The after tax cost of debt of perpetual cold refrigeration company will be 7.275% or 7.28 %.
What is after tax cost of debt?Before understanding the after tax cost of debt one must know about the cost of debt. Cost of debt is an interest cost or expected amount of return on debt instrument that an investor will earn after sacrificing the debt fund for predefined period of time.
The after tax cost of debt is referred to a rate of interest computed after eliminating the effect of corporate tax on debt return.
Formula for Post tax cost of Debt (kd) = Debt Interest × (1 - t) where is t is a tax rate. 9.70% (1-0.25) = 7.28%
Therefore the marginal federal-plus-state tax rate is 25% then post tax Kd will after removing the tax benefit on trading in equity to know the weighted average cost of capital.
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Because this market is a monopolistically competitive market, you can tell that it is in long-run equilibrium by the fact that______ at the optimal quantity for each firm. Furthermore, a monopolistically competitive firm's average total cost in long-run equilibrium is________ the minimum average total cost.
Prices and production methods are completely under the control of monopolistic competition. The government's backing causes the frequency.
What distinguishes the short-run from the long-run in a market with monopolistic competition?In a monopolistically competitive market, the difference between the short and long runs is that new firms can enter the market in the long runs, which is particularly plausible if firms are making positive economic profits in the short runs. In the long run, new businesses will be drawn to these profit prospects and decide to enter the market. In contrast to a monopolistic market, a monopolistically competitive market lacks entry barriers, making it relatively simple for new enterprises to enter the market in the long run.
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for a number of years country a had inflation of 3 percent but for the last five years has had inflation of 6 percent. country b had inflation of 4 percent for many years, but very recently inflation unexpectedly rose to 9 percent. other things the same, in which of the countries would the higher inflation rate be more likely to reduce unemployment?
Country B but not country A, a rise in the cost of the products and services that households purchase is known as inflation.
How much is inflation currently?U.S. Labor Department data released on Nov. 10 show that the annual inflation rate for the United States is 7.7% for the 12 months ending in October 2022, down from 8.2% the previous year. The following inflation update will be made public on December 13 at 8:30 a.m. ET.
What's the source of inflation?According to monetarists, inflation results from too many money chasing too few goods. In other words, there is now too much money available. This theory holds that the value of money is governed by the law of supply and demand, just like the value of any other item on the market. Value declines as the supply expands.
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empire airlines reports the following cost data for the year. the company flew 100 private flights during the year. a group has offered empire $11,000 for a private flight to chicago for its members. revenue $ 20,000 per flight wages, salaries, and benefits $ 7,000 per flight fuel and oil $ 4,500 per flight food and beverages $ 500 per flight depreciation $ 300,000 per year rent $ 250,000 per year (a) what is the contribution margin from accepting the offer? (negative amounts should be indicated with a minus sign.) (b) should the offer be accepted or rejected?
Empire Airlines' contribution margin on the trip would be if it accepts the offer, which is -$1,120
Contribution margin is calculated as:
= Revenue - Variable costs
The revenue the group is offering is $11,100.
The Variable costs are;
= Wages + Fuel + Food
= 7,100 + 4,600 + 520
= $12,220
The Contribution margin is:
= 11,100 - 12,220
= -$1,120
In conclusion, the contribution margin is -$1,120
What is contribution margin?The contribution margin demonstrates how much extra money is made by producing each additional unit of a product once the business has achieved the breakeven threshold.
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11.15 An injection molding system has a first cost of $180,000, and an annual operating cost of $84,000 in years 1 and 2, increasing by $5000 per year thereafter. The salvage value of the system is 25% of the first cost regardless of when the system is retired within its maximum useful life of 5 years. Using a MARR of 15% per year, determine the ESL and the respective AW value of the system (a) by hand solution, and (b) via spreadsheet that graphs the total AW and its components.
An injection molding system has a first cost of $180,000, and an annual operating cost of $84,000 in years 1 and 2, increasing by $5000 per year thereafter:= $−246,000.
Operating expenses are operating expenses incurred in the course of a business's day-to-day activities. Operating expenses include both cost of goods sold (COGS) and other operating expenses, often referred to as selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses.
