Energy is often defined as the capacity to execute tasks or affect change. Energy comes in a variety of forms. Electrical energy, light energy, and heat energy are a few examples of several types of energy.
Understanding two of the fundamental laws that govern energy is essential to understanding how energy enters and leaves biological systems.
In other words, the universe's energy content has not changed over the course of history. Energy comes in a variety of forms. The first law of thermodynamics states that while energy can change forms or move between locations, it cannot be generated or destroyed.
The complete question is:
True/False: Living systems use energy from the sun or from chemical compounds to do work. Some of this energy is lost as heat, reducing the total amount of energy in the universe.
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why is it important to study bacteria in research
what answer do I pick please help pleaseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
10. The following have no tissue specialization except a.Algae b. Phacophyceae c. Crysophyceae d.Psidium spp
The only one of the following has no tissue specialization, algae. Different areas of the plant are reached via vascular tissue, which also carries minerals and glucose.
Which organisms possess specialized tissues?In addition to Parazoa (sponges), animals have specialized tissues such muscle, neuron, connective, and epithelial tissues.green plants' close relatives. A few have straightforward multicellular body designs, while the majority are unicellular. Besides reproductive cells, do not have distinct tissues.Different areas of the plant are reached via vascular tissue, which also carries minerals and glucose. The two specialized conducting tissues known as phloem and xylem make up vascular tissue. Xylem tissue has a role in the movement of water and nutrients from the roots to various areas of the plant as well as in the stem's structural stability.To learn more about tissue specialization refer to:
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Which of the following biomarker patterns was associated with less favorable cognitive functioning and less total cerebral brain volume?
a. The biomarker pattern high in EPA
b. The biomarker pattern high in transfat
c. High blood plasma levels of omega-3 fatty acids
d. High blood plasma levels of B, C, D, and E
The biomarker pattern high in transfat is the biomarker patterns was associated with less favorable cognitive functioning and less total cerebral brain volume.
A third pattern with a high transfat content was linked to worse cognitive performance and a smaller overall cerebral brain capacity. White matter hyperintensity volume and the marine -3 pattern were inversely correlated with depression. Different nutritional biomarker patterns seen in plasma may be understood and significantly contribute to variation in both cognitive performance and brain size. The role of diet in maintaining brain health should be further investigated using objective and multivariate methods. These results need to be verified in a different demographic.
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I don’t know how to answer this question.
The buffer system consisting of carbonic acid and bicarbonate has the quickest response time of all the compensating mechanisms.
What is the fastest acid base regulatory response?The buffer system consisting of carbonic acid and bicarbonate has the quickest response time of all the compensating mechanisms.Hydrogen and other acids are created as a byproduct of metabolism.A weaker acid is produced by combining acids and bases in the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.Three primary organs, the liver, kidneys, and lungs, must work together to maintain acid-base balance.The massive amount of volatile acid (10,000–15,000 mmol CO2) that is created daily by metabolic activities is removed by the lungs through the alveolar ventilation process.By excreting excess acids or bases, the kidneys have the power to alter blood pH.To learn more about acid deposition refer
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FILL IN THE BLANK. I would find a minimum surface interval when, after a dive, I want to know how long the _____________ would be.
I would find a minimum surface interval when, after a dive, I want to know how long the Time at the surface would be.
The time spent on the surface between dives is known as the surface interval time (SIT). Your body is currently eliminating too much nitrogen. Depending on how long you are on the surface, your Letter Group will alter and travel closer to the start of the alphabet.
A type of underwater diving known as scuba diving involves the use of breathing apparatus that is totally self-sufficient of surface air. In a 1952 patent application, Christian J. Lambertsen came up with the word "scuba," which is an acronym for "Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus". Scuba divers are more mobile and independent than surface-supplied divers, and they may spend more time underwater than free divers since they have their own supply of breathing gas, typically compressed air. Although compressed air is frequently used, enriched air, sometimes known as nitrox, has gained popularity since it contains more oxygen and reduces the need for nitrogen during prolonged and/or frequent dives. Additionally, breathing gas that has been diluted with helium can be utilized to lessen the possibility and consequences of nitrogen narcosis during deeper dives.
