Neurexins and neuroligins have emerged as central organizing molecules for excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic synapses in the mammalian brain.
Functions as a cell adhesion molecule and bridges the synaptic cleft. Surprisingly, both partners can trigger the formation of hemisynapses.
Neuroligins induce presynaptic differentiation and neurexins induce postsynaptic differentiation. Recent protein interaction assays and cell culture studies demonstrate the selectivity of function conferred on either partner by alternative splicing. Insertion of β-neurexin into site 4 selectively promotes GABAergic synaptic function, whereas insertion of neurolysin-1 into site B selectively promotes glutamatergic synaptic function. Although early knockdown and knockout studies suggest that neurexins and neuroligins play important roles in synaptic transmission, particularly GABAergic synapses, assessing the in vivo function of these complex protein families needs further research.
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the hawthorne and apple maggot flies appear to have become reproductively isolated from each other largely because they: a. mate at different times of the day. b. occupy different parts of the habitat. c. have different mating behaviors. d. do not share the same reproductive organs. e. have adapted to two different hosts.
The Hawthorne and apple maggot flies appear to have become reproductively isolated from each other largely because e.)they have adapted to different hosts.
Initially, these two species are the same species and their host is the hawthorn tree. Speciation occurs when European settlers introduced apple trees in North America. Some flies of species born in the Hawthorne tree accept it as a host and continue to feed on this plant and mate with others flies on the Hawthorn tree. Flies that are born on apple trees accept it as a host and continue to feed on this tree and mate with other flies in this tree. Slowly after some time, these flies differentiated into two species.
This type of speciation which occurs without physical separation Or geographical separation is called sympatric speciation.
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Expression of the GAL, lac and trp structural genes all involve coordinated regulation in response to cellular metabolic needs. Answer the following T/F regarding how this coordinated regulation is achieved.
GAL regulatory genes are translated from a polycistronic mRNA. This statement is false. GAL regulatory genes are not translated by polycistronic mRNA. They are inactivated in the absence of galactose. In the presence of galactose, they are transcribed. So the statement is false.
All GAL structural genes have UAS elements in their enhancer regions. This statement is true. UAS is the upstream activating sequence. It is a cis-acting sequence. It plays a role in activating transcription. So the statement is true. Trp structural genes are transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA. This statement is true. Tryptophan operon contains one or more structural genes which are transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA. This operon responds to a repressor protein. Lac structural genes share a similar chromatin state. This statement is false. Lac structural genes do not have similar chromatin structures.
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Biologists divide the biosphere into ______, which are the major types of ecosystems on earth.
The biosphere is divided into biomes, which are the main categories of ecosystems on Earth.
What kind of organism creates organic chemicals that support fungus, animals, and all the other levels of a food web by harvesting energy?Chemoautotrophs are capable of fixing carbon dioxide to produce their own organic compounds. These species have the capacity to generate their own food or energy.
What criteria are used to categorize biomes?An area is categorized as a biome based on the species that call it home. A specific location's soil type, temperature range, amount of light, and water requirements create niches for particular species. enabling the definition of the biome.
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If the cubes you just saw were cells, which one would have the greatest ratio of cell membrane surface area relative to the volume of its cytoplasm?.
According to the given statement Cytoplasm increases faster than cell membrane.
What is cell membrane made of?Proteins and lipids make up cell membranes in living things. Only some chemicals can pass through them because they are primarily constituted of lipids. The most prevalent form of lipid in the bilayer is phospholipid. The external and inner layers of phospholipids is divided into two layers.
How does a cell membrane develop?Based on the characteristics of lipids, physiological membranes form, and all cells have the same structural features: bilayers of liposomes with accompanying proteins. A non-living membrane seems to be the cell membrane. In bacteria, the living material protoplasm/protoplast is contained inside this cell membrane and is encased in a rigid, non-living cell wall.
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20 points
Which of the following are a characteristic of asexual reproduction? Select all that apply.
