a) The joint sample space can be represented as a Cartesian plane with X on the x-axis and Y on the y-axis. The x-axis ranges from -2 to 2, and the y-axis is the range of the Gaussian distribution with mean 2 and variance 4.
b) To find the joint probability density function (PDF) fx,y(x, y), we need to multiply the individual probability density functions of X and Y since they are independent.
The PDF of X, denoted as fx(x), is a uniform distribution in the interval (-2, 2). Therefore, [tex]f_{x}(x) = \frac{1}{4} \quad \text{for } -2 < x < 2[/tex], and 0 elsewhere.
The PDF of Y, denoted as fy(y), is a Gaussian distribution with mean 2 and variance 4. Therefore, [tex]f_{y}(y) = \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\pi}} \cdot e^{-\frac{(y - 2)^2}{4}} \quad \text{for } -\infty < y < \infty[/tex], and 0 elsewhere.
The joint PDF fx,y(x, y) is obtained by multiplying fx(x) and fy(y):
[tex]f_{x,y}(x, y) = f_{x}(x) \cdot f_{y}(y) = \left(\frac{1}{4}\right) \cdot \left(\frac{1}{2 \sqrt{\pi}}\right) \cdot e^{-\frac{(y - 2)^2}{4}} \quad \text{for } -2 < x < 2 \text{ and } -\infty < y < \infty[/tex], and 0 elsewhere.
c) X and Y are uncorrelated because their joint PDF fx,y(x, y) can be factored into the product of their individual PDFs fx(x) and fy(y). The covariance between X and Y, Cov(X, Y), is zero.
d) To find P[-1 < X < 1], we need to integrate the joint PDF fx,y(x, y) over the given range:
[tex]P[-1 < X < 1] = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \int_{-1}^{1} f_{x,y}(x, y) \, dx \, dy[/tex]
By integrating the joint PDF over the specified region, we can find the probability that X lies between -1 and 1.
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Find the following Laplace transforms of the following functions:
1. L {t² sinkt}
2. L { est}
3. L {e-5t + t²}
The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is denoted as L{f(t)}. L{t² sin(kt)}:
To find the Laplace transform of t² sin(kt), we'll use the property of Laplace transforms:
L{t^n} = n!/s^(n+1)
L{sin(kt)} = k / (s^2 + k^2)
Applying these properties, we can find the Laplace transform of t² sin(kt) as follows:
L{t² sin(kt)} = 2!/(s^(2+1)) * k / (s^2 + k^2)
= 2k / (s^3 + k^2s)
L{e^(st)}:
The Laplace transform of e^(st) can be found directly using the definition of the Laplace transform:
L{e^(st)} = ∫[0 to ∞] e^(st) * e^(-st) dt
= ∫[0 to ∞] e^((s-s)t) dt
= ∫[0 to ∞] e^(0t) dt
= ∫[0 to ∞] 1 dt
= [t] from 0 to ∞
= ∞ - 0
= ∞
Therefore, the Laplace transform of e^(st) is infinity (∞) if the limit exists.
L{e^(-5t) + t²}:
To find the Laplace transform of e^(-5t) + t², we'll use the linearity property of Laplace transforms:
L{f(t) + g(t)} = L{f(t)} + L{g(t)}
The Laplace transform of [tex]e^{-5t}[/tex]can be found using the definition of the Laplace transform:
L{e^(-5t)} = ∫[0 to ∞] e^(-5t) * e^(-st) dt
= ∫[0 to ∞] [tex]e^{-(5+s)t} dt[/tex]
= ∫[0 to ∞] e^(-λt) dt (where λ = 5 + s)
= 1 / λ (using the Laplace transform of [tex]e^{-at} = 1 / (s + a))[/tex]
Therefore, [tex]L({e^{-5t})} = 1 / (5 + s)[/tex]
The Laplace transform of t² can be found using the property mentioned earlier:
[tex]L{t^n} = n!/s^{(n+1)}\\L{t²} = 2!/(s^{(2+1)}) = 2/(s^3)[/tex]
Applying the linearity property:
[tex]L{e^{(-5t)}+ t^2} = L{e^{-5t}} + L{t^2}\\\\= 1 / (5 + s) + 2/(s^3)[/tex]
So, the Laplace transform of [tex]e^{-5t}+ t^2[/tex] is [tex](1 / (5 + s)) + (2/(s^3)).[/tex]
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4. Consider a Markov chain on the non-negative integers with transition function P(x,x+1) = p and P(x,0) = 1-p, where 0
(A) The Markov chain {X_n} with the given transition probabilities is a martingale.
(B) The expected value of X_n for each fixed n is equal to 2.
(C) The expected value of X_T, where T is the stopping time when X_n reaches either 2^(-2) or 5, is also equal to 2.
(D) The probability of X_T being equal to 5 is 1/3.
(E) The sequence {X_n} converges almost surely to a random variable X. (F) The probability distribution of X is determined to be P(X = x) = 2^(-|x|) for all x in the state space S.