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Use the figure below and answer the following questions:
a. The letters in the diagram indicate which parts of the cell:
(Use the word bank: Cell wall, Ribosome, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Cell membrane)
a. _________________________________
b. _________________________________
c. _________________________________
d. _________________________________
The diagram represents a typical eukaryotic cell.
A typical eukaryotic cellA: The letter A in the diagram indicates the Cell Wall, which is located outside the cell membrane and provides a protective barrier.The letter B in the diagram indicates the Ribosome, which is a small organelle that plays a key role in the production of proteins.The letter C in the diagram indicates the Cytoplasm, which is a jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains all of the cell's organelles and other structures.The letter D in the diagram indicates the Mitochondria, which are the powerhouses of the cell and produce energy for the cell to use.E in the diagram indicates the Nucleus, which is the control center of the cell and contains the genetic information.Fin the diagram indicates the Cell Membrane, which is a thin barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell.A - Cell membraneB - NucleusC - CytoplasmD - RibosomeTo learn more about a typical eukaryotic cell refer to:
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Henry VIII blamed several of his wives for failing to give him a son. Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard (his second and fifth wives) were beheaded. He divorced two more of his six wives.
Do you think he was correct in blaming his wives?
Explanation:
no because a son comes naturally sometimes or sometimes depending on how they work together to have one sometimes it becomes a daughter instead of a son and you can't control the gender of the baby
Qué sucederá con mayor probabilidad si una persona no consume el requerimiento mínimo diario de carbohidratos
Lo que sucederá con mayor probabilidad si una persona no consume el requerimiento mínimo diario de carbohidratos es el uso de energia del cuerpo que es obtenida de tejidos como el adiposo o muscular.
Que relación hay entre carbohidratos y energia?Los carbohidratos son una fuente de energía para el cuerpo. Esta energía se obtiene cuando el cuerpo descompone los carbohidratos en glucosa, que luego se utiliza como combustible para todas las actividades metabólicas. Además, los carbohidratos son una fuente importante de energía para el ejercicio físico.
Por lo tanto con esta info podemos determinar que los carbohidratos son una fuente fundamental de energia para el cuerpo.
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The eye is a sensory organ stimulated by light. Complete the table by naming the sense organ related to each of the given stimuli. 2003
The human eye is a sensory organ designed to respond to light to enable vision. The structures in the eye enable it to distinguish between variations in color, movement, and light.
Explain about the sensory organ.The sensory organs of the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin provide a large portion of this information. Within these organs, specialized cells and tissues translate raw impulses into signals that the nervous system can employ.
The sense organs used by specific receptors include the eyes for vision, ears for hearing and balance, tongue for taste, and nose for scent. All of the general senses are connected to the sense of touch and lack any unique sense organs.
Every single sensory point corresponds to a specific organ or physical component. All of them are situated on the forehead, below the frontal hairline. The fundamental A point is immediately beneath the Eye, Nose, and Mouth points, which are spaced 1.0 cm apart and 1.0 cm vertically.
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The cells of the nervous system communicate via _____, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via ____.
The cells of the nervous system communicate via neurotransmitters, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via hormones.
The nervous system is made up of neurons, which utilize electrical and chemical signals to communicate data rapidly and over brief distances, basically through neurotransmitters.
Neural connections are particular intersections between neurons where correspondence happens through the arrival of synapses by the presynaptic neuron, which ties to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, prompting the age of an electrical signal.
Then again, the endocrine system is made out of organs that emit chemicals into the circulation system, which are transported into their objective cells and organs, regularly over longer distances.
Hormones are chemical messengers that bind to receptors on target cells, leading to changes in gene expression and cellular metabolism.
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which of the following describes a mutation that would lead to an increase in the frequency of nondisjunction? a. A mutation affecting checkpoint 1 proteins that forces cells to enter Gob. A mutation affecting checkpoint 2 proteins that allows cells to divide with DNA damage.c. A mutation affecting checkpoint 3 proteins that prevents attachment of spindle fibersd. A mutation affecting checkpoint 2 proteins that prevents duplication of the chromosomes.