A. Requires 1 parent organism
B. Organism makes a copy of itself and divides
C. Requires a lot of time and effort
D. Produces offspring genetically identical to the parents
E. Produces genetically different offspring
F. Can include reproduction such as binary fission, buddy and regeneration
Answer:
tu eres rara con tu novio y no me lo has puesto a hacer mi amor perdón mi vida es un gran amor que te dijo
A,D & E
Asexual Reproduction
It is a type of reproduction, which only involves single parent. The new offspring produced are genetical and physical clones of their parents. Binary Fission, Budding, Fragmentation, Vegetative Propagation, Sporogenesis are different types of asexual reproduction.
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An antibonding molecular orbital has a lower electron density in the internuclear region than that of the atomic orbitals.
Antibonding molecular orbitals are those that make molecules more energetic in comparison to the presence of individual atoms while weakening the link between atoms.
How is a molecular orbital for antibonding created? What distinguishes it from the combination of atomic orbitals?The molecular orbital is created when an equal number of atomic orbitals overlap one another. Antibonding molecular orbitals are the two atomic orbitals created as a result of the linear combination of atomic orbitals in the same phase or in a different phase.
What is the reality of antibonding atomic orbitals?The two atomic p orbitals from which it is created have a lower energy than the antibonding molecular orbitals. The two atomic p orbitals that it is created from have a lower energy than the bonding atomic orbitals.
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Choose all the answers that apply.
Which of the following are found in plant cells, but never in animal cells?
cell membranes
chloroplasts
cell walls
vacuoles
PLEASE HELP!!!! which statement best distinguishes between the function of genes and alleles? responses genes provide variation in traits, while alleles express traits.
A genes provide variation in traits, while alleles express traits.
B. alleles are responsible for variation in traits, while genes are responsible for the expression of traits.
C. alleles provide duplicate copies in case of mutation, while genes express all mutations
D. alleles provide duplicate copies in case of mutation, while genes express all mutations
Genes are genetic units that code for traits. Alleles are alternative forms of the same gene that express different phenotypes of the same trait. B) alleles are responsible for variation in traits, while genes are responsible for the expression of traits.
What are genes and alleles?
Genes are the hereditable DNA fragments that transmit the information needed to specify traits.
This information passes from parents to offspring, generation to generation.
Genes are physically placed and arranged in chromosomes. Each chromosome contains too many genes that might vary in length.
Alleles are different forms of a gene that result from a mutation in the original gene.
By the process of natural mutation, a gene might change into two or more alternative forms that are called alleles.
These alternative forms codify for the same trait expressing different phenotypes.
The correct option is B. alleles are responsible for variation in traits, while genes are responsible for the expression of traits.
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What structures of the skeletal system make the skeleton so versatile in locomotive function?.
The musculoskeletal system is another name for the locomotor system. Skeletal muscles, ligaments, tendons, joints, cartilage, and other connective tissue make up its structure. Your body can move thanks to the cooperation of these components.
What part do the skeleton and muscles play in movement?The skeletal system gives the body a clear shape and a structural framework. The internal organs are shielded by the skeletal system. The skeletal system's primary purpose is to assist the body in moving and moving around.
What connection exists between the skeletal system's composition and its intended use?Support: The skeleton serves as a framework for the attachment of muscles and tissues and keeps the body upright. Posture: Our skeleton gives our body the right shape. Protection The internal organs are shielded by the skeleton's bones, which also lessen the likelihood of injury from impacts.
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A small seawater ecosystem suddenly receives too much rain. Which is the most likely result?
A. The salinity increases then returns to normal.
B. The salinity decreases.
C. The salinity remains the same.
D. The salinity destroys the inhabitants.
There will be more rain in some areas of the Earth if a region becomes saltier than usual.
What occurs as salinity rises?In some areas of the ocean, little rain falls, yet warm, dry breezes greatly increase evaporation.Water is removed through evaporation; however, because salt is left behind as the water vapour rises into the atmosphere, the salinity of the ocean rises as a result. The ocean thickens as a result of this.The freezing point of water drops as salinity rises (29), which means that an ocean with a higher salinity has less potential to form sea ice and stays ice-free at much lower temperatures.By dehydrating the plant, blocking the uptake of nitrogen, and poisoning it with chloride ions, saline water slows plant growth.Rainwashing mineral ions from the land into water is the main cause of ocean salinity, or salt in the sea.To learn more about occurs as salinity rises refer to:
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a type of polyploid organism called a(n) arises when all of the chromosome sets in the organism are derived from the same species.
