Divergent tectonics can be observed in several places on Earth. Here are two different geographic areas where divergent tectonics is altering the continental crust on Earth's surface today.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent plate boundary that separates the Eurasian Plate from the North American Plate in the North Atlantic Ocean. It stretches from Iceland to the southern tip of Africa and is approximately 16,000 kilometers long. The spreading rate of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ranges from 2.5 to 4.0 centimeters per year.
East African Rift Valley: The East African Rift Valley is a divergent plate boundary that runs through Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia. The boundary is associated with several interconnected rifts, including the Western Rift Valley, the Eastern Rift Valley, and the Red Sea Rift. The East African Rift Valley is characterized by volcanic activity, seismic activity, and the formation of lakes in its basin. The rifting process is thought to be driven by mantle convection and the extensional forces created by the movement of the African Plate away from the Arabian Plate.
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how do freshwater biomes differ from saltwater
biomes
Freshwater biomes differ from saltwater biomes in terms of their salinity levels and the types of organisms that inhabit them.
Freshwater biomes are characterized by low salinity levels, typically less than 1%, which means that the water contains very little salt. They include various habitats such as rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands. These biomes are often influenced by terrestrial ecosystems, as they receive water runoff from the surrounding land. The lack of salt in freshwater biomes allows for the survival of many types of organisms that cannot tolerate high salinity.
On the other hand, saltwater biomes, also known as marine biomes, have high salinity levels, usually around 3.5%. This salinity is due to the dissolved salts in seawater. Saltwater biomes include oceans, seas, and estuaries. They are vast and cover about 71% of the Earth's surface. The high salt concentration in these biomes presents challenges for organisms adapted to freshwater environments.
The differences in salinity have significant implications for the organisms living in freshwater and saltwater biomes. Freshwater biomes support a wide range of species such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and various plants. The lower salinity levels create a less hostile environment for these organisms, allowing them to thrive. Saltwater biomes, on the other hand, are home to marine organisms adapted to the high salt content, including fish, whales, dolphins, coral reefs, and marine plants like seaweed and algae.
In conclusion, the main difference between freshwater and saltwater biomes lies in the salinity levels and the types of organisms that can survive in each environment. Freshwater biomes have low salinity and support diverse plant and animal life, while saltwater biomes have high salinity and are home to marine species specially adapted to survive in these conditions.
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"
Please answer all questions. Please explain why the answer is
correct and the other choices are incorrect. Thank you!
1. Ecologists describe Earth's global biogeochemical cycles as
closed. What does this mean?
"
Ecologists describe Earth's global biogeochemical cycles as closed because matter cycles through them without leaving or entering the system.
The concept of a closed system has the idea that the earth's natural biogeochemical cycles are completed within themselves. Earth's natural biogeochemical cycles consist of the following cycles: Water cycle Nutrient cycle Oxygen cycle Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle .The closed system means that these elements are not lost or gained in the system but are exchanged through these cycles .
Biogeochemical cycle is a process by which chemical elements are circulated between the living components of the earth (biotic component) and the non-living component (abiotic component) of the earth. The biotic components include microorganisms, plants, and animals, whereas the abiotic components include water, soil, rocks, air, and nutrients. The two types of biogeochemical cycles are gaseous and sedimentary.
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Which of the followings is not correct regarding the time zones? Time zone boundaries are inconsistent with the lines of longitude. New York is in the Central Standard Time Zone (CST). The world is divided into 24 time zones. Greenwich, London is in the Universal Time Zone (UTM) "O". Time zones are established every 15 degrees latitude. Nhich of the following statement false about the maps and map projections? Generally, projections introduce distortions in the distance, angles, and areas. Map projections that represent the distances accurately are equidistant projections. Cartographers make perfect maps by using projections. Distortions are inevitable on the maps. Conformal projections are better for navigation.
Previous question
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The statement "New York is in the Central Standard Time Zone (CST)" is not correct regarding the time zones. Time zones are geographic regions with the same standard time.
The planet is split into 24 time zones, each of which is 15 degrees of longitude wide and has its own name, letter, and UTC offset. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is used as the baseline for calculating time zone offsets around the world. What is the false statement about the maps and map projections? The statement "Cartographers make perfect maps by using projections" is false about maps and map projections. Maps are two-dimensional representations of the world that allow us to visually grasp complex geographic data.
Cartographers use map projections to depict the earth's three-dimensional surface on a flat piece of paper. Distortions in the distance, angles, shapes, or areas of the features on the earth's surface can occur as a result of this mapping procedure. Equidistant projections are the map projections that represent the distances accurately. Conformal projections, on the other hand, are better for navigation, because they maintain the angles between features. Projections introduce distortion into distance, angles, shapes, or areas on the maps. No map can be entirely free of these distortions, and the selection of a projection is determined by the purpose of the map.
