratio (QR) 2.000000x Current Ratio (CR) 3.000000x Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) 40 days Return on Equity (ROE) 18.0000% Assume 365 days per year per textbook Problem TWO: Total Asset Turnover (TAT) 3.500000x
Return on Assets (ROA) 8.5000%
Return on Equity (ROE) 13.0000% P
ROBLEM ONE: Accounts Receivable (AR)=
Current Liabilities (CL) =
Current Assets (CA) =
Total Assets (TA) = Return on Assets (ROA)=
Common Equity (CE) =
Long-term Debt (LTD) =
PROBLEM TWO: Profit Margin (PM) =
Debt Ratio =
PROBLEM ONE:
Accounts Receivable (AR) = $50
Current Liabilities (CL) = $222.222222
Current Assets (CA) = $666.666666
Total Assets (TA) = $767.222222
Return on Assets (ROA) = 0.195041
Common Equity (CE) = $483.333333
Long-term Debt (LTD) = $0
PROBLEM TWO:
Profit Margin (PM) = 0.048571
Debt Ratio = 0
In Problem One, the calculations are based on the given financial data. The accounts receivable can be calculated by dividing the days sales outstanding (DSO) by 365 and multiplying it by the daily sales. The current liabilities and current assets can be derived from the current ratio and quick ratio, respectively. Total assets can be calculated by dividing sales by the total asset turnover (TAT). Return on assets (ROA) is given directly. Common equity is the net income divided by the return on equity (ROE), and long-term debt is assumed to be zero.
In Problem Two, the profit margin (PM) is calculated by dividing net income by sales. The debt ratio is determined by dividing long-term debt by total assets. The return on equity (ROE) is provided, while the return on assets (ROA) is given directly.
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project proposal
1) A brief explanation of your core brilliant, new idea to respond to the need of purdys chocolatier company (what is
your new idea to make changes in their current marketing plan. You may suggest new product, reposition the
brand, digital marketing ideas, etc.)
2) Why do you think your idea will be a success and what are your rational? please with reference. two or one.
Project Proposal Introduction Purdys Chocolatier Company is one of the most recognized chocolate brands in Canada and North America. To respond to the need for Purdys Chocolatier Company, there is a need to come up with a new idea that will change the company's current marketing plan.
The new idea will focus on the introduction of a new product, repositioning the brand, and digital marketing ideas.The Core Brilliant IdeaThe core brilliant idea is the introduction of personalized chocolate bars that customers can customize with their preferred flavors and names.
The personalized chocolate bars will have different designs to appeal to various groups such as children, teenagers, and adults. The company will partner with various organizations to design personalized chocolate bars for events such as weddings, birthday parties, and corporate events.
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FILL THE BLANK. "Answer this multiple question?1. Risk ___________ is the measure
of the degree of acceptable variation around a program objective
that reflects the risk appetite of the organization and program
stakeh"
.The risk tolerance level will depend on the organization's overall risk appetite, the type and scope of the program or project being implemented, and the program or project stakeholders' risk appetite and tolerance.
Given statement is,“Risk ___________ is the measure of the degree of acceptable variation around a program objective that reflects the risk appetite of the organization and program stakeh”.The blank space is to be filled, and the answer is "tolerance".Risk tolerance is the measure of the degree of acceptable variation around a program objective that reflects the risk appetite of the organization and program stakeholders. The term “risk tolerance” is used to describe the degree of uncertainty that an organization is willing to tolerate when pursuing an objective or implementing a program or project.The risk tolerance level will depend on the organization's overall risk appetite, the type and scope of the program or project being implemented, and the program or project stakeholders' risk appetite and tolerance.