When all of the chromosome sets in the organism are derived from the same species, the organism becomes an autopolyploid.
A chromosome is a long DNA fragment accompanying part or all of the ancestral material of a structure. In most chromosomes the lengthened thin DNA fibers are painted accompanying bundle proteins; in eukaryotic containers, the ultimate main of these proteins are the histones. Chromosomes are makeups in the direction of the center (core) of containers that win long pieces of DNA. DNA is the material that holds genes. It is the component of the human corpse.
Chromosomes more hold proteins that help DNA endure in the correct form. Autopolyploids are as a rule deliberate to stand inside a sole variety by increasing structurally complementary, similar genomes (AAAA), whereas allopolyploids stand by way of interspecific combination and after increasing of nonhomologous (that is homoeologous) genomes (AABB).
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the function of which of the following systems is to carry blood to all regions of the body to provide oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and waste products?
The Circulatory System.
What is circulatory system?
Circulatory system is a group of organs responsible for the pumping , circulation and conduction of blood to each and every cells of the body. Circulatory system is extremely essential for our bodies as blood is the medium through which oxygen availability is made to the cellular framework . Also the circulatory system is responsible for removal of waste products and other metabolites away from the cells.
Components of Circulatory system -
The circulatory system consist of a pump- the Heart which by its forceful contraction pumps the blood to different organs. From the heart blood is carried away by Arteries. Arteries inside the organs divide into arterioles and Capillaries. From the organs the blood is taken up by the Viens towards the heart. The blood is then pumped towards the lungs where oxygenation of the blood takes place. The oxygenated blood again comes back to the heart where it repeats the cycle.
Thus Circulatory System carry blood to all the regions of the body.
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which molecule has the greatest effect in controlling lung ventilation? a. oxygen in the blood b. hydrogen ions in the blood c. carbon dioxide in the blood d. oxygen in the cerebrospinal fluid
The correct answer is option C
C carbon dioxide in the blood
What is Lung ventilation?
In "Lung Ventilation: Natural and Mechanical," the processes of respiration and lung ventilation are discussed, with an emphasis on the problems specifically associated with mechanical ventilation. The anatomy and physiology of respiration, as well as how the lungs and the rest of the respiratory system are involved, are covered at the beginning of the chapter. The three mechanical ventilation working principles are then introduced. It then concentrates on intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), which is how the majority of contemporary critical care ventilators work, and explains how it works pneumatically. The chapter concludes with a comparison of mechanical/artificial and natural lung ventilation.
The majority of patients who need mechanical breathing have both lungs inflated and deflated simultaneously. Mechanically separating the lungs such that only one lung may be ventilated is known as one lung ventilation (OLV). OLV is a common technique for facilitating surgical exposure during thoracic procedures. It can be used to separate a pathologic lung from a healthy lung to minimize soiling or to allow for differential ventilation.
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The functional units of the kidneys are:
A) nephrons.
B) renal sinuses.
C) glomeruli.
D) renal pyramids.
The Functional unit of a Kidney is called a Nephron.
What is a kidney?
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that are situated on either side of the spine, behind the belly, and behind the ribs. The size of a hefty fist, each kidney is around 4 to 5 inches long.
Your kidneys' function is to filter your blood. They maintain healthy electrolyte levels in the body, remove waste, and control fluid balance. About 40 times a day, all of your blood travels through them.
Waste is eliminated as blood reaches the kidney, and salt, water, and minerals are corrected as necessary. The body receives the filtered blood back. Urine is created as waste is transformed, and it gathers in the kidney's pelvis, a funnel-shaped structure that drains to the bladder through a tube known as the ureter.