Running value is calculated with the aid of the price of products bought + operating fees. operating charges encompass Administrative and workplace costs like hiring, salaries, the body of workers, coverage, administrators fees, and so on. promoting and distribution costs like a commercial, and salaries of salesmen.
a) Determine the ESL and the respective AW value of the system by hand solution:
\begin{align*} \text{AW}_1&=-180{,}000(A/P, 15\%, 1)-84{,}000+45{,}000(A/F, 15\%, 1)\\[7pt] &=-180{,}000(1.1500)-84{,}000+45{,}000(1.0000)\\[7pt] &= \boxed{\$-246{,}000}\\ \end{align*}
AW 1
=−180,000(A/P,15%,1)−84,000+45,000(A/F,15%,1)
=−180,000(1.1500)−84,000+45,000(1.0000)
= $−246,000.
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a corporation issued 140 shares of its $5 par value common stock in payment of a $2,200 charge from its accountant for assistance in filing its charter with the state. the entry to record this transaction will include:
The entry to record this transaction will include a $2,200 credit to common stock.
Common stock alludes to the shares of proprietorship interest in a U.S. corporation. The proprietors of the common stock are alluded to as common stockholders, common shareholders, or basically as stockholders or shareholders. [A relatively couple of corporations issue favored stock in addition to its common stock.]
Generally, the holders of common stock:
Choose the corporation's board of chiefsVote on consolidationsParticipate in increases and decreases in the market value of the shares of common stockGet cash profits as the corporation's earnings and cash needs licenseto know more about stockholders click here:
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which resembles the u.s commercial paper market allows borrowers to issue their own short term eiuronotes
Euro commercial paper resembles the US commercial paper market allows borrowers to issue their own short term euro notes.
What exactly is Euro commercial paper (ECP)?Euro commercial paper (ECP) is commercial paper denominated in a currency other than the domestic currency of the market where the paper is issued. International firms use ECP to raise short-term funding to fund day-to-day operations, with notes due in days or weeks. ECPs are an ideal source of funding for global institutional investors since borrowers prefer to acquire financing at the lowest possible cost of borrowing. Euro commercial papers are typically issued in $100,000 denominations, with a minimum investment of $500,000.
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an export is a good or service: sold to a domestic buyer. purchased from a foreign seller. purchased from a domestic seller. sold to a foreign buyer.
d). sold to a foreign buyer
What is export?
China, the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, and Japan were the top five exporting nations in terms of dollars in 2019, according to research firm Statista.
China reported exports of goods totaling about $2.5 trillion, mainly machinery and electronic equipment. The majority of the $1.6 trillion in exports from the US were capital goods. made up the majority of Japan's exports, which totaled about $705 billion, as well as Germany's, which totaled about $1.5 trillion.
In the twenty-first century, there has been a significant increase in demand for Kentucky bourbon and American bourbon in general on the international market.
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Brew-at-home is entering a foreign market and is spending significant funds on educating customers about the benefits of making beer at home with its beer-making system. The cost the company is spending on education is a type of __________ cost.
The cost the company is spending on education is a type of Pioneering cost.
What are the expenses of progressing?Investment costs Pioneering expenses happen when a company must spend a lot of time, money, and effort learning the game since the international business system is so different from the native market.
What does the Pioneer method entail?A pioneer strategy necessitates additional funding and R&D assets. A follower strategy suggests strong marketing and production capabilities. This is crucial when allocating finite resources. The understanding of internal resources and competencies forms the first pillar of strategic analysis.
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when the annuity contract has been fully surrendered, how will the surrender charges affect the final contract settlement
The final contract settlement will be lessened if an annuity contract has been entirely surrendered.
What is the definition of "annuity contract surrender"?You can exchange all or a portion of your annuity when you surrender it for its cash value prior to the end of the annuity contract period. Or, to put it another way, you lose your annuity if you take early withdrawals. There is a price you must pay for this.
When an annuity is given up, what happens?You will at the absolute least need to pay income taxes on the taxable amount you get when you surrender an annuity. The year that you actually get the funds is when these are due. In addition to your standard income tax, you may also owe the IRS other taxes.
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Because services are __________, it is often difficult for marketers to convey the benefits to consumers.
Heterogeneity refers to variability in the service's quality.
What are the sorts of first-class of service?The 5 carrier fantastic dimensions are tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy
What is supposed pleasant service?Service nice is the measure of how well the provider furnished meets the customer's expectations. Learn about the definition of provider first-rate and its dimensions, such as tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy.