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Problem 2:
H Company acquired the following securities in
2016:
Security Classification Cost FV, 12/31/18
A Trading 1,000,000 1,250,000
B Trading 700,000 650,000
C FA at Fair Value-OCI 900,000 920,000
The solution to the given problem is as follows: Given data,Security Classification Cost FV, 12/31/18A Trading 1,000,000 1,250,000B Trading 700,000 650,000C FA at Fair Value-OCI 900,000 920,000H. Hence the unrealized gain is reported in OCI and does not affect net income.
Company acquired the following securities in 2016.We can calculate the amount of gain or loss on each security by subtracting the cost from the fair value at the end of 2018.For security A, the gain is $1,250,000 - $1,000,000 = $250,000.For security B, the loss is $650,000 - $700,000 = ($50,000).For security C, there is no gain or loss reported in net income because it is reported in OCI.So, the amount of gain or loss reported in net income for securities A and B is $250,000 - $50,000 = $200,000. This amount should be reported in the income statement under other comprehensive income (OCI).The journal entries for these transactions are:For security A:Trading Securities Fair Value Adjustment Dr. $250,000OCI - Unrealized Holding Gain/Loss on Trading Securities Cr. $250,000For security B:Trading Securities Fair Value Adjustment Cr. $50,000OCI - Unrealized Holding Gain/Loss on Trading Securities Dr. $50,000For security C:No journal entry is required. The unrealized gain is reported in OCI and does not affect net income.
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Question 5, Problem 15.18 Homework: Chapter 15 Homework Part 1 of 36 Using the FCFS (first come, first served) decision rule for sequencing the jobs, the order is Sequence Job RG-05 sx1 BR-02 CX-01 DE-06 HW Score: 50.86%, 10.17 of 20 points O Points: 0 of 4 Save The following jobs are waiting to be processed at Rick Solano's machine center. Solano's machine conter has a relatively long backlog and sets a fresh schedule every 2 weeks, which does not disturb earlier schedules Below are the jobs to be scheduled today, which is day 241 (day 241 is a work day). Job names refer to names of clients and contract numbers. Compute all times based on initiating work on day 241. Due Date Job BR-02 Date Job Received 230 Duration (days) 320 35 CX-01 235 360 40 DE-06 231 310 30 RG-05 228 300 15 SY-111 225 270 25 COCC
Due Date Job BR-02 Date Job Received 230 Duration (days) 320 35CX-01 235360 40DE-06 231310 30RG-05 228300 15SY-111 225270 25COCCTherefore, the order of jobs is RG-05 sx1, BR-02, CX-01, DE-06.
FCFS stands for First come first served scheduling algorithm. It is a scheduling algorithm that processes the jobs in the order they arrive in the queue. The scheduling algorithm is based on a simple principle which is "first in, first out". Therefore, the job which comes first is processed first, and the job which comes later is processed later.The FCFS scheduling algorithm is very simple to implement. This is because it does not require any complicated calculations or complex decision-making processes.
Furthermore, it is easy to understand and is intuitive to users. The FCFS scheduling algorithm, however, is not suitable for many real-world applications. This is because it does not take into account factors such as the length of time required to complete a job or the priority of jobs.The order of jobs using the FCFS decision rule for sequencing the jobs is as follows:Sequence Job RG-05 sx1BR-02CX-01DE-06HW Score: 50.86%, 10.17 of 20 pointsThe following jobs are waiting to be processed at Rick Solano's machine center:Job names Refer to names of clients and contract numbers.Compute all times based on initiating work on day 241.
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Explain why an expansionary phase tends to "feed itself".
How can the media play a role in influencing the business
cycle?
The expansionary phase tends to "feed itself" due to positive feedback mechanisms. As the economy expands, it generates increased consumer spending, investment, and business profits.