The description of a mutation that would lead to an increase in the frequency of nondisjunction is a mutation affecting checkpoint 3 proteins that prevents attachment of spindle fibers.
Thus, the correct option is C.
Nondisjunction is the miss segregаtion of а homologous pаir of chromosomes during meiosis. It leаds to the formаtion of а new cell with аn аbnormаl аmount of genetic mаteriаl. А number of clinicаl conditions аre the result of this type of chromosomаl mutаtion.
Meiosis is а process thаt consists of а number of check points thаt regulаte cell division in аll its phаses to ensure thаt the cells will divide аnd give rise to new ones correctly without аny error. In cаse аn error occurs these regulаting points must correct it. One of these check points is the spindle fibers checkpoint which is responsible of three principle steps; formаtion of these spindle fibers, the аttаchment of chromosomes to them аnd the аdequаte segregаtion of these chromosomes. When аny check point fаils in reаlizing its correct function, it leаds to nondisjunction, аs а result of the incorrect segregаtion of the homologous chromosomes.
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What would be a useful realistic mutation for humans that you wish you had? And do you think a mutation like that would spread due to natural selection or would it quickly disappear
The useful realistic mutation for humans that I wish I had is Increased bone density because it help human to be strong and mutation like that would spread due to natural selection.
What is Mutations in our genes?Genetic mutations, which occur as your cells divide and generate duplicates of themselves, are modifications to your DNA sequence. Your DNA teaches your body how to develop and work. Genetic changes may result in diseases like cancer or, in the long run, may enable people to adapt to their environment more successfully.
Some people have advantages over others due to genetic mutations, including the ability to consume coffee and have unbreakable bones.
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while schleiden and schwann convinced most of the scientific community that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that the cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms, they each came up with different ways of explaining how new cells formed.
It is true that Schleiden and Schwann were successful in convincing most of the scientific community that all the living organisms are made up of one or more cells, and also that the cell is the basic unit of the structure as well as organization in organisms. Both of them came up with a number of different ways of explaining how new cells formed.
The cell theory, which is the fundamental scientific theory of biology according to which the cells are the basic units of all the living tissues was first proposed by German scientists Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in the year 1838.
This theory basically holds that all plants and animals are made up of cells and this marked a great advance in the field biology and resulted in renewed attention towards the living processes that take place in cells.
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please use this information to answer the following question.the collared lizard is a species found in the desert southwest. male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. you predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. to test your prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. you selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. you placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. in three instances, the females did not mate with either type.question: "male collared lizards show considerable color variation" this is a(n) .
"Male collared lizards show considerable color variation" this is a (n) observation. An observation is a statement or description of something that is made through the senses.
This statement is describing the color variation present in male collared lizards. This observation is important as it forms the basis for the researcher's hypothesis that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes, color variation was later tested through an experiment. The researcher observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their color variation male counterparts and found that females preferentially chose brightly collared lizards males over dull-colored ones, supporting the hypothesis that coloration plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes.
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Michael is training for a marathon and wants to run 15 miles. Which path should he take
The majority of strategies advise limiting your longest run to 20 miles, and often advise doing this three to four weeks prior to race day.
How far should you run each time you're preparing for a marathon? The majority of strategies advise limiting your longest run to 20 miles, and often advise doing this three to four weeks prior to race day.Training for a marathon mostly consists of:average mileageIncrease your weekly mileage gradually by running three to five times each week.over time.To help your body gradually adapt to long distances, run for at least an hour once every seven to ten days.working on my speed.Recovery and rest.Running four days a week for at least four months, increasing the distance by no more than ten percent weekly, is the recommended training regimen for first-time marathoners.In order to put less stress on their bodies and prepare their bodies for the marathon, runners should taper their runs as race day draws near.To learn more about marathon refer
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simbio, end of simploid experiment section. after testing just one variable (shamworm parasite or zapweedz herbicide), you can determine which one (herbicide or parasites) is causing the illness.
