on spacecraft, a h2/o2 fuel cell is used to produce electricity. regarding the fuel cell reactions: a. what is the balanced redox reaction? b. what is ecell assuming po2

The equilibrium constant is  12.5.

The equilibrium constant of a chemical response is the price of its response quotient at chemical equilibrium, a kingdom approached by means of a dynamic chemical device after enough time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards in addition trade.

The equilibrium consistent of a chemical response is the price of its response quotient at chemical equilibrium, a kingdom approached by a dynamic chemical device after enough time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency in the direction of further trade.

Calculation:-

CH₄ + H₂O --------->  CO + 2H₂

[CO] = 10⁻² mol/L

     = 0.01 mol/l

[H₂] = 5 × 10⁻¹ mol/l = 0.5 mol/l

[H₂O] = 10⁻² mol/l = 0.01 mol/l

[CH₄] = 10⁻² mol/l = 0.01 mol/l

K = [CO][H₂]³/[CH₄][H₂O]

  = (0.01) × (0.5)³/(0.01)×(0.01)

Kc = 12.5

Equillibirium constant =  12.5

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134g of NH3 is required to react with excess oxygen to make 70.5 g of NO

We need to prepare 70.5 of NO given that the percent yield is 29.8%. Therefore, the molar mass of NO is 30g/mol. Then, the number of moles of NO in 70.5g is given by,

Moles of NO = 70.5/30

Moles of NO = 2.35moles

The actual yield of NO is 2.35 moles. Then theoretical yield can be computed as follows,

The percent yield of NO=( actual yield of NO/theoretical yield of NO ) x 100

Theoretical yield of NO = (actual yield/percent yield/100)

On supplying the values we get,

Theoretical yield= 2.35/0.298

Theoretical yield = 7.88 moles

The reaction is given by

4NH₃+SO₂ ---------> 4NO + 6H₂O

4 moles of Ammonia are required to make 4 moles of NO. Then, moles of NO equals moles of NH₃ which is 7.88

Then molar mass of NH₃ = 17g/mol

Mass of NH₃ = molar mass x no of moles

Mass of NH₃ = 17x7.88

Mass of NH₃ = 134g.

Therefore 134g of NH3 is required to make 70.5g of NO.

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for molecules with only one central atom, only one pair isolated in the central atom guarantee for molecular polarity.

When a molecule, which can be made up of multiple covalent bonds, has a net polarity, one end has a higher concentration of negative charge and the other end has an excess of positive charge, this is referred to as molecular polarity.

The projected degree of polarity in the bond and, subsequently, the type of connection, are generally indicated by the absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (EN) between two linked atoms. A covalent, nonpolar bond develops when the difference is extremely small or nonexistent. When the bond is large, it is either ionic or polar covalent.

An rising differential in electronegativity is accompanied by an increase in bond polarity and ionic character. The electrons in compounds with polar covalent bonds are distributed unevenly among the bound atoms. The respective electronegativities of the bound atoms have a significant role in determining the polarity of such a connection.

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Your limiting agent, salicylic acid, has a molar mass of 138.12 g/mol. Your product, aspirin, does have an molecular weight average of 180.15 g/mol. Methyl salicylate volume = 0.259 mL

Salicylic acid applied topically heals acne by bringing down redness and swelling and clearing clogged skin pores to encourage pimples to contract. By softer and looserning dry, scaly, or thicker skin so that it slips off or is removed easily, it addresses other skin disorders.

Briefing

mass = number of moles * molar mass

molecular weight of methyl salicylate is 152.1 g/mol

number of moles = 2 mmol = 0.002 moles

mass = 0.002 moles * 152.1 g/mol

mass of methyl salicylate = 0.3042 g

Volume is determined from the density and mass

Volume = mass/density

volume of methyl salicylate = 0.3042 g/ 1.174 g/ml

volume of methyl salicylate = 0.259 mL

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Oxidation: Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.

Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased. The opposite process is called reduction, which occurs when there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an atom, molecule, or ion decreases.

Reduction: Reduction involves a half-reaction in which a chemical species decreases its oxidation number, usually by gaining electrons. The other half of the reaction involves oxidation, in which electrons are lost. Together, reduction and oxidation form redox reactions (reduction-oxidation = redox). Reduction may be considered the opposite process of oxidation.

Cu(aq) + Zn(s) = Cu (s) + Zn2+ ( aq)

(2+)        (0)              ( 0)   (2+)

In this reaction, Zn is oxidised and Cu is reduced.

What do you mean by redox reaction?

Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which the reactants undergo a change in their oxidation states. The term ‘redox’ is a short form of reduction-oxidation. All the redox reactions can be broken down into two different processes – a reduction process and an oxidation process.

The oxidation and reduction reactions always occur simultaneously in redox or Oxidation-Reduction reactions. The substance getting reduced in a chemical reaction is known as the oxidizing agent, while a substance that is getting oxidized is known as the reducing agent.

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A structure containing a central atom with two electron groups, designated ax2, has a linear shape with a bond angle of 180 degrees.

In a molecular formula, the center atom is often the one with the lowest subscript and the largest bonding potential. When all of the atoms typically form the same amount of bonds, the central atom is often the one with the lowest electronegative potential. Central ions are the metal ions that the ligands attach to. Example: The core ion in K3[Fe(CN)6] is Fe3+. As Lewis acids, these core atoms and ions serve as acceptors of the electron pair.

Since C is less electronegative than O, it serves as the main atom. 2. C contains four valence electrons, and each O has six, for a total of sixteen valence electrons.

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Since the AMP-PNP is not hydrolyzed, the helicase would no longer work. DNA unwinding by helicase is made possible by conformational changes brought on by ATP binding and hydrolysis.

A double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to create two identical DNA molecules through the process of DNA replication. Because every time a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must have the same genetic material, or DNA, as the parent cell, replication is a crucial process.

By using the energy-equivalent ATP, DNA helicases are enzymes that can unwind DNA. All species depend on them for DNA recombination, DNA repair, and replication.

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Among the following given options Ba₂(NO₃)₂ has the highest boiling point.

The boiling point of a solvent increases due the addition of a solute in the solvent and it follows the formula:

ΔT = K × m × i

Where K represents the boiling point increasing constant (Depends of the solute), m is molality = molarity when solvent is water, and i is Van't Hoff factor.

This implies that the compound with the higher m × i will be the solution with the highest boiling point,

a. NaCl has i = 2 (NaCl dissociates in Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions).

m × i = 0.15 × 2 = 0.3

b. CaCl₂; i = 3. (3 ions).

m × i = 0.10M × 3 = 0.3

c. Ba₂(NO₃)₂ dissolves in 5 ions. i = 5

m × i = 0.15 M × 5 = 0.75

d. NH₃ has i = 4:

m × i = 0.2M × 4 = 0.8

e. Al₂(NO)₃ : i = 5

m × i = 0.10 × 5 = 0.5

Hence, the m × i value of Ba₂(NO₃)₂ is highest so it has the highest melting point.

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Specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius of one gram of a substance. Therefore,  the work done on the gas (in joules) is 4.95 J.

Enthalpy term is basically used in thermodynamics to show the overall energy that a matter have. Mathematically, Enthalpy is directly proportional to specific heat capacity of a substances.

Mathematically,

q = n ×ΔH

where

q = amount of heat

n = no of moles

ΔH = enthalpy

n = w / M.M

Work in thermodynamic= work done on the system =p×change in temperature

work done on the system= 1.5 atm×(5.1 L - 1.8 L. )

work done on the system=4.95 J

Therefore,  the work done on the gas (in joules) is 4.95 J.

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Where the oxidation reaction occurs is at the anode. Therefore, this is the location where the metal loses electrons. Since it goes from oxidation state 0 to +2 in the reaction above, the anode is the Cu(s). Cathode: The cathode is the site of the reduction reaction.