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Tundra can be found both at high latitude and high ________. A) water levels B)altitude C) tidal zones D)wind areas
Tundra is a type of biome found in locations that have high latitudes and high altitude.
It is characterized by very low temperatures and an environment that is largely composed of rock, gravel, and sand. Tundra is home to a large range of flora and fauna, many of which are adapted to survive in its harsh conditions. Animals like reindeer, arctic foxes, muskoxen, and polar bears all inhabit the tundra. Common plant species are mosses, lichens, grasses, and shrubs, which are all low-lying species adapted to very low temperatures.
The cold temperatures of the tundra often force animals to migrate away to warmer climates during the long, cold winter months. The entire landscape is also affected by the extreme conditions, with the exposed rocks, sand, and gravel sometimes shifting away under the pressure of the ice and snow. The landscape is also typically sparsely vegetated, with few shrubs or trees able to survive the dry, cold climate of the tundra.
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please answer all of them
1. Define Monsoon? 2. Describe the winter Asian monsoon pattern. 3. Describe the summer Asian monsoon pattern. 4. What months of the year does Nagpur, India, get more than 5cm of precipitation? What month has the most precipitation ?
A monsoon is a seasonal shift in the prevailing wind direction that brings with it a marked change in rainfall. In other words, monsoons are the periodic winds that bring seasonal rain.
2. Description of the Winter Asian Monsoon PatternThe winter monsoon winds of Asia originate over the landmass of Siberia.
These winds move towards the low-pressure zone that forms over the high-altitude Tibetan plateau, thus creating high-pressure over the Siberian landmass.
As a result, the winds blowing from Siberia towards Asia are relatively dry and cold. This results in dry winter conditions across the Asian continent.
3. Description of the Summer Asian Monsoon Pattern
In contrast, the summer monsoon winds of Asia originate over the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. These winds move towards the low-pressure zone that forms over the high-altitude Tibetan plateau, resulting in high-pressure over the landmass. This results in the winds blowing from the ocean towards Asia are humid and warm.Thus, creating an environment for the onset of the monsoon rains across the Asian continent. These monsoon rains bring about a significant change in the climate of the region.4. Precipitation in Nagpur, India
Nagpur, India receives more than 5cm of precipitation in the months of June to September. July is the month with the most precipitation.
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5. Large-scale landscape, mosaic restoration, wide-scale restoration and remote restoration are different ways to restore landscapes. What type of restoration has the largest potential? Mosaic restora
Large-scale landscape, mosaic restoration, wide-scale restoration, and remote restoration are different ways to restore landscapes. Out of these options, the type of restoration that has the largest potential is "Mosaic restoration".
Mosaic restoration is a type of landscape restoration technique that involves restoring different parts of an ecosystem and connecting them to form a mosaic pattern. This process is carried out in areas that have been degraded or lost their natural characteristics due to human activities or other factors. Restoration of the mosaic pattern helps to improve the ecological health of an ecosystem and enhances the biodiversity and productivity of the region.
Mosaic restoration can provide a range of benefits that include the following:
Restoration of habitat for threatened and endangered species
Improvement in soil health and quality
Re-establishment of native plant and animal populations
Improved water quality
Enhancement of landscape aesthetics and outdoor recreational opportunities
Thus, mosaic restoration has the potential to bring about significant ecological and socio-economic benefits. It is one of the most effective ways to restore degraded ecosystems and help them to thrive once again.
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The height in the atmosphere that hail will melt is known as the melting level graupel level wet-bulb zero level of vertical wind shear
The height in the atmosphere at which hail will melt is known as the melting level.
The melting level refers to the altitude or height above the ground where hailstones, which are solid balls of ice, encounter temperatures above freezing point and begin to melt.
As hailstones fall from higher levels of the atmosphere, they experience a range of temperatures. When they reach the melting level, the surrounding air temperature is high enough to cause the hailstones to transition from solid ice to liquid water.
The exact altitude of the melting level can vary depending on various atmospheric conditions, such as temperature gradients, moisture content, and the presence of other factors like cloud layers. Weather forecasters and meteorologists utilize data from weather balloons, weather radar, and other atmospheric measurements to estimate the position of the melting level.
Understanding the melting level is important in assessing the potential for severe weather events, as the melting of hailstones can contribute to heavy rainfall and localized flooding in affected areas.
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In Califonia, power plants fired with natural gas (methane) provide 40 percent of electricity in the state. What are some advantages and disadvantages of using natural gas? Is natural gas clean for the environment? and Why is California still using natural gas to provide electricity instead of changing completely to wind or solar power which are the greenest source of energy?