One cannot identify whether a factor—herbicide or parasites—is causing the sickness after examining just one variable (the shamworm parasite or the zapweedz herbicide). So, the given statement is false.
Herbicides or weedkillers are substances that are used to control, kill or inhibit the growth of undesired plants. A parasite is an organism that gets attached and lives with a large organism or host. They derive their nutrients from the host.
In an experiment, the variable is something the researcher change or modify to record the result. The two key variables used in an experiment are (1) the dependent variable and (2) the independent variable.
In the given situation, to determine the cause of an illness we can't just measure one variable and conclude the result. Because two or more variables might have caused illness or simploid sickness. We can't just tell by measuring one variable and concluding the result. Therefore, the given statement is false.
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Albinism in humans is inherited as a simple recessive trait. For the following families, determine the genotypes of the parents and offspring. When two alternative genotypes are possible, list both. a.) two nonalbino (normal) parents have 5 children, four normal and one albino. b.) A normal male and an albino female have six children, all normal.c.) A normal male and an albino female have six children, three normal and three albino. d.) Construct a pedigree of the families in (b) and (c). e) Assume that one of the normal children in (b) marries one of the albino children in (c) and that they have eight children Please show work.
a.) two non albino (normal) parents have 5 children, four normal and one albino. Usually coloured: P (dominant). A albino (recessive)
a) Five children four who are regularly coloured and one who is albino were born to two normally pigmented parents.
If a child is albino while their parents are ordinarily pigmented, then both of them must have heterozygous dominant for normally coloured skin.
Pa x Pa = ( PP, Pa, aP, aa) Left to chance, those are all the probability.
Six offspring with normal pigmentation are born to an albino girl and a normally coloured male.
Because the albino allele is recessive, an albino person will always carry it. You might argue the male is heterogygous or not if none of the children are albinos. PP (male) x aa (female) will result in (Pa, Pa, aP, aP), all of which will typically have pigmentation.
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Option a is Correct. Four normal and one albino children are born to two non-albino (normal) parents. often colored: P (dominant). a lilac (recessive).
a) Of the five offspring born to two ordinarily pigmented parents, four are regularly colored and one is albino.
Both of the parents must have heterozygous dominant skin color genes if the child is albino and their skin is regularly pigmented. Pa x Pa = ( PP, Pa, aP, aa) Those are your only options if everything were up to chance. An albino female and a male of normal color give birth to six children with normal pigmentation.
An albino person will always have the albino allele because it is recessive. If none of the children are albinos, you could question whether the guy is heterosexual or not. The offspring of PP (male) and aa (female) are (Pa, Pa, aP, aP), all of which are normally pigmented.
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The ph level of fluid is low
pH indicates the level of H+ ions, where low pH indicates too many H+ ions and high pH. However, different body fluids have different pH values.
What does it mean if pH is low?pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen ions is acidic, whereas water that has more free hydroxyl ions is basic.
Low-pH water will corrode or dissolve metals and other substances. Pollution can change a water's pH, which in turn can harm animals and plants living in the water.
The abnormalities in acid-base balance are of two types: acidosis and alkalosis. In acidosis, the blood pH is low or there is too much acid in the blood, while in alkalosis, the blood pH is high or there is too much base in the blood.
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you're standing in a large room when a loud noise is made and you hear a series of echoes what characteristic of sound best explains what just happened
The characteristic of sound that best explains the series of echoes you loud noise is the phenomenon of sound reflection. When a sound wave a portion of the is reflected wave is absorbed or transmitted.
The reflected wave travels through the air and reaches your ear, creating the phenomenon of an loud noise echo. The time delay between the original sound and the echo is determined by the distance between the sound source and the reflected wave surface. The loud noise made in the room created sound waves that were reflected off the walls, floor and ceiling of the room, reaching your ear and creating the series of echoes you heard. The strength of the loud noise echo is related to the distance of the reflected wave surface and the absorption of the surface.