Example: being well mannered and displaying respect for customer. Empathy: Ability to be approachable. Example: being a desirable listener. Tangibles: Physical facilities and facilitating goods.
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https://brainly.com/question/28346508#SPJ4individual account information is removed from your credit report seven years after the last activity on the account, except for chapter 7 bankruptcy, which stays on your credit report for:
An individual account information is removed from your credit report seven years after the last activity on the account, except for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, which stays on your credit report for 10 years.
For how long before information is removed from your credit report?All late payments will remain on the credit report for seven years. The 7 year rule is based on when the delinquency occurred. Whether an entire account will be deleted is determined by whether you brought the account current after the missed payment.
If such account was brought as current, the late payments that have reached seven years old will be removed but the rest of the account history will remain. So, this is the practice except for except for Chapter 7 of bankruptcy, which stays on your credit report for 10 years.
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what moves the ii / xx lines? part 2 a. expenditure changing policies. b. a change in prices with foreign prices constant. c. expenditure switching policies. d. all can move the ii and xx lines.
Expenditure changing policies moves the ii / xx lines. The goal of expenditure-changing policy, which can take the shape of fiscal or monetary policy, is to equalise domestic consumption or absorption and production by influencing income and employment.
Expenditure measures aim to reduce aggregate demand and real earnings, which will reduce the demand for imports. For instance, increased direct taxes, lower government spending, or higher interest rates for monetary policy. Spending-cutting measures try to lower economic demand so that consumers spend less on imports. Spending-production strategies seek to shift consumer spending from imported items to domestic goods. Spending can be reduced or switched to reduce the growth of the money supply in an economy.
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from 2009 to 2011, the economies of australia and switzerland suffered relatively mild effects from the global financial crisis. at the same time, many countries in the euro area were hit hard with high unemployment and burdened with unsustainably high government debts. how should this affect the euro/swiss franc and euro/australian dollar exchange rates? a. exchange rates will not change because the eu and the countries under discussion have fixed exchange rates. b. the currencies will depreciate relative to the euro because demand for the swiss franc and australian dollar will rise. c. the currencies will appreciate against the euro because the demand for euro-denominated assets will decrease. d. the answer is uncertain as other factors may influence the exchange rates of these currencies.
The Financial Crisis of 2008–2009 in Numbers
8.8 million jobs were lost, the unemployment rate reached 10% by October 2009, and there were 8.8 million foreclosed homes.
6. Household wealth lost $19.2 trillion4.
Why do financial crises occur?Systemic breakdowns, unexpected or uncontrollable human behavior, incentives to take on too much risk, regulatory absence or failures, or contagions that amount to a virus-like spread of issues from one institution or country to the next are all contributing reasons to a financial crisis.
True or false: As the value of the dollar declines, foreign items become more expensive for Americans to buy.Domestic consumers and visitors will purchase more as the value of the US dollar declines since domestic items will be more affordable and imported goods will be more expensive.
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The right answer is C. Because there will be less demand for assets denominated in euros, currencies will appreciate versus the common currency.
What factors lead to unemployment?There are numerous factors that originate from both the supplier side, or the worker, and the supply curve, or the employer, that contribute to unemployment. High interest rates, the world economy being in a recession, and the financial crisis might all affect demand. Layoff and structural employment are supply line contributors.
What are some unemployment solutions?To lower unemployment, industrial activity must be decentralized. The number of employment prospects in underdeveloped areas will decrease if industrial operations are concentrated in one location. Therefore, the government should implement such measures that support the decentralization of economic activity.
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Which unique feature of e-commerce is related to the ability to interact with web technology everywhere?.
Ubiquity is the unique feature of e-commerce is related to the ability to interact with web technology everywhere.
What can you say briefly about e-commerce?The phrase "e-commerce," often known as "electronic commerce," is used to refer to all online activities, including the buying and selling of goods and services. Therefore, the process of conducting business online is known as e-commerce.
What is e-commerce and how does it work?Online purchasing and selling of goods and services is known as e-commerce. Customers that shop online or at an online store employ electronic payments. After receiving payment, the seller sends the goods or provides the service.