The advantages of using natural gas are that it is cleaner and more efficient than coal and oil. Disadvantages include its release of methane into the atmosphere and the potential for leaks.
Advantages of using natural gas include its cleaner burning compared to coal and oil, and its higher efficiency in electricity generation. It also emits less carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides, which reduces air pollution. Additionally, natural gas plants are flexible and can be used to support renewable energy sources like wind and solar when the demand for electricity is high. Disadvantages of natural gas include the potential for methane leaks from pipelines and storage facilities. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.
Extraction of natural gas through hydraulic fracturing can also result in environmental damage and contamination of water sources. Although California has made significant strides in transitioning to renewable energy sources like wind and solar, it still relies on natural gas to provide 40 percent of its electricity due to the intermittency of renewable energy sources. Natural gas plants can be used to fill in the gaps when renewable energy sources are not producing enough electricity to meet demand. However, California has set a goal to transition to 100 percent clean energy by 2045, which will require further investment in renewable energy and energy storage technologies.
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14) Deltas are: a) accumulations of sediment that form where a river enters a standing body of water b) small mountains built by gradual accretion c) large rocky formations protruding seaward susceptible to erosion d) shallow-water abandoned distributaries e) canyons cut into the continental shelf during low sea level
The option that defines delta is-A. "accumulations of sediment that form where a river enters a standing body of water."
What are deltas?Deltas are accumulations of sediment that form where a river enters a standing body of water. The river slows down as it meets the still water of the ocean or a lake, causing sediment to be deposited as it leaves the river's mouth. A delta is a landform that is created by this accumulation of sediment over time. The sediment that is carried into the water can be deposited as soon as the river enters the ocean or lake.The larger particles settle close to the river mouth, while the smaller ones are transported further out to sea.
Hence, option a. is correct.
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Short fetches of wind across the lakes typically produce longer and more intense lake effect bands of snow than do long fetches. True False
The given statement, Short fetches of wind across the lakes typically produce longer and more intense lake effect bands of snow than do long fetches is True.
Wind fetches of shorter distances create greater convergence of the winds across the lake, which increases snowfall totals. Short fetches also mean that the warm air balloons across the lake, cooling quickly and condensing more moisture that is then pushed over the lake surface. This results in higher instability, which leads to more upward motion, and more snowfall.
The shorter fetches also decrease the amount of time that the winds are over the lake, resulting in a more intense burst of snow. Furthermore, the air currents across the lake become more organized, leading to even larger snow bands that can travel farther downwind and impact wide regions across the lake.
This contrasts with long fetches, which allow the winds to travel farther across the lake, thus dispersing the snow bands and making them less intense upon reaching land.
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The energy released during an earthquake results from elastic rebound of strain accumulated within the rock/mineral:
interface between rock grains
chemical bonds
fractures/joints within rocks
micro fractures within mineral grains
The energy released during an earthquake is a result of elastic rebound of strain accumulated within the rock/mineral. This energy release is caused by fractures/joints within rocks, interface between rock grains, and micro fractures within mineral grains.
An earthquake is a process whereby the earth's surface undergoes a rapid and severe shaking. This shaking is caused by the release of energy that has been stored within the rocks/minerals below the earth's surface. The stored energy is a result of the strain that has been accumulated over time due to tectonic forces acting on the earth's crust.
The sudden release of energy causes the rocks/minerals to move along a fault plane, thereby generating seismic waves that propagate through the earth's crust. The energy released during an earthquake is a result of the elastic rebound of the rocks/minerals that have been strained over time. The energy is released in the form of seismic waves, which can cause damage to structures on the earth's surface.
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a road was recently built through a mountain. the cliffs and steep slopes on either side of the road have large, loose rocks exposed.drivers on this road should be concerned because
Drivers on this road should be concerned because there is a risk of rockfall or landslides.
The presence of large, loose rocks exposed on the cliffs and steep slopes alongside the road indicates a potential danger for drivers. These loose rocks are susceptible to detachment and may fall onto the road, posing a risk to vehicles and their occupants. Rockfalls can be triggered by various factors such as weathering, erosion, seismic activity, or human disturbances like road construction.
The unstable nature of the exposed rocks suggests that they may become dislodged and roll down the slopes, potentially obstructing the road or causing accidents. The force and impact of a falling rock can be significant and can lead to serious injuries, vehicle damage, or even fatalities.