Oxidation takes place at the anode and reduction at the cathode, as indicated by the mnemonic "Red Cat An Ox." The anode is the negative terminal for the galvanic cell because it is the source of electrons for the current generated by the reaction at the anode.

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14.61 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in water to make 500 ml of solution. (show work) a. what is the mass/volume %? b. what is the molarity of this solution?   0.499 (approx)

Mass of sodium chloride, m​​​​​solute=14.61 g    (given)

Volume of solution,v ​​​​​solution=500 ml=0.5 litres (given)

a. Mass/volume % is ratio of mass of solute in grams and volume of solution in ml multiplied from 100%

Mass/volume%=(m​​​​​solute/v​​​​​solution)*100%

           =(14.61/500)*100%

Mass/volume%=2.928%

b. Mass of sodium is 23 and chlorine is 35.5

Molecular mass of sodium chloride ie NaCl=23*1+35.5*1=58.5

Number of moles of NaCl is found by dividing mass of NaCl in grams by molecular mass of NaCl,

Number of moles of NaCl,n​​​​​solute=14.61/58.5

Molarity of the solution is found by dividing number of moles of solute ie sodium chloride (NaCl) from volume of solution in litres,

Thus,

Molarity of solution=n​​​​​​solute/v​​​​​​solution

        =(14.61/58.5) / 0.5

       =0.499 (approx)

Sodium chloride is used as an electrolyte replenisher to assist save you warmth cramps as a result of an excessive amount of sweating. This medicinal drug is likewise used for the coaching of normal isotonic answer of sodium chloride. This medicinal drug is to be had without prescription.

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An alcohol is created when an alkene undergoes treatment with hg(oac)2 in ch3oh, followed by a reaction with nabh4.

One of the most adaptable chemical building blocks, alkenes are essential to numerous synthetic reactions. Alkene reactants are used in hydro functionalization processes such olefin hydroalkoxylation and hydroamination, which is a very active area of catalysis.

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons because they only have one bond between the carbon atoms. Alkenes have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Alkynes have one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are the name given to alkenes and alkynes.

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0.0225 ml of a 0.900% (m/v) normal saline solution can be prepared from 2.50 g of sodium chloride, nacl . note that mass is not technically the same as weight, but the abbreviation % (w/v) is often used interchangeably with % (m/v).

C = m/V

0.009 = m/V

0.009 = 2.5/V

V = 2.5/0.009 = 0.0225 ml

To help prevent heat cramps brought on by excessive sweating, sodium chloride is used as an electrolyte replenisher. The normal isotonic solution of sodium chloride can also be made using this medication. This medication is accessible over-the-counter.

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0.75 volume (ml) of the sweetened tea described in example 3.14 contains the same amount of sugar (mol) as 10 ml of the soft drink in this example

It is given that the concentration of sugar in a soft drink is 0.375M It means 1L of soft drinks contains 0.375mol of sugar. Then,

1000mL = 0.375mol

1mL =0.375/1000

For 10ml

= 0.375 x 10^-3 x 10

= 0.00375mol sugar

Now, the concentration of sugar in sweetened tea is 0.05M.

This means 12 L solution (tea) contains 0.05mol of sugar.

Now, we need to find the volume of sweetened tea that has the same mass of sugar that is present in 10ml of soft drink

So, the required amount of sugar  is 0.05 mol

0.05mol sugar = 1000ml (tea)

1 mol sugar = 1000/0.05 (tea)

So,

0.00375 mol sugar = (1000x 0.00375)/0.05

= 75.0 mL (tea)

The volume of tea required is 0.75ml

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The carbon atoms interspersed with iron atoms in its molecular structure has steel.

The carbon atom have the chemical symbol of C. the atomic number of the carbon is 6. the electronic configuration of the carbon atom is 1s² 2s² 2p². the iron atom has the chemical symbol of Fe. the iron atom having the atomic number 26. the electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s².