Each kidney contains millions of tiny filters known as nephrons. You might only have 10% of your kidneys working and not notice any symptoms or problems.
If blood stops flowing into a kidney, it may die in part or whole. This can result in kidney failure.
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How did the discoveries of thomson and rutherford change dalton's atomic theory?.
Answer:
The discovery of the electron disproved the part of Dalton's atomic theory that assumed atoms were indivisible. Atom comes from the word uncuttable meaning atoms are in fact indivisible.
Explanation:
If a post synaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________.
A presynaptic neuron is sending many EPSPs if a post synaptic cell is driven to threshold by temporal summation.
What results in rapid EPSP?Later, it was discovered that AH and S neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses experienced fast EPSPs. They seem to be the exclusive means of communication between enteric neurons and vagal efferents.
What effect do EPSPs have on postsynaptic neurons?This makes the EPSP more likely to result in an action potential from the postsynaptic neuron, designating this synapse as excitatory.
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If you have been drinking the decision-making process and basic hand-eye coordination are.
The basic hand-eye coordination and the decision making process is slowed.
What are the side effects of alcohol consumption?
Long term use of alcohol can affect your health in many ways including bone density. This will lead to thinner bones, thereby increasing risks of fractures when/ if you fall.
There are other risks to ones health after long term use of alcohol consumption. These include high blood pressure, stroke, liver disease, heart disease, and digestive problems.
Cancer of the breast, throat, esophagus, voice box, liver mouth, liver, colon, and rectum are also included. The immune system will weaken, thereby increasing chances of getting sick. Learning and memory problems are also high in the list, including dementia and poor school performance.
Therefore, even basic hand-eye coordination and the decision making process are slowed.
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Computer frequency of production of sperm and Human males to the frequency of production of eggs in human females
The frequency of production of sperm in human males is generally higher as compared to the frequency of production of eggs in human females.
What is the production of egg and sperm cells called?The production of both egg and sperm cells initiates as identical germ cells and is produced through a process of cell division called meiosis, which reduces the number of chromosomes in the germ cell from 46 (diploid) to 23 (haploid).
Inside the fallopian tube, sperms may take about two hours to swim the distance, during which most get exhausted and die. So, more sperm definitely means better chances of fertilization. Sperms surrounding the egg will release hydrolyzing enzymes to dissolve zona radiata and zona pellucida around the egg.
Therefore, The frequency of production of sperm in human males is definitely required in the mechanism of successful fertilization.
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animals and plants both have diploid and haploid cells. how does the animal life cycle differ from the alternation of generations exhibited by plants?
Only the gametes are haploid; otherwise, almost all creatures live diploid dominant lives. They are unable to split once the haploid gametes have been created. Multiple cell haploid life stages don't exist.
In contrast, plants have a mixture of the haploid and diploid dominance cycles since they have both haploid and diploid multicellular organisms as a component of their life cycle.
Due to its ability to produce haploid spores during meiosis, the diploid plant is known as a sporophyte. Because they produce gametes, the spores grow into haploid, multicellular plants known as gametophytes.
What is the difference between life cycle of animal and plant?
In multicellular creatures, there is just one generation in the life cycle. The haploid sex cells are created by meiosis in the diploid organism. Other cells in the body are all diploid and are created during mitosis. Male and female sex cells combine during fertilisation to form a new diploid creature. The organism is diploid and does not alternate between haploid and diploid generations.
Life cycles fluctuate between diploid and haploid generations in plant multicellular organisms. Through meiosis, the diploid sporophyte phase of the cycle generates haploid spores. A haploid gametophyte structure is created as haploid spores multiply through mitosis. The cycle's haploid stage is represented by the gametophyte.
The gametophyte creates both male and female gametes after reaching maturity. A diploid zygote results from the union of haploid gametes. A new diploid sporophyte is created by the zygote growing through mitosis. Accordingly, unlike in animal beings, plant species can switch between the diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte phases.
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a solid ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a(n) .
A solid ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a morula.
Define fertilization.