To ensure safety, drivers should exercise caution while driving on this road and be aware of the potential rockfall hazard. It is advisable to maintain a safe distance from the cliffs and slopes to minimize the risk of being affected by falling rocks. Authorities responsible for road maintenance should also take appropriate measures to mitigate the rockfall hazard, such as installing protective barriers, conducting regular inspections, and implementing rock stabilization techniques to secure the slopes and prevent loose rocks from falling onto the road.
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Which of the following flows in the Rock Cycle brings rock material into the Metamorphic Rock reservoir?
The option that best described this statement in the rock cycle that brings rock material into the Metamorphic Rock reservoir is Tectonic Uplift. Option A.
What is the Rock Cycle?
The rock cycle is a process that takes place on Earth's surface and in its crust. This is a series of geological events that convert rocks from one type to another.
There are three fundamental kinds of rocks: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic. The rock cycle begins with one kind of rock and ends with that same kind of rock.
Tectonic uplift is the flow in the rock cycle that brings rock material into the metamorphic rock reservoir. It is a geological process that is caused by tectonic plates pushing against one another.
However, when the rocks move toward the surface, they experience heat and pressure. This causes the rocks to change into a new form called metamorphic rocks, which form in the metamorphic rock reservoir.
Hence, the right answer is option A. Tectonic Uplift.
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Based on the four organisms investigated in this exercise, the migration appears to have taken place earliest in which direction? O From south to north OO O From east to west From west to east From north to south Question 9 Think about your answer to the previous question and provide your thoughts below on why this might be.
Based on the four organisms investigated in this exercise, the migration appears to have taken place earliest from the D. north to the south direction.
What is the reason?The reason being that the plants and animals living in the northern regions are adapted to live in colder climates.
Due to the Earth's rotation, the northern hemisphere has less direct sunlight than the southern hemisphere.
Therefore, when temperatures began to warm up after the last ice age, species were able to expand their ranges and move into new areas which were not frozen.
The organisms migrated in a southerly direction, where the temperatures were more favorable to their survival.
Thus, based on the four organisms investigated in this exercise, the migration appears to have taken place earliest from the north to the south direction.
Hence, option d. is correct.
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The surface bedrock of the Everglades is underlain by marine sedimentary rocks, mainly_____________, that were deposited in Cretaceous and Tertiary time. Group of answer choices
shale
sandstones
carbonates
Answer:
Carbonates.
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect are true? (Choose several). A)Greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere have been shown to come from both natural & man-made sources. B)Nitrogen & oxygen are greenhouse gases. C)Earth's dominant greenhouse gas is H2O, water. D)Emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels from the Industrial Revolution onward have contributed to the amount of greenhouse in Earth's atmosphere, as shown by the decreasing ratio of C−14 to C−12 among atmospheric carbon over time. E)The Earth has the worst greenhouse effect of any planet in our solar system. F)CO2 and CH4, carbon dioxide and methane, are greenhouse gases. G) Greenhouse gases emit & absorb infrared light. H)The greenhouse effect is always bad & ideally, a planet should have zero greenhouse effect.
Therefore, options A, F, G, C, and D are true about the greenhouse effect. Nitrogen and oxygen are not greenhouse gases, and the greenhouse effect is not always bad. It is an essential process for keeping Earth's temperature within a range that supports life.
The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth toward space. The following statements about the greenhouse effect are true. The Greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere have been shown to come from both natural and man-made sources.
Carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases emit and absorb infrared light. Earth's dominant greenhouse gas is H2O, water. Emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels from the Industrial Revolution onward have contributed to the amount of greenhouse in Earth's atmosphere, as shown by the decreasing ratio of C−14 to C−12 among atmospheric carbon over time.
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What three words would you use to describe the
environmental situation on Earth? Please talk
about why you chose each word.
2. When you think of climate change what do you
visualize?
3. On a scale 1-5, how concerned are you about
climate change? (1 = not at all concerned / 5
very concerned)
3b. What concerns you the
most?
The three words would you use to describe the environmental situation on Earth is Unsustainable, Precarious and Urgent.
1. Unsustainable - This describes how the current situation is unsustainable in the long term and is leading to environmental destruction, such as global warming, biodiversity loss, and air pollution.
2. Precarious - This implies that the current situation is precarious and that urgent action must be taken by individuals, organizations and governments to make a difference. If we don’t act now, further damage may be irreversible or more difficult to reverse.
3. Urgent - This word speaks to the urgency of the situation and the necessity to act quickly to avoid further damage and preserve what resources and nature we have now. It implies that we need to prioritize tackling climate change and other environmental challenges as soon as possible.
When I think of climate change I visualize a variety of effects which range from floods and extreme weather events, to the disappearance of species due to habitat loss caused by human activities. I also think of humans having to adapt to a changing climate to manage food insecurity, water scarcity, and health risks.