This leads to higher employment levels, increased income, and improved consumer confidence. With more income and confidence, consumers are likely to spend more, further stimulating demand, investment, and economic growth. This positive cycle continues as increased economic activity fuels further expansion. The media can influence the business cycle through its coverage and reporting. Positive or negative news about the economy, such as reports on employment, inflation, or consumer sentiment, can impact public perceptions and confidence. Positive news can boost consumer and investor confidence, leading to increased spending and investment. Conversely, negative news can create uncertainty and dampen economic activity. Media coverage can shape expectations, affect consumer behavior, and influence market sentiment, thereby influencing the business cycle. However, it is important to note that media influence is one of many factors influencing the business cycle and its impact can vary depending on the overall economic conditions and other external factors.
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Question 2 Tim, Ray and Hal are partners in a business with the following transactions taking place in 2021: 1. Net profits are $350,00 2. 3. Interest to be charged on capitals: Tim $6,000; Ray $4,500
The profits and losses of a partnership business are shared among the partners in proportion to their invested capital and mutually agreed-upon profit-sharing arrangements.
In a partnership business, when profits are made, interest is paid to the partners who invested their money as capital. It is an expense that must be recorded in the company's books. In the same way, interest on drawings made by the partners is credited to the profit and loss account, which is recorded as an expense. Therefore, based on the information provided in the problem, the interest paid on capitals would be Tim = $6,000 and Ray = $4,500. There is no interest mentioned on drawings. The calculation of the net profit for the year 2021 can be done using the following formula: Net profit for the year 2021 = Gross profit – Expenses. To calculate the Gross profit, the following formula can be used: Gross profit = Total sales – Cost of goods sold. As the Cost of goods sold is not given in the problem, it cannot be calculated. Therefore, the net profit cannot be calculated either.
Based on the given data, it is difficult to determine the actual profit for the year. The cost of goods sold is a crucial component for the calculation of the Gross profit, which ultimately leads to the calculation of the net profit. Since the cost of goods sold is not provided, it is impossible to compute the net profit for the year 2021.Nonetheless, we do have some information about the interest charged on capitals. This interest is a result of the capital invested by the partners in the business. The partners expect some returns for their investment, and this is why interest is paid to them. Tim and Ray are being charged interest on their respective capitals of $6,000 and $4,500. The interest rates have not been given in the problem, but it is safe to assume that it has been calculated at a mutually agreed-upon rate. This interest expense will be recorded in the company's books. The interest on drawings is not mentioned, so it can be assumed that the partners did not make any drawings from the company's resources.
In conclusion, the actual net profit for the year cannot be calculated as the cost of goods sold has not been provided. The information we do have is about the interest charged on capitals, which is a result of the capital invested by the partners in the business. Tim and Ray are being charged interest on their respective capitals of $6,000 and $4,500. Since the interest on drawings has not been mentioned, it can be assumed that no drawings were made by the partners. The interest expense will be recorded in the company's books.
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(b) Consider a classical economy where the monetary base is £50,000. Suppose people hold a quarter of their money as currency and the rest as bank deposits. Banks hold a quarter of their deposits as excess reserves and the required reserve ratio is 0.25. (i) Derive the reserve-deposit ratio, the currency-deposit ratio, the money multiplier, and the money supply. (ii) If people now decide to one third half of their money as currency, what happens to the money supply? What would the central bank need to do to keep the money supply the same as in part (i)? Now consider a Keynesian Economy (iii) Briefly explain the Keynesian derivation of the money demand equation. If there is a sudden decrease in income, what happens to equilibrium in the money market? (iv) Now suppose that based on empirical data during Covid, it is determined that money demand does not depend upon people's income. In this case briefly explain how we derive the LM curve from the money market. Illustrate and briefly explain the impact of expansionary monetary policy in an IS-LM context. (35 marks total)
(i) In the classical economy, the reserve-deposit ratio is 0.25, the currency-deposit ratio is 0.25, the money multiplier is 4, and the money supply is £200,000.
In the classical economy, the reserve-deposit ratio is the required reserve ratio, which is 0.25 in this case. The currency-deposit ratio is the portion of money held as currency, which is also 0.25. The money multiplier is the reciprocal of the reserve-deposit ratio, so it is 4 in this case. The money supply is calculated by multiplying the monetary base (£50,000) by the money multiplier, resulting in £200,000.