One sperm and one egg must recognize each other and fuse during the highly complex sexual reproductive process known as fertilization. Haploid gametes can build a genetically different person through fertilization and return to the usual number of chromosomes.
The first stage of development follows the union of an egg cell and a sperm cell, and is known as the zygote or fertilized egg (the fertilization ). The morula is a cell clump made up of 16–32 tiny diploid cells that develops from the zygote by cleavage (cell division). The embryo's volume doesn't grow throughout this initial period of development. The first cell differentiation happens in the generated morula.
The clump of cells develops into the embryoblast, which can be further subdivided into epiblast and hypoblast, the actual final embryo. The cells on the surface develop into the trophoblast, which gives rise to the placenta and amniotic membranes.
Because the embryo has formed a cavity known as the blastocoel, the blastula stage can be distinguished from the morula stage. The ab-embryonic pole is the side opposite the embryonic pole, which is the side where the cells that will make up the embryoblast are found. The trophoblast divides into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast. The embryo inserts itself into the endometrium once it has reached the uterus.
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During the process of photosynthesis, solar energy is converted into chemical energy which is then used to build which kind of molecule?.
During the process of photosynthesis, solar energy is converted into chemical energy to build carbohydrates.
Plants and other living things utilize a process called photosynthesis to transform solar energy into chemical energy that can then be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.
Plants absorb water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the soil and atmosphere during photosynthesis. Water is oxidized, which means it loses electrons, while carbon dioxide is reduced, which means it receives electrons, inside the plant cell. Water is converted into oxygen and carbon dioxide into glucose in this process.
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within a strand of rna, nucleotides can contain one of four different nitrogenous bases. what is the impact of this variation in nitrogenous bases? (4 points)
the impact of this variation in nitrogenous bases.
Translation is done by ribosomes, not proteins.
The process of making proteins in a cell takes place at an intercellular structure called a ribosome, which is formed of both RNA and protein. The messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence is read by the ribosome, which then converts the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids that develop into extended chains and fold to create proteins.Ribosome. The biological machinery that produces proteins is known as a ribosome. Each cell contains several ribosomes, which are each composed of two subunits. These two subunits form a tight seal around the messenger RNA molecule before moving down its length and reading each three-letter codon. The transfer RNA, whose base sequence matches that of the messenger RNA, docks to the ribosome. A specific amino acid can be added to the end of the expanding protein chain by pairing each three-letter messenger RNA codon with the corresponding anticodon on a particular transfer RNA. Once the protein is finished, the ribosome fragments.
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The ability of the arteries to withstand a sudden large increase in pressure is accomplished by the: _________.
The flexibility of the smooth muscles allows the arteries to sustain a rapid, significant rise in pressure.
What makes an artery resilient to pressure?They have an outer layer of collagen and a thick wall to prevent the artery from rupturing under the intense pressure. In order to maintain pulse flow, the artery wall also has an inner layer of muscle and elastic fibers.
What property makes arteries resistant to high pressure?The aorta and pulmonary arteries, which are the closest to the heart, are elastic arteries because they have much more elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular arteries do. The elastic arteries' ability to maintain a relatively constant pressure gradient despite the heart's continuous pumping is due to this property.
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You are a microbiologist studying the E. Coli Lac operon.
You have two strains of bacteria that you are working with: a wild type (non-mutant) strain - Stain A, and a mutant strain - Stain B.
Strain B has a mutation in its promoter sequence. You place each strain in a Petri dish, with the indicated amounts of glucose and lactose (see Figure).
After 60 minutes, you measure gene expression at lacZ, a gene within the Lac operon.
You obtain the following for Strain A. Which of the locations in red would correspond to your level of expression for the mutant strain?
To help you here are the expression levels for a wild type cell.
You are a microbiologist studying the E. Coli Lac operon. Your level of expression for the mutant strain would correspond to no expression in red.
The lac operon of E. coli holds genes complicated in sweet substance absorption. It's signified only when hydrogen is present and hydrogen is missing. Two managers turn lac operon "on" and "off" in answer to oxygen and sweet liquid levels: the lac repressor and catabolite electrical device protein (CAP).