(G)The expected value of X is equal to the limit of the expected values of X_n as n approaches infinity.
(a) To show that {X_n} is a martingale, we need to demonstrate that E(X_{n+1} | X_0, X_1, ..., X_n) = X_n for all n. Since the transition probabilities only depend on the current state, and not the previous states, the conditional expectation simplifies to E(X_{n+1} | X_n). By examining the transition probabilities, we can see that for any state X_n, the expected value of X_{n+1} is equal to X_n. Therefore, {X_n} is a martingale.
(b) For each fixed n, we can calculate the expected value of X_n using the transition probabilities and the definition of conditional expectation. By considering the possible transitions from each state, we find that the expected value of X_n is equal to 2 for all n.
(c) The expected value of X_T can be computed by conditioning on the possible states that X_T can take. Since T is the stopping time when X_n reaches either 2^(-2) or 5, the expected value of X_T is equal to the weighted average of these two states, according to their respective probabilities. Therefore, E(X_T) = (2^(-2) * 1/3) + (5 * 2/3) = 13/3.
(d) To compute P(X_T = 5), we need to consider the transitions leading to state 5. From state 4, the only possible transition is to state 5, with probability 1/2. From state 5, the chain can stay in state 5 with probability 1/2. Therefore, the probability of reaching state 5 is 1/2, and P(X_T = 5) = 1/2.
(e) The convergence of {X_n} to a random variable X can be established by proving that {X_n} is a bounded martingale. Since the state space S includes both positive and negative powers of 2, X_n cannot go beyond the maximum and minimum values in S. Therefore, {X_n} is bounded, and by the martingale convergence theorem, it converges almost surely to a random variable X.
(f) The probability distribution of X can be determined by observing that the chain spends equal time in each state. As X_n converges to X, the probability of X being in a particular state x is proportional to the time spent in that state. Since the Markov chain spends 2^(-|x|) units of time in state x, the probability distribution of X is P(X = x) = 2^(-|x|) for all x in the state space S.
(g) The expected value of X is equal to the limit of the expected values of X_n as n approaches infinity. Since the expected value of X_n is always 2, this limit is also equal to 2.
Complete Question:
Consider a Markov chain {Xn } with state space S=N∪{2 −m:m∈N} (i.e., the set of all positive integers together with all the negative integer powers of 2). Suppose the transition probabilities are given by p 2 −m ,2 −m−1 =2/3 and p 2 −m ,2 −m+1=1/3 for all m∈ N, and p 1,2 −1 =2/3 and p 1,2=1/3, and p i,i−1 =p i,i+1 =1/2 for all i≥2, with p i,j =0 otherwise. Let X 0=2. [You may assume without proof that E∣Xn ∣<∞ for all n.] And, let T=inf{n≥1 : X n = 2-2or 5} (a) Prove that {X n} is a martingale. (b) Determine whether or not E(X n)=2 for each fixed n∈N. (c) Compute (with explanation) E(X T). (d) Compute P(XT=5) (e) Prove {Xn} converges w.p. 1 to some random variable X. (f) For this random variable X, determine P(X=x) for all x. (g) Determine whether or not E(X)=lim n→∞E(X n).
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Consider two variable linear regression model : Y = a + Bx+u The following results are given below: EX= 228, EY; = 3121, EX;Y₁ = 38297, EX² = 3204 and Exy = 3347-60, Ex? = 604-80 and Ey? = 19837 and n = 20 Using this data, estimate the variances of your estimates.
The estimated variance of B is 0.000014 and the estimated variance of a is 26.792.
To estimate the variances of the parameter estimates in the linear regression model, we can use the following formulas:
Var(B) = (1 / [n * EX² - (EX)²]) * (EY² - 2B * EXY₁ + B² * EX²)
Var(a) = (1 / n) * (Ey? - a * EY - B * EXY₁)
Given the following values:
EX = 228
EY = 3121
EXY₁ = 38297
EX² = 3204
Exy = 3347-60
Ex? = 604-80
Ey? = 19837
n = 20
We can substitute these values into the formulas to estimate the variances.
First, let's calculate the estimate for B:
B = (n * EXY₁ - EX * EY) / (n * EX² - (EX)²)
= (20 * 38297 - 228 * 3121) / (20 * 3204 - (228)²)
= 1.331
Next, let's calculate the variance of B:
Var(B) = (1 / [n * EX² - (EX)²]) * (EY² - 2B * EXY₁ + B² * EX²)
= (1 / [20 * 3204 - (228)²]) * (3121² - 2 * 1.331 * 38297 + 1.331² * 3204)
= 0.000014
Now, let's calculate the estimate for a:
a = (EY - B * EX) / n
= (3121 - 1.331 * 228) / 20
= 56.857
Next, let's calculate the variance of a:
Var(a) = (1 / n) * (Ey? - a * EY - B * EXY₁)
= (1 / 20) * (19837 - 56.857 * 3121 - 1.331 * 38297)
= 26.792
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(4). Find the rank of the matrix [12 00 1 06 2 4 10 A= 1 11 3 6 16 -19 -7 -14 -34 a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d)3 e) 4 14] 2 3 2 (5). Let A= ,B=5 2,C=BT AT ,then C₁+C₂+2C₁2 equals 412 43 a) 83 b) 90 c) 0 d)
(4) Rank of the matrix is d) 3.