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name the embedded protein complex found in the thylakoid membrane that uses excited electrons to reduce nadp into nadph?
photosystem 1 , the embedded protein complex found in the thylakoid membrane that uses excited electrons to reduce nadp into nadph .
Synthase of ATP Excited electrons exit chlorophyll and convert NADP+ to NADPH. Through an embedded protein complex called ATP synthase, hydrogen ions are allowed to pass through the thylakoid membrane.
Nature has created a unique intracellular membrane system, the thylakoid membranes, in which four major photosynthetic protein complexes, namely, photosystem II (PSII), cytochrome b6f (cytb6f), photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase, are embedded, as illustrated in textbooks1,2 .
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How does a Temperature & Phase Change relate to a human
How does a Temperature & Phase Change relate to the environment
Phase and temperature variations are essential to human survival since they, among other things, help to regulate our weather, supply heat, and cool our food.
Energy is absorbed during the melting, evaporation, and sublimation processes. The molecules' bonding patterns change as a result of this additional energy. This energy must be provided by the environment in the Earth system. Thus, the atmosphere is cooled as a result of these phase shifts.
what is Phase Change?The physical process of changing a medium's state from one to another is known as a phase transition in the domains of chemistry, thermodynamics, and other related sciences. The phrase is frequently used to describe changes in the three fundamental states of matter—solid, liquid, and gas—and, in rare instances, plasma.
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1 Answer:
Light waves are
a. electric and soundlike
b. magnetic and soundlike
c. electric and magnetic
d. electric only
2 Answer:
Which of the following does "not" require a physical medium through
which to travel?
a. light
b. sound
c. both light and sound
d. neither light nor sound
3 Answer:
Waves with frequencies slightly lower than those of visible light
are called
a. ultraviolet rays
b. gamma rays
c. X-rays
d. infrared rays
3.Which of the following indicates that light is made up of particles
rather than waves?
a. reflection
b. refraction
c. photoelectric effect
d. bending and separation
4.An object is luminous if it can produce
a. fluorescent light
b. incandescent light
c. neon light
d. all of these
5.Light produced from heat is said to be
a. luminous
b. incandescent
c. illuminated
d. fluorescent
6.Light produced by electron bombardment of low-pressure gases is
a. luminous
b. incandescent
c. illuminated
d. fluorescent
1. Light waves are electric and magnetic. The correct option is C.
2. The option that does "not" require a physical medium through which to travel is light. The correct option is A.
3. Waves with frequencies slightly lower than those of visible light
are called infrared rays. The correct option is D.
4. The property which indicates that light is made up of particles rather than waves is the photoelectric effect. The correct option is C.
5. An object is luminous if it can produce fluorescent light, incandescent light, and neon light. The correct option is D.
6. Light produced from heat is said to be incandescent. The correct option is B.
7. Light produced by electron bombardment of low-pressure gases is fluorescent. The corect optrion is D.
What are light waves?Electromagnetic radiation that can be seen by the human eye is known as light or visible light.
Typically, visible light is characterized as having wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers, or 750 and 420 terahertz, or frequencies between the infrared and the ultraviolet.
Light waves possess the typical characteristics of waves, including frequency, wavelength, and speed.
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If a scientist finds a cell with 500 bases of Guanine how much cytosine should he find? Show your work. (Will give brainliest!)
Answer:
500 bases
Explanation:
According to Chargaff's rule , G and C occur in equal amounts . So here no. of guanine bases would be equal to cytosine as G binds with C .Hope this helps!
Todd is a 33 year old male who smokes. For the last three months, he has been having chest pain and diarrhea. He recently went to the doctor, and a blood test revealed that his white blood cells are elevated from a normal count of 80 to 1200. What systems are affected?
The nicotine decreases vascular function, causes clot formation in the coronary arteries, and worsens endothelial dysfunction.
What is Hypoxia?Hypoxia may result from an increase in carboxy-haemoglobin levels, which are also to blame for sub-endotheliaoedema due to changes in vascular permeability and lipid buildup.