Expression of the oxygen lac operon is necessary for E. coli to metabolize sweet substances (milk carbohydrate) for element and strength. A mutation is an animal that experiences a metamorphosis. The word variant is secondhand in microbiology to concern a form of a bug that mutated from another mutant strain.
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A ____ is a neutron star that rotates and generates radio waves
Answer:
Pulsar.
Explanation:
I took the test:)
in a reaction that involves more than one step, the step that has the energy transition state is the slowest step. this step has the greatest effect on the overall reaction rate and is called the rate- step of the reaction.
In a reaction that involves more than one step, the step that has the highest energy transition state is the slowest step. This step has the greatest effect on the overall reaction and is called the rate determining step of the reaction.
What is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism?
The rate-determining step is the slowest step in a reaction mechanism. The rate-determining step determines the rate law for the overall reaction by limiting the overall rate.
Why is the slowest step used to determine the rate?
This is because the slowest step takes longer to complete... as there may be multiple other processes involved. For example, a reactant may need to diffuse or migrate to a specific reaction site before another reaction can occur, resulting in the instant production of a product.
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describe three cranial features that differentiate the robust australopithecines from gracile australopithecines.
Greater prognathism, less flaring cheekbones, and smaller cheek teeth are characteristics of gracile australopithecines.The strong australopithecines have huge jaws, enormous molars, flaring cheekbones, strong projecting brow ridges, and post-orbital constriction.
What cranial trait do robust australopithecines share?They are distinguished from other, more gracile hominins by a number of skull characteristics that gave them a "robust" appearance.Large, densely enameled postcanine teeth that have been supported by deep, broad mandible corpora with tall, broad rami are the most prominent of these characteristics.
What are the three Australopithecus species that are classified as gracile?Traditionally, robusts include the later Australopithecus boisei and robustus, while graciles include the approximately two million year old Australopithecines africanus and africanus.
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1) Which correctly describes sister chromatids? (1 point)
Responses
They are the daughter cells that form during cell replication.
They form during metaphase when DNA is replicated.
.
They make up the mitotic spindle within the cell.
They are part of the lined-up chromosomes in mitosis.
2)Which of the following correctly orders events during mitosis?(1 point)
The mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes. Microtubules organize the chromosomes. The nuclear membrane dissolves.
Microtubules organize the chromosomes. The nuclear membrane dissolves. The mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes.
The nuclear membrane dissolves. The mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes. Microtubules organize the chromosomes.
The nuclear membrane dissolves. Microtubules organize the chromosomes. The mitotic spindle attaches to chromosomes.
Answer: They are part of the lined-up chromosomes in mitosis.
Explanation:
In multicellular eukaryotes, different types of cells have _______ genes, and _______ gene expression.
Diverse cell types in multicellular eukaryotes have different genes, but they all express the same genes.
Do eukaryotes with many cells have the same genes?Even though all the cells in a multicellular organism have the same DNA, they may express quite diverse gene sets. A cell's distinctive characteristics are determined by the collection of proteins and functional RNAs that are expressed from the set of genes in that cell.
How many eukaryotic levels of gene expression are there?While eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels, prokaryotes only regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level.
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which of the three cranial nerves, involved in gustation, transmits special sensory impulses from the posterior tongue as well as general sensory impulses from the middle ear?
the glossopharyngeal nerve is the cranial nerves, involved in gustation, transmits special sensory impulses from the posterior tongue as well as general sensory impulses from the middle ear
the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX), which supplies fibres to the tongue's posterior third; and the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), which supplies fibres to the epiglottis region. Taste fibres are classified as special visceral afferents (SVA). The glossopharyngeal nerve is one of the nine cranial nerves (CN IX). It sends motor, parasympathetic, and sensory signals to your mouth and throat. Among its many functions, the nerve helps raise a portion of your throat, allowing you to swallow. Glossopharyngeal nerve lesions cause difficulty swallowing, loss of taste over the posterior one-third of the tongue and palate, and loss of sensation over the posterior one-third of the tongue and palate.
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