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Suppose you invest equal amounts in a portfolio with an expected return of 16 percent and a standard deviation of
returns of 18 percent and a risk-free asset with an interest rate of 4 percent. Calculate the expected return on the
resulting portfolio.
10 percent is the expected return on the resulting portfolio.
How do you calculate the expected return?The expected rate of return is calculated by dividing the expected rate of return for each asset by the weight of that item in the portfolio. The findings are then added together. As a formula, we obtain:
ERR = R1 x W1 + R2 x W2
Expected return
= 0.5(16) + 0.5(4)
= 8 + 2
= 10%.
What is meant by expected return?The amount of profit or loss an investor might expect to experience as a result of an investment is known as the expected return. When calculating an expected return, potential outcomes are multiplied by the likelihood that they will occur before being added together. Return expectations cannot be guaranteed.
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what does stiglitz argue about globalization? what does he see as the strengths and weaknesses of globalization? how does stiglitz view the work of international financial institutions such as the imf or world bank especially during the washington consensus period? what is his critique of these organizations?
According to Stiglitz, depending on how it is managed, globalization may succeed or fail.
What does Joseph Stiglitz believe in?Success, according to Joseph Stiglitz, occurs when national governments manage it by embracing the unique traits of each nation. When it is governed by global organizations like the IMF, it fails. Finance ministers and bank governors, who have formulated policies that benefit the financial sector, are said to be in charge of the IMF, according to Stiglitz.
In addition, the "Washington Consensus," a collection of policies that promotes "stabilization, liberalization, and privatization" of the economy, is harmful since it places a strong emphasis on deregulation. Instead, policies should aid nations in creating "the proper regulatory system." In the end Stiglitz adds that, a stronger commitment to democratic principles by the Bretton Woods Institutions.
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el capitan foods has a capital structure of 40% debt and 60% equity, its tax rate is 35%, and its beta (leveraged) is 1.25. based on the hamada equation, what would the firm's beta be if it used no debt, i.e., what is its unlevered beta, bu?
The unlevered beta is 0.9
Data provided in the question:
Debt = 40% = 0.4
Equity = 60% = 0.6
Tax rate = 35% = 0.35
levered beta = 1.25
Now,
Using the Hamada equation
Levered beta = Unlevered beta × [ 1 + (1 - tax rate) × Debt-equity ratio ]
Thus,
1.25 = Unlevered beta × [ 1 + (1 - 0.35 ) × ( 0.4 ÷ 0.6 )]
or
1.25 = Unlevered beta × [ 1 + 0.65 × ( 0.4 ÷ 0.6 )]
1.25 = Unlevered beta × 1.433
or
Unlevered beta = 0.872 ≈ 0.9
Hence,
The answer is 0.9
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closed-end mutual funds can trade at either a discount or a premium to their net asset values (navs).
Closed-end mutual funds can trade at either a discount or a premium to their net asset values (navs). This statement is a true statement.
Can closed-end mutual funds be traded?The closed-end funds are listed on a stock exchange when the money is raised, allowing its units to be traded just like any other stock on the board. Investors can redeem their units when the closed-end mutual fund scheme has ended and the fixed-duration period has passed.
Why do closed-end funds trade at a premium or a discount to their net asset value?The market will set the price of the units because closed-end funds are traded on a public exchange. Due to this, the price may occasionally trade at a premium or a discount to the NAV as indicated. The share price and NAV ought to converge in the longer run.
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question content area top part 1 if the consumer gets 40 utils from consuming four cds, 45 utils from consuming five cds, and 48 utils from consuming six cds, then the consumer's marginal utility is: question content area bottom part 1 a. increasing. b. constant. c. decreasing. d. increasing at an increasing rate.
If a consumer consumes four CDs for 40 utils, five CDs for 45 utils, and six CDs for 48 utils, then the customer's marginal utility from the fifth CD is 5 utils.
What is marginal utility?Utility in economics is the pleasure or advantage gained from using a good or service. What customers enjoy or find satisfying as a result of increasing or decreasing their consumption by one unit is referred to as the marginal utility of a good or service. Marginal utility comes in three flavors. The marginal utility might be positive, negative, or zero. Therefore, buying pizza will increase your marginal utility. The second piece, though, leaves you feeling full, and a third piece would not make you feel any better. The law of declining marginal utility, which outlines how the first unit of consumption of a certain commodity or service gives more utility than the second and subsequent units, is a theory put forth by economists in relation to cardinal utility.