The steel is an alloy which is made up of the iron with the added carbon to it .the carbon improve its strength compared to the irons. steel is the alloy which is made up of the iron and the carbon.

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The following combustion of fuel will result in the production of 39.65 moles, claims the statement.

A mole is 6.02214076 x 1023 of any chemical unit, including atoms, molecules, ions, and others. Due to the high number of electrons, molecules, or other components that make up any substance, the mole is a useful measure to utilize. The mole was initially defined as the quantity of atoms contained in 12 grams of co2, but the General Assembly on Measurement and Weights declared in 2018 that the mole will only contain 6.02214076 1023 of some scientific unit as of May 20, 2019.

C₅H₁₂+8O₂→6H₂O+5CO₂

From the equation, we see that 1 mole of C₅H₁₂ reacts with excess of O₂ to produce 5 moles of CO₂.

So, 7.93 moles of C₅H₁₂ will react with excess O₂ to produce (7.93*5) moles = 39.65 moles.

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Answer: Protons

Explanation:

Protons is the answer because they are unchanging and cannot move compared to electrons.

Molarity of NaCl solution = 0.5 M Molarity or Concentration = Moles of solute / Volume of solution 0.5 M solutions of Sodium chloride means 0.5 moles of NaCl in 1 Litre of Sodium chloride solution.   In order to decrease the concentration of the solution more water should be added to the solution.

What is Molarity?

Molarity or molar concentration is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, which can be calculated using the following equation:

[tex]\text{Molarity}= \dfrac{\text{mol solute}}{\text{L of solution}}[/tex]

​

Molar concentration can be used to convert between the mass or moles of solute and the volume of the solution.

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By engulfing molecules, cells absorb them through the process of endocytosis. The substance to be transported is caught in a tiny, inward deformation of the plasma membrane known as an invagination.

Pinocytosis is a process by which the cell absorbs the liquids along with dissolved small molecules. Pino means "to drink" in Greek. As a result of this process, the cell membrane folds forms tiny pockets and collects the cellular fluid and other dissolved materials.

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Answer:

30 pts

Explanation:

There can be emissions of radiations like gamma radiation. There can be emission of particles too like alpha particle. Therefore radioactive decay of lead leads to production of bismuth. the blank can be filled with 210 and 82.

Nuclear decay is process in which the radioactive element releases particles or radiations. Alpha particles is ⁴₂He. Alpha particle is nothing but helium particle.

The balanced reaction can be written as

²¹⁰Pb [tex]_x[/tex] [tex]\rightarrow[/tex] 83[tex]Bi^y[/tex]   + ⁰₋₁ e

sum of mass number of reactant side=total sum of mass number of product

210=y+0

y=210

sum of atomic number of reactant side=total sum of atomic number of product

x=83+(-1)

x=83-1

x=82

Therefore radioactive decay of lead leads to production of bismuth. the blank can be filled with 210 and 82.

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Rudolph A. Marcus created the Marcus hypothesis in theoretical chemistry to explain the speeds of electron transfer processes starting in 1956.

the speed at which an electron can transfer or jump from a chemical species (referred to as the electron donor) to another (called the electron acceptor). Rudolph A. Marcus created the Marcus Hush theory (M-H theory) in 1956. It describes the foundations of redox/ electron transfer processes in terms of the rate at which an electron jumps/moves from an oxidant species (electron donor) to the reductant (electron acceptor). When the free energy is equal to the reorganisation energy and is in the opposite direction, the maximum rate constant for electron transfer occurs. Keep in mind that the reorganisation energy is positive and the free energy for a spontaneous electron transfer is negative.is favourable. In addition to the structural changes mentioned above, substitution, elimination, and isomerization reactions differ from outer sphere redox reactions in that nuclear configurations and charge distribution are always "in equilibrium" and that nuclear movements and charge shifts (charge transfer, CT) occur continuously and concertedly on the reactions path. This is demonstrated by the SN2 substitution of the saponification of an alkyl halide, where a transition state containing a five-coordinated carbon atom must be viewed and where the rear side assault of the OH ion pushes out a halide ion.