The creation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, as well as the etiology of many diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and inflammatory processes, are all clearly linked to physiological phenomena caused by free radicals and peroxides found in cigarette smoke.
Numerous research on the effects of smoking on changes in the hemostatic and fibrinolythic system, antioxidant status, and hematological parameters were conducted, however the findings were mixed.
Therefore, The nicotine decreases vascular function, causes clot formation in the coronary arteries, and worsens endothelial dysfunction.
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Studies show that the ______ is connected with aggressive behavior in monkeys, cats, and other animals
Studies show that the Amygdala is connected with aggressive behavior in monkeys, cats, and other animals.
Karl Friedrich Burdach, a German physiologist who is also credited with coining the term "amygdala," coined the term "amygdala" in 1822. Burdach's research focused on the function and structure of the brain.
In a frightening circumstance, the amygdala will send signals to other regions of the brain to prepare the body to either face or flee the situation. Fear, anxiety, hostility, and fury all stimulate the fight-or-flight response.
In monkeys with amygdala injuries, we found lower attentional capture by threat stimuli. We also discovered that animals with amygdala lesions spend less time looking at their eyes and more time looking at their mouths than control animals.
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which eon did volcanoes erupt greenhouse gases
While sulfur dioxide released in contemporary volcanic eruptions has occasionally caused detectable global cooling of the lower atmosphere.
Does volcanic eruption cause global warming?The carbon dioxide-free contemporary volcanic discharge has never caused detectable global warming of the atmosphere. Volcanic venting is often discussed in relation to climate change because they freeze CO2 (and other gases) into our atmosphere. Volcanoes have also caused global warming
Volcanic explosions can affect climate in two main ways. First, they release the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, As the climate pursue to warm, the effects of large volcanic emissions will increase. However, the cooling effects of small- and Volcanoes do link with the climate through what they inject into the atmosphere
So we can conclude that Volcanoes are not created the warming that the Earth is experiencing today.
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complete each sentence with the appropriate body region. then place the completed sentences in order from proximal to distal.
complete each sentence with the appropriate Organ system of body region in order from proximal to distal their functions include the digestive system, the cardiovascular system, and the musculoskeletal system.
It has a specific function in the body and is made up of certain tissues. An organ system referred to the group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. The Respiratory System and Circulatory System are some examples of an organ sytem.
Organs make up an organism in the human body, such as the nose, trachea, bronchi and lungs which all make up the gas exchange system. Major organs systems of the human body are the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the nervous system, the endocrine system and the digestive system.
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true/false. the lithosphere and asthenosphere are known as physically different layers of the earth because they behave very differently when deformed. sort the items below into the correct boxes based on characteristics of the lithosphere and asthenosphere. items (6 items) (drag and drop into the appropriate area below) colderwarmerbrittlemantle onlyductilemantle and crust
It is true that the asthenosphere and the lithosphere are basically the different layers of the Earth as they behave very differently when deformed.
The lithosphere is 100 kilometers thick. The lithosphere consists of both the crust as well as the portion of the upper mantle that behaves as a rigid but brittle solid. The lithosphere is basically the outermost mechanical layer of the Earth.
The asthenosphere is the next layer. The lithosphere rides above the asthenosphere. Asthenosphere consists of the solid upper mantle which is so hot that it behaves plastically and has the ability to flow and due to this, this layer bends and deforms instead of breaking when under stress.
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1
Which of the following could replace
13 Green anoles are lizards that can change their skin color rapidly in
response to various stimuli. This adaptation is the result of -
A selective breeding of lizards by humans
B beneficial traits passed from parents to offspring
C geographic isolation that prevented genetic mutation
D environmental pollutants that changed their genotype
This adaptation is the result of - B beneficial traits passed from parents to offspring
What caused such rapid evolution in anole lizards?The quicker rate of reproduction of anole lizards is one clear explanation for a faster pace of evolution. Anoles normally mate during their first year of life, although other reptiles take considerably longer.
Leg length and toe pad size differences are adaptations that allow anoles to live effectively in a variety of environments.
When they reduce their activity and are under damp and chilly circumstances, they become brown.
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