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When a firm sets out to analyze, plan, implement, and control sales force activities, it is undertaking ________.
A) marketing design
B) sales force management
C) team selling efforts
D) co-op selling and advertising
E) promotional objectives
When a firm sets out to analyze, plan, implement, and control sales force activities, it is undertaking sales force management. Option B
What is sales force management?Some sales and sales force management tasks can be automated with the use of Salesforce management systems, which are information systems used in customer relationship management marketing and administration. When integrated with a marketing information system, they are frequently referred to as CRM systems.
The creation of a sales force, which entails the coordination of sales operations, training, and the use of sales techniques, is what leads to the accomplishment of sales goals and objectives. The success of your company depends on your sales force management approach.
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which one of the following is not generally a determinant of the reorder point? a. rate of demand b. length of lead time c. lead time variability d. stockout risk e. item purchase cost
Item purchase cost Is not generally a determinant of the reorder point. Option E
What is the Item purchase cost?Generally, The term "Purchase Cost" refers to the entire amount paid for the item(s) or service(s) ordered, which includes all applicable taxes, shipping expenses, and other fees, as well as any potential additional charges.
Delivering inventory in its present position and value results in the acquisition of buy expenses, which include both the value of the transaction and the overhead expenditures associated with it. 1 Money spent on purchases and money spent on travel and food 1
Calculating the purchase price is as simple as multiplying the "unit cost" by the "number of units." To put it another way, there are no bulk discounts available. In addition, the per-unit price stays the same during the course of the year. Order Cost is a kind of fixed overhead cost, and it does not change during the course of the year.
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in the spot market, 7.8 pesos can be exchanged for 1 u.s. dollar. a pair of headphones costs $15 in the united states. if purchasing power parity holds, what should be the price of the same headphones in mexico
Purchasing power parity holds, the price of the same headphones in Mexico is 1$ = 7.8 Mexican.
What is the Purchasing?A corporation or organization uses the purchasing process to buy products or services in order to achieve its objectives. Although many businesses make an effort to establish standards for the purchasing process, procedures can differ significantly between firms.
The purchase procedure falls under the purview of purchasing. In order for manufacturing and sales to proceed smoothly, it secures the supply of commodities, production materials, and equipment. For this, the proper commodities must be purchased at the proper time and in the proper quantity.
Buying is often more transactional and focused on the near term. It entails activities including placing orders, creating purchase orders, receiving,
Therefore, Purchasing power parity holds, and the price
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a supplier that controls critical worker skills and technical know-how holds which type of power over their lead firm?
A supplier who has informational control over key employee competencies and technical know-how has an advantage over their lead company.
Are suppliers buyers or sellers?A provider is a company that offers other companies large quantities of products and services. Additionally, suppliers have the option of producing their own products or buying them from a producer. Their objective is to sell specialty goods to other companies, such vendors, who will then resale the products.
Who qualifies as a supplier?A supplier is referred to as a company or someone who provides goods to another company or service. Suppliers, who solely engage in business-to-business interactions and deliver items to manufacturers in sizable quantities, are regarded as the initial step of the supply chain.
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after a nationwide spike in gun-related violent crime, a corporation decides to discontinue gun sales in its retail stores, even though this will probably hurt the company's sales in the next quarter. according to stakeholder theory, did the corporation fulfill its duty?
Stakeholder theory posits that companies have a responsibility to protect public interests, such as reducing the number of guns in their communities, so it is true that they are doing their duty.
What is Stakeholder Theory?Stakeholder theory is a capitalist view that emphasizes the interrelationships between a company and its customers, suppliers, employees, investors, communities, and others involved in the organization.As an example of how the stakeholder theory works, consider a car company that recently went public. Of course, shareholders want the stock price to rise, and the company strives to keep those shareholders happy because they invested money in the company.Why is stakeholder theory better than shareholder theory?Stakeholders include everything from shareholders, creditors and bondholders to employees, customers, suppliers and governments. The main difference between the two is that shareholders focus on return on investment. Stakeholders care more about company performance
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your economics professor offers 10 points extra credit if you attend a review session before your next exam. this extra credit is an example of
An incentive to attend the review session would be this extra credit. your economics professor offers 10 points extra credit if you attend a review session before your next exam
Which of the following is an illustration of an economic statement that is favorable?Using a positive economic statement as an example: "Healthcare given by the government raises public spending." There is no value judgment associated to this factual statement.