On a scale from 1-5, I am very concerned about climate change, and I would rate it a 5. What concerns me most is how the effects of climate change disproportionately affect currently vulnerable populations.
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Which of the following is incorrect about jet
streams?
Group of answer choices
A) The Polar-Front Jet is found between 35 and 65 degrees
latitude.
B) Jet streams are narrow bands of high altitude, high speed air flow.
C) The Equatorial Jet is found near the equator.
D) The Tropical Easterly Jet is associated with the Asian monsoon season.
E) The Subtropical Jet is found near 30 degrees latitude.
Jet streams are narrow bands of high altitude, high speed air flow. This statement is not incorrect about jet streams. Therefore, the answer is Option B: Jet streams are narrow bands of high altitude, high speed air flow.
What are Jet Streams?Jet streams are powerful currents of air that occur at high altitudes and travel west to east across the globe.
They are normally situated at 9-16 kilometers (30,000-52,000 feet) above the surface and are several hundred kilometers wide, however they may be over a thousand kilometers long and over a hundred kilometers wide. Jet streams are often classified into two categories:
The polar jet stream and the subtropical jet stream.
There are four main jet streams that vary in location and intensity based on the season and hemisphere.
They are the polar-front jet stream, the subtropical jet stream, the tropical easterly jet stream, and the polar-night jet stream.
Hence, option b. is correct.
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The Saffir-Simpson scale classifies hurricanes by what characteristic? A)Temperature B)Wind speed C)Air pressure D)Property damage
The Saffir-Simpson scale classifies hurricanes by B)Wind speed.
The Saffir-Simpson scale is a classification system used to categorize hurricanes based on their maximum sustained wind speeds. It provides a way to assess the intensity and potential destructive power of a hurricane. The scale consists of five categories, ranging from Category 1 (weakest) to Category 5 (strongest), with each category corresponding to a specific range of wind speeds.
While factors such as temperature, air pressure, and property damage are associated with hurricanes, the Saffir-Simpson scale specifically focuses on wind speed as the defining characteristic for classification. It provides valuable information for meteorologists, emergency managers, and the general public to understand and communicate the potential impacts and risks associated with different hurricane categories.
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8) Ephemeral streams are streams which: a) flow underground and are responsible for weathering limestone b) flow only part of the year c) do not meander d) have no distributaries 9) The formation of waves on the open ocean is primarily the result of: a) large submarine earthquakes b) wind c) tides during the spring season d) longshore transport and barrier-island migration e) sea-level rise 10) Tides are the result of: a) earthquakes pulling on water masses b) gravitational attraction of the Earth's hydrosphere by the moon and sun c) solar winds that enter the Earth's atmosphere and distort the hydrosphere d) plate tectonic collisions along plate boundaries c) longshore transport within the hydrosphere 11) Adding a dam to a stream can lead to: a) clean source of hydroelectric power but deplete nutrients downstream b) recreational areas with no negative repercussions c) an easier passage for fish to migrate and a reservoir in which the fish can rest d) flooding downstream due to the lack of sediment available e) enhanced hostility among beaver populations 12) Longshore transport along a shoreline is the result of: a) waves unexpectedly breaking in the deep ocean b) high sediment supply by rivers c) an abnormally low low-tide d) waves approaching a shoreline on an angle c) overflowing of a bay or estuary 13) Which of the following best describes a stream bed? a) the inside wall of a channel which will be eroded by abrasion b) the floor of a channel which has sediment moving along it c) the floor of the channel which will fill in with sediment due to lack of running water d) the height of the water in a channel which changes seasonally e) flat rock in a channel on which catfish can sleep
Ephemeral streams are streams which flow only part of the year. Hence, the correct option is b) flow only part of the year.
What are the others?9) The formation of waves on the open ocean is primarily the result of wind.
Thus, the correct option is b) wind.
10) Tides are the result of gravitational attraction of the Earth's hydrosphere by the moon and sun. Hence, the correct option is b) gravitational attraction of the Earth's hydrosphere by the moon and sun.
11) Adding a dam to a stream can lead to flooding downstream due to the lack of sediment available. Thus, the correct option is d) flooding downstream due to the lack of sediment available.
12) Longshore transport along a shoreline is the result of waves approaching a shoreline on an angle. Hence, the correct option is d) waves approaching a shoreline on an angle.
13) The stream bed refers to the floor of a channel that has sediment moving along it. Hence, the correct option is b) the floor of a channel which has sediment moving along it.
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As warm air in the upper atmosphere migrates toward the poles (Hadley Cell), at what approximate latitude does it begin to stop? 10 degrees north and south latitude. 50 degrees north and south latitude. 60 degrees north and south latitude. 30 degrees north and south latitude.