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In this extraction, acetic acid would be the first substance to mix with water.

When a substance is "extracted," it is moved from a solid or liquid into a separate solvent or phase. The method most frequently used in chemical labs is liquid-liquid extraction, which takes place in a separatory funnel.

The funnel is filled with a dissolved component solution, an immiscible solvent is added, and the two layers are shaken together. It is most typical for one layer to be an organic solvent and the other to be an aqueous one. When components migrate from one layer to the next, they are "extracted."

By taking use of the different ways that different compounds are soluble in aqueous and organic solvents, extraction is the process of extracting specific components from a mixture.

Three steps are involved in the extraction process for a mixture of diethylamine, phenol, acetic acid, and ammonia. 1. Shake the mixture after adding a powerful acid. Ladder off the watery layer. 2. Include a weak base and stir the mixture. Ladder off the watery layer. 3. Add a solid base and stir the mixture. Ladder off the watery layer.

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Redox reaction if it occurs in acidic solution

Fe2+(aq) + MnO4(aq) ----> Fe3+ (aq) + Mn2+(aq)

1-

Fe+2---->Fe+3  ....oxidation

MnO4 ------> Mn2+ reduction

2- Balance the reaction by

Balance oxidation numbers by adding electrons.

Balance charge by adding H+ (acidic solutions) or OH- (basic solutions).

Balance H atoms by adding H2O. Balancing Redox Reactions

Fe2+(aq) ---> Fe3+(aq) + e-

MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- ---> Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O

3- Net equation

5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) ---> 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O

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Answer:

10 pts

Explanation:

The reaction profile diagram shows the conversion of reactants to products.

We know that the energy diagram is the diagram that is drawn to show the interaction between species as they move from the reactants to products. We can see that in the reaction profile the energy us plotted on he vertical axis and the reaction pathway is plotted on the horizontal axis.

Now the topmost part of the curve is the activated complex. The activation energy of the reaction is the line that terminates at the curve for the reactants. The corner at the left is for the reactants while the corner at the right is for the products. The enthalpy change is the difference between the energies of the reactants and the products.

All these are shown in the reaction profile attached here.

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Answer:color change and formation of precipitate.

Explanation: The reaction of products of the chemical reaction may have different properties

The number of moles of gas in the sample is 0.0862 mol which can be calculated using ideal gas law.

An ideal gas is one that follows all the gas laws at every temperature and pressure condition. A real gas is referred to as a gas that does not act like an ideal gas.

From ideal gas equation, it is stated that

PV=nRT

Here, P represents the pressure of gas, V represents the volume of the gas, T represents the temperature, R is the gas constant and n is the number of moles.

It is given that, Volume of gas is 5.0 L, Pressure is 328 torr and the temperature is 37°C. The number of moles can be calculated as follows:

PV=nRT

328 torr*5.0 L=n*62.364 L Torr/mol/K*(32+273) K

n=328 torr*5.0 L/62.364 L Torr/mol/K*305 K

n=1640/19021.02 mol

n=0.0862 mol

Thus, the moles of gas are 0.0862 mol.

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The electronegativity value for mg is 1.2 and the value for O is 3.5 based on these value ionic bond is expected to be formed between mg and o.

It is crucial to understand in this type of investigation that the higher the electronegativity value, the more likely it is that an ionic connection will form between the two elements.

Therefore, to demonstrate that an ionic bond should form between two elements, we need to know the difference in their electronegativity values. This query demonstrates that the electronegativity difference is rather substantial. As a result of this important distinction, it is anticipated that an ionic bond will form. If their strengths are comparable, covalent bonds are possible.

The main interaction in ionic compounds is ionic bonding, a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between two atoms or ions with sharply different electronegativities.

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