Why do economic concerns and problems exist in general?The economic challenge, or the challenge of making the best use of finite or restricted resources, affects all cultures. Although humans have limitless needs and wants, there is an economic difficulty because there are only so many resources that can be used to fulfill those needs and wants.
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Write a paragraph about the steps taken in the amendment process.
To amend the Constitution, the two procedures of proposal and ratification are required.
What steps comprise the amendment procedure?Congress and the states can both engage in the proposal phase, but the states are solely responsible for securing ratification, in accordance with the government policies. Once a state has ratified an amendment, it cannot go back on that decision. Two-thirds of the members of each house of Congress and the state legislatures must vote in favor of calling a national convention.
The proposed amendment process is accepted when the legislatures of 3/4 (38) of the states represented at the conventions and those 3/4 (38) states agree. It establishes a mechanism that would make it challenging to modify the Constitution, which would make it less irrevocable and more akin to statute law.
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true or false? objectives typically have a designated time period, while key results can be long lived. true false
objectives typically have a designated time period, while key results can be long lived. given statement is false.
What is a "Key Result"?An objective-achieving key result is a quantifiable result that is necessary. It includes a metric with a starting and ending value. In the same way that a signpost indicates how close you are to your objective, Key Results track progress towards the goal. Meaningful change, advancement, and expansion are represented by effective OKRs. Our top priority for the following 30 to 90 days are those. Meaningful, bold, and inspirational objectives are what make goals effective. Effective Key Results are measurable and verifiable, aggressive and time-bound, and specific.
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which of the following statements is true of corporate advertising? multiple choice it usually brings a significant return on investment. it is typically used to generate greater sales of a particular product. it is usually used to promote a service as opposed to a product. it portrays the image that a firm is in trouble. it generates high levels of interest among consumers.
It is usually used to promote a service as opposed to a product, is the statement that best describe the true statement of corporate advertising.
What is the corporate advertising?Corporate advertising is generally understood to refer to paid communications disseminated through various media channels and intended to affect consumers' opinions of a company and its goods, as well as their intentions to buy those goods.
The phrase that best captures the essence of corporate advertising is that it is typically used to market a service as opposed to a product.
Therefore, option C is correct.
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As firms simultaneously downsize and face the need for increased coordination across organizational boundaries, a control system based primarily on boundaries and constraints would be
Multiple Choice
a. effective.
b. dysfunctional.
c. recommended.
d. ideal.
Dysfunctional is the right answer choice.
This happens as a result of the organization's lack of coordination and control over its personnel. This might simultaneously result in the organization's workforce being reduced.
A dysfunctional family is one in which there is constant conflict, poor conduct, frequent child neglect or abuse, and occasionally even all of the above on the part of individual parents, prompting other family members to put up with such behavior.
The main cause of dysfunctional families is usually two people, one of whom is usually outwardly abusive and the other is codependent. Substance abuse, other types of addiction, and occasionally untreated mental illness may also have an impact. Parents who grew up in an unhappy household may overcorrect or act like their own parents. When one parent abuses or neglects their children, the other parent may follow suit.
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robinson crusoe divides his time between catching fish and gathering fruit. part of his production possibilities frontier is given in table 1. mr. crusoe, while lonesome, is efficient and always stays on his ppf. mr. crusoe is consuming 20 pounds of fish. then he decides to slowly become a vegetarian and decrease his consumption of fish to 9 pounds. this decision means that mr. crusoe will a) incur an opportunity cost of 9 pounds of fruit. b) incur an opportunity cost of 20 pounds of fish. c) be able to enjoy a gain of 9 pounds of fruit. d)incur an opportunity cost of 9 pounds of fish.
This decision means that Mr. Crusoe will incur an opportunity cost of 9 pounds of fruit.
Cost is generally the monetary value of goods and services purchased by producers and consumers. In a basic economic sense, the cost is a measure of the alternative choices we give up in choosing one good or activity over another.
The two basic costs that businesses incur are fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs do not change with performance, while variable costs do. Fixed costs are sometimes called overhead costs. It happens whether the company produces 100 products or 1,000 products.
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