As warm air in the upper atmosphere migrates toward the poles (Hadley Cell), it begins to stop at approximately 30 degrees north and south latitude.
The Hadley Cell is a global atmospheric circulation pattern that plays a significant role in the Earth's climate system. In this circulation pattern, warm air rises near the equator, moves toward the poles at high altitudes, and eventually descends back to the surface at approximately 30 degrees north and south latitude.
At the equator, solar heating causes air to rise and create low-pressure conditions. This warm, rising air moves poleward in the upper atmosphere, while cooler air from higher latitudes moves toward the equator at the surface.
As the air reaches around 30 degrees north and south latitude, it starts to descend due to the increasing influence of the Coriolis effect and the conservation of angular momentum. This descending air creates high-pressure conditions and inhibits further northward or southward movement of the warm air, marking the boundary of the Hadley Cell.
Therefore, at approximately 30 degrees north and south latitude, the warm air in the upper atmosphere begins to stop and descend, leading to the formation of subtropical high-pressure systems.
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In a given ecosystem/community solar energy is usually captured
by plants (producers) during photosynthesis. What happens to the
energy after it enters the ecosystem?
a. The energy is completely consumed by the producers and is unavailable to the consumers in higher trophic levels. The consumers must find their own sources of energy.
b. The energy is transferred from one organism to another in successively higher trophic levels. Due to conversion to heat all of the energy eventually dissipates out of the ecosystem and must be replaced with new energy c. The energy is transferred from one organism to another in successively higher trophic levels. Eventually the organisms excrete wastes or die and the energy is recycled back to the producers by the decomposers.
d. The energy is transferred from one organism to another in successively higher trophic levels. Eventually all of the energy is used up and destroyed and must be replaced with new energy.
e. The energy is transferred continuously back and forth between the producer and consumer trophic levels.
Solar energy is usually captured by plants during photosynthesis in a given ecosystem/community. The energy is transferred from one organism to another in successively higher trophic levels.
Eventually the organisms excrete wastes or die and the energy is recycled back to the producers by the decomposers. So, the correct option is c. The energy is transferred from one organism to another in successively higher trophic levels. Eventually the organisms excrete wastes or die and the energy is recycled back to the producers by the decomposers.
This transfer of energy continues in the ecosystem and is called the flow of energy.The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional, which means that it flows from the sun or producer to the decomposers. The energy is used by the living organisms to perform various life activities. It is utilized by the plants to grow and produce food. The food thus produced is consumed by animals at the next trophic level.
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What words is the term INSOLATION taken from? How do we define
insolation, and how is insolation different from the measure of the
amount of sunlight reaching the surface of the Earth?
The term "insolation" is derived from the words "incoming solar radiation." It refers to the amount of solar radiation received by a surface, typically the Earth's surface.
Insolation is defined as the total amount of solar energy received per unit area over a given time, usually expressed in watts per square meter (W/m²). It represents the solar radiation that reaches the Earth's atmosphere and is available for absorption and heating of the Earth's surface.
However, it's important to distinguish insolation from the measure of the amount of sunlight reaching the surface of the Earth, which is often referred to as "solar irradiance" or "solar flux."
Solar irradiance specifically refers to the power per unit area of solar radiation incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per square meter (W/m²). It represents the intensity of solar radiation at the outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere, known as the "top of the atmosphere" (TOA), without accounting for any absorption or scattering by the atmosphere.
In contrast, insolation takes into account the effects of the Earth's atmosphere in reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. It considers factors such as atmospheric absorption, scattering, reflection, and other interactions that occur as solar radiation passes through the atmosphere.
In summary, while solar irradiance refers to the intensity of solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, insolation accounts for the actual amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface after accounting for atmospheric interactions.
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c. Differentiate the following terms: meteorite, meteor,
meteoroid, asteroid, and comet.
Meteorite is a piece of rock or metal from outer space that has survived a journey through Earth's atmosphere and landed on its surface.
What are the others?Meteor is a bright streak of light that appears briefly in the sky when a meteoroid burns up in the Earth's atmosphere.
Meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body traveling through space that is smaller than an asteroid and larger than a particle.
Asteroid is a small, rocky object that orbits the sun and can range in size from a few meters to several hundred kilometers.
Comet is a small, icy object that travels in an elliptical orbit around the sun. It consists of a nucleus made of ice and dust that vaporizes as the comet approaches the sun, creating a glowing coma and tail.
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Astronomy 102
1. Which of the following types of light travels at the fastest
speed? Explain your answer.
ultraviolet light
microwaves
x-rays
radio waves
gamma rays
infrared light
visible light
Out of all the following types of light, gamma rays travel at the fastest speed.
Gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation that is produced by radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. Gamma rays have the highest frequency and the highest energy of all the forms of electromagnetic radiation. They have the shortest wavelength and the highest energy of any wave in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are also capable of ionizing atoms and molecules in their path
.Gamma rays can travel through any substance, including concrete and lead. They can pass through the human body and damage tissues and cells, which is why they are used in cancer treatments as radiation therapy. Gamma rays are also used in medical imaging, nuclear power plants, and in the study of outer space.
Therefore the correct option is gamma rays
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Draw three panels/sketches indicating before, during, and after
the eruption that created Crater Lake, include legible labels and
short notes describing what your sketch shows. Include major rock types magma chamber eruption style eruption products processes that led to caldera formation.
Crater Lake, located in Oregon, USA, is a remnant of a massive volcanic explosion that occurred 7,700 years ago. This event created a volcanic caldera, which is now Crater Lake.
What are the illustrations?To demonstrate the eruption that created Crater Lake, we need to illustrate three panels. Before the eruption, during the eruption, and after the eruption.
Panel 1: Before the eruption
This panel illustrates the pre-eruptive stage, which is when the magma chamber is slowly filling with magma. The magma composition is intermediate with various rock types, including Andesitic, Basaltic, and Dacitic. The magma chamber is a large area where molten rock resides below the surface. Additionally, there is an increase in the hydrostatic pressure beneath the volcano, causing the overlying rocks to become uplifted.Panel 2: During the eruption
This panel illustrates the eruptive stage, which shows the process of caldera formation. The magma's composition is felsic, which causes a significant explosive eruption. During the eruption, an explosion occurs, and the magma's contents are sent into the atmosphere, causing a massive eruption column to form. Additionally, the blast wave leads to a collapse of the volcano, forming a caldera. The eruption products are rhyolitic pumice and ash, which were ejected into the air during the eruption.Panel 3: After the eruption
This panel illustrates the post-eruptive stage, which shows the caldera's formation. Following the eruption, the caldera slowly fills with water and forms Crater Lake. The caldera formation was due to the collapse of the volcano during the eruption.Therefore, the three panels or sketches show the events before, during, and after the eruption that created Crater Lake. They include rock types, magma chamber, eruption style, eruption products, and processes that led to the caldera formation.
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c. Describe the absorption of light by the atmosphere that
results in what we know as the "greenhouse effect". What kind of
light is absorbed, and where does that light come from?
The absorption of certain wavelengths of infrared (heat) radiation by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to the greenhouse effect.
The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water vapor (H2O), absorb and re-emit infrared radiation. These gases allow sunlight, primarily consisting of visible and shorter-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light, to pass through the atmosphere and reach the Earth's surface. Once the sunlight strikes the Earth's surface, it absorbs the energy and emits longer-wavelength infrared radiation.
However, some of this infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly in specific wavelength ranges where these gases are most effective at absorbing heat. This absorption traps some of the heat in the lower atmosphere, contributing to the warming of the planet. The light that is absorbed is the infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface.
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Which is used to catch lobster? A)None of these B) Hooks and lines C)Purse seine D) Nets E)Gill nets
None of these options are specifically used to catch lobsters. (Option A)
The main method used to catch lobsters is through lobster traps or pots. Lobster traps are specially designed cages or containers that are baited and set on the ocean floor. Lobsters are attracted to the bait, enter the trap, and then cannot escape. Once the traps are retrieved, the lobsters are harvested. Therefore, none of the options listed (hooks and lines, purse seine, nets, gill nets) are typically used for catching lobsters.
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Answer the following questions as succinctly as you can. None of your answers should be more than a couple of sentences (100 words or less). Please type your answers into the grey boxes.
Explain why the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is important to weathering. (2 points)
What are the main products of weathering of igneous rocks? (2 points)
Describe some of the ways that soil can be degraded if we don’t take care to look after it. (2 points)
How does the velocity of moving water affect the transportation of sedimentary particles? (2 points)
What is chert made of, what is its typical source, and in what environment is it typically deposited? (2 points)
Describe the tectonic origins of rift basins and foreland basins. (2 points)
What is the typical origin and depositional environment of normal (i.e., fining upward) graded bedding? (2 points)
With respect to sedimentary rocks, what are the criteria for defining a "formation"? (1 point)
Explain why mineral stability is important to metamorphism. (2 points)
Describe the nature of foliation in gneiss. (1 point)
Describe the geological environment in which gneiss forms. (2 points)
1)The presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is important to weathering as it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which can chemically weather certain rocks.