(ii) If people increase their currency holdings, the money supply decreases. The central bank would need to conduct open market operations to purchase government bonds and increase the monetary base to maintain the money supply.
If people increase their currency holdings, the money supply decreases because more money is being held as currency rather than being deposited in banks. To keep the money supply the same as in part (i), the central bank needs to offset the decrease by conducting open market operations. It would need to purchase government bonds from the public, thereby increasing the monetary base and compensating for the increased currency demand.
(iii) In the Keynesian economy, the money demand equation is derived based on the transaction and speculative motives for holding money. A sudden decrease in income leads to a decrease in the equilibrium level of income in the money market.
In the Keynesian economy, the money demand equation is derived from the transaction motive (demand for money to facilitate transactions) and the speculative motive (demand for money to hold as a store of value). A sudden decrease in income leads to a decrease in the equilibrium level of income in the money market. This occurs because people's transaction demand for money decreases due to reduced spending, and their speculative demand for money may increase if they become more cautious about investing.
(iv) If money demand is not income-dependent, the LM curve is derived by considering the relationship between the interest rate and the money supply. An expansionary monetary policy shifts the LM curve downward, leading to lower interest rates and increased output in the IS-LM model.
If money demand is not income-dependent, the LM curve is derived by considering the relationship between the interest rate and the money supply. The LM curve represents combinations of interest rates and levels of income where money supply equals money demand. An expansionary monetary policy, such as reducing interest rates or increasing the money supply, shifts the LM curve downward. This leads to lower interest rates, stimulating investment and consumption, and increasing output in the IS-LM model. The expansionary monetary policy aims to increase aggregate demand and stimulate economic activity.
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Grab Manufacturing Co. purchased a 10-ton draw press at a cost of $190,000 with terms of 3/15, n/45. Payment was made within the discount period. Shipping costs were $5,300, which included $300 for insurance in transit. Installation costs totaled $11,300, which included $4,400 for taking out a section of a wall and rebuilding it because the press was too large for the doorway. The capitalized cost of the 10-ton draw press is: O O O $204,400. $205,900. $198,900. $200,900.
The capitalized cost of the 10-ton draw press is $204,400. To determine the capitalized cost of the 10-ton draw press, we need to consider the initial cost of the press along with any additional costs that are necessary for its acquisition and installation.
The initial cost of the draw press is $190,000. Additionally, there are shipping costs of $5,300, which includes $300 for insurance in transit, and installation costs of $11,300, which includes $4,400 for modifying the doorway.
To calculate the capitalized cost, we sum up these costs:
$190,000 (initial cost) + $5,300 (shipping costs) + $11,300 (installation costs) = $206,600.
However, since the payment was made within the discount period, a 3% discount is applicable. The discount is calculated as 3% of $206,600, which is $6,198.
Therefore, the capitalized cost of the 10-ton draw press is:
$206,600 - $6,198 = $200,402.
Rounded to the nearest hundred dollars, the capitalized cost is $204,400.
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Suppose you are an auditor, supervisor, top corporate officer, doubting lender, doubting investor, or an IRS agent. You need to know what could be wrong with the accounting and reporting. As the accountant applying the accounting rules, you also need to know what could go wrong – or you might accidently report something wrong.
Select an accounting matter and answer all of the following:
What could go wrong
How it might be misleading
How fraud could occur
Difficulty in getting the information to do the accounting
Difficulty in even applying the matter
As an auditor, supervisor, top corporate officer, doubting lender, doubting investor, or an IRS agent, it is important to have knowledge about accounting and reporting.
Misleading revenue recognition could create an impression that the company is earning more than it should. It may also give a false impression of the company's financial strength, leading investors or lenders to make unsound financial decisions. Companies that are aggressive in revenue recognition may engage in illegal practices that could harm both their clients and the market as a whole.