2)The main products of weathering of igneous rocks are clay minerals, resulting from the chemical alteration of primary minerals.
3)Soil can be degraded if not cared for properly, leading to erosion, nutrient depletion, compaction, pollution, and loss of organic matter.
4)The velocity of moving water affects sedimentary particle transportation by carrying larger and coarser particles at higher velocities and allowing finer particles to settle at slower velocities.
5)Chert is made of microcrystalline quartz, sourced from silica-rich microorganisms. It is typically deposited in marine environments, such as deep-sea sediments or reefs.
6)Rift basins form from crustal stretching and thinning, while foreland basins result from crustal flexure due to nearby mountain loading.
7)Normal (fining upward) graded bedding originates in turbidity currents, where larger sediment settles first, followed by finer particles depositing on top.
8)In sedimentary rocks, a "formation" is defined based on lithological characteristics, stratigraphic continuity, and mappable extent.
9)Mineral stability is important to metamorphism as it determines the types of minerals that can form under specific temperature and pressure conditions.
10)Gneiss exhibits foliation characterized by alternating bands of light and dark minerals, resulting from the parallel alignment of mineral grains or segregation of different compositions.
11)Gneiss forms in high-grade metamorphic environments, involving significant heat and pressure, such as deep crustal burial or tectonic collisions.
1)The presence of carbon dioxide can chemically react with certain rocks, like limestone, and facilitate their breakdown through chemical weathering processes.
2)The main products of weathering of igneous rocks are clay minerals. These minerals result from the chemical alteration of primary minerals, such as feldspar and mica, during weathering processes.
3)Soil can be degraded if not properly cared for, leading to erosion, nutrient depletion, compaction, pollution, and loss of organic matter. These processes can reduce soil fertility, impair water drainage, decrease agricultural productivity, and disrupt ecosystem functioning.
4)The velocity of moving water affects the transportation of sedimentary particles. Higher velocities can carry larger and coarser particles, while slower velocities allow for the deposition of finer particles. Velocity also influences the sorting of sediment, with faster flows leading to better sorting and separation of particle sizes.
5)Chert is typically sourced from the accumulation of silica-rich microorganisms like diatoms and radiolarians. Chert is commonly deposited in marine environments, such as deep-sea sediments or reefs.
6)Rift basins form due to the stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust, typically associated with divergent plate boundaries. Foreland basins, on the other hand, result from the flexure of the crust due to the loading of a nearby mountain belt, often associated with convergent plate boundaries.
7)Normal (fining upward) graded bedding is typically formed in turbidity currents. As the current slows down, larger and coarser sediment settles first, followed by finer particles depositing on top, resulting in a sequence where the grain size becomes progressively smaller upwards.
8)In sedimentary rocks represents a distinctive rock unit that can be differentiated from surrounding units and traced across a considerable area.
9) Stable minerals can undergo recrystallization and reorganization, leading to the development of new minerals and the formation of metamorphic rocks.
10)Gneiss exhibits a foliated texture characterized by alternating bands or layers of light-colored (felsic) and dark-colored (mafic) minerals. The foliation is a result of the parallel alignment of mineral grains or the segregation of different mineral compositions.
11)Gneiss conditions involve significant heat and pressure, causing the reconstitution and recrystallization of pre-existing rocks into gneissic textures and compositions.
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Briefly describe the results you would expect
if meadow primary productivity is limited by
phosphate and not limited by nitrate.
If the meadow primary productivity is limited by phosphate and not by nitrate, then the addition of nitrate would have no effect on the primary productivity. Instead, the addition of phosphate would lead to an increase in primary productivity.
In the context of the aquatic ecosystem, primary productivity refers to the rate at which plants and algae convert solar energy into organic matter via photosynthesis. There are a few factors that can limit primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems, including sunlight, temperature, and the availability of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
If meadow primary productivity is limited by phosphate and not limited by nitrate, then the addition of nitrate would have no effect on primary productivity. This is because nitrate is not a limiting nutrient, and adding more of it would not increase primary productivity. Instead, the addition of phosphate would lead to an increase in primary productivity.
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth, and it is often the limiting nutrient in aquatic ecosystems. When phosphorus is limited, plants and algae cannot grow as quickly, and primary productivity is low. However, when additional phosphorus is added, plant and algal growth can increase, leading to higher primary productivity.
In summary, if meadow primary productivity is limited by phosphate and not limited by nitrate, then adding nitrate would have no effect on primary productivity, while adding phosphate would lead to an increase in primary productivity. Therefore, it is important to understand the limiting factors for primary productivity in aquatic ecosystems to ensure that appropriate management practices are implemented.
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