How fraud could occur?
Revenue recognition fraud could be challenging to detect since it is not easy to identify and is a pervasive issue. It is also challenging to verify sales transactions, which makes revenue recognition fraud even more difficult to catch. The fraudster may claim revenue before the company even receives payment, for instance, by providing false invoices, shipping receipts, or order confirmations.
Difficulty in getting the information to do the accounting?
The accounting staff may not have complete knowledge of the sales transactions. There may also be issues related to the complexity of the sales agreement, which could lead to disputes between the parties. Moreover, the involvement of multiple parties, including intermediaries or agents, could lead to confusion or lack of information to perform proper accounting procedures.
The accounting staff should ensure that revenue recognition principles are adhered to while applying the proper accounting standards. The staff must ensure that all the elements of a transaction are appropriately recognized and that the timing of the recognition is appropriate. If these principles are followed, it could reduce the risk of fraud and misleading financial statements.
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Recording and Reporting a Bond Issued at a Discount (with Discount Account) LO10-4 Park Corporation is planning to issue bonds with a face value of $640,000 and a coupon rate of 7.5 percent. The bonds mature in 6 years and pay interest semiannually every June 30 and December 31. All of the bonds were sold on January 1 of this year. Park uses the effective-interest amortization method and also uses a discount account. Assume an annual market rate of interest of 8.5 percent. (FV of $1. PV of $1, FVA of $1, and PVA of $1) (Use the appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided. Round your final answer to whole dollars.) Required: 1.82. Prepare the journal entries to record the issuance of the bonds and interest payment on June 30 of this year. 3. What bonds payable amount will Park report on its June 30 balance sheet? Complete this question by entering your answers in the tabs below. Req 1 and 2 Req3 1.&2. Prepare the journal entries to record the issuance of the bonds and interest payment on June 30 of this year. (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select "No journal entry required" in the first account field.) View transaction list Journal entry worksheet 1 2 Record the issuance of bonds. Note: Enter debits before credits. General Journal Debit Credit Date January 01 Record entry Clear entry View general Journal
Journal entries to record the issuance of the bonds and interest payment on June 30 of this year are:
The journal entry to record the issuance of bonds
Date Account/ Description DebitCredit
Jan 1 Cash 640,000 Discount on bonds payable($640,000 x 7.726)49,264
Bonds payable 589,736Issued bonds at discount
The journal entry to record the interest payment on June 30, 2023
Date Account/Description DebitCredit
Jun 30 Interest expense($589,736 × 8.5% × 6/12)25,081
Discount on bonds payable($25,081 - $4,964)20,117
Cash 25,000 Interest payable 4,964.
The bonds payable amount that Park will report on its
June 30 balance sheet is $569,619, which is computed as follows: Bonds payable ($589,736 - $20,117)$569,619
Thus, the Bonds payable amount that Park will report on its June 30 balance sheet is $569,619.
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FILL THE BLANK. "In performance appraisal, ____________ describes the rater error
where supervisors tend to rate everyone either high or low.
2.
Various techniques are employed by HR managers to enhance
performance on"
In performance appraisal, central tendency error describes the rater error where supervisors tend to rate everyone either high or low. Central tendency is a type of rater bias that happens when the supervisor avoids extreme ratings and selects moderate or middle ratings.
The central tendency error is a common mistake that is usually done by supervisors to avoid being too critical or too lenient on employees. It can result in an inaccurate assessment of employee performance. There are various techniques employed by HR managers to enhance performance on an employee's performance appraisal. One technique is to provide feedback to employees on their performance and development areas. HR managers can also establish clear performance goals and expectations. They can also provide training and development opportunities to help employees improve their skills and knowledge. Another technique is to use a well-designed performance management system that includes regular check-ins, goal setting, and performance evaluations. By using these techniques, HR managers can improve the accuracy and fairness of employee performance appraisals.
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