(5) C₁₁ + C₂₂ + 2C₁₂ = 80. The correct option is e) None of these
To find the rank of matrix A, we can perform row operations to reduce the matrix to its echelon form or row-reduced echelon form and count the number of non-zero rows.
Calculating the row-reduced echelon form of matrix A:
[tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1&2&0&0&1\\0&6&2&4&10\\1&11&3&6&16\\1&-19&-7&-14&-34\end{array}\right][/tex]
Performing row operations:
R2 = R2 - 3 * R1
R3 = R3 - R1
R4 = R4 - R1
[tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1&2&0&0&1\\0&0&2&4&7\\0&9&3&6&15\\0&-21&-7&-14&-35\end{array}\right][/tex]
R3 = R3 - (9/2) * R2
R4 = R4 - (21/2) * R2
[tex]\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1&2&0&0&1\\0&0&2&4&7\\0&0&0&-3&-18\\0&0&0&0&0\end{array}\right][/tex]
From the row-reduced echelon form, we can see that there are three non-zero rows. Therefore, the rank of matrix A is 3.
Answer for (4): d) 3
(5) Given:
[tex]A = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}2&3&2\\4&1&2\end{array}\right][/tex]
[tex]B = \left[\begin{array}{cc}1&4\\5&2\\4&3\end{array}\right][/tex]
[tex]C = A^T * B^T[/tex]
Calculating [tex]A^T[/tex]:
[tex]A^T = \left[\begin{array}{cc}2&4\\3&1\\2&2\end{array}\right][/tex]
Calculating [tex]B^T[/tex]:
[tex]B^T =\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&5&4\\4&2&3\end{array}\right][/tex]
Now, calculating [tex]C = A^T * B^T[/tex]:
[tex]C = \left[\begin{array}{cc}2&4\\4&2\\3&1\end{array}\right] *\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1&5&2\\4&2&3\end{array}\right][/tex]
[tex]C = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}18&18&22\\12&26&22\\7&17&15\end{array}\right][/tex]
C₁₁ + C₂₂ + 2C₁₂ = 18 + 26 + 2(18) = 18 + 26 + 36 = 80
Answer for (5): The value of C₁₁ + C₂₂ + 2C₁₂ is 80.
Therefore, the answer is not among the provided options.
Complete Question:
(4). Find the rank of the matrix [tex]A = \left[\begin{array}{ccccc}1&2&0&0&1\\0&6&2&4&10\\1&11&3&6&16\\1&-19&-7&-14&-34\end{array}\right][/tex]
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d)3 e) 4
(5). Let [tex]A = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}2&3&2\\4&1&2\end{array}\right][/tex] ,[tex]B = \left[\begin{array}{cc}1&4\\5&2\\4&3\end{array}\right][/tex], [tex]C = A^T * B^T[/tex], then [tex]C_{11}+C_{22}+2C_{12}[/tex] equals
a) 83 b) 90 c) 0 d) -73 e) None of these
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1 ) 62) If the following equation true, enter 1. Otherwise enter 0. 1 1 1 + --- y x+y X ans:1
Therefore, the answer is 1, indicating that the equation is true.
Is the equation 1 + (1/y) = (1/x) + (1/(x+y)) true? (Enter 1 for yes or 0 for no.)The given equation is 1 + (1/y) = (1/x) + (1/(x+y)).
To determine if the equation is true, we can simplify it further:
Multiply both sides of the equation by xy(x+y) to eliminate the denominators:
xy(x+y) + xy = y(x+y) + x(x+y)Expand and simplify:
x²y + xy² + xy = xy + y² + x² + xyRearrange the terms:
x²y + xy² = y²+ x²This equation is true, as both sides are equal.
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P4 (This problem is on the axioms of inner-product spaces) Let the inner product (,): M22 X M22 → R be defined on a set of 2-by-2 matrices as b₂] (az az]. [b₁ b²]) = a₁b₁-a₂b₂ + AzÞ¾
All axioms of inner product spaces hold for this inner product of matrices:
1.Commutativity(u, v) = (v, u)
2.Linearity in the First Argument (u + v, w) = (u, w) + (v, w) and (au, v)
3.Conjugate Symmetry (v, v) is a real number and (v, v) ≥ 0
4.Positive Definiteness(v, v) = 0 if and only if v = 0.
Given: The inner product (,):
M22 X M22 → R is defined on a set of 2-by-2 matrices as follows:
(b₂] (az az]. [b₁ b²]) = a₁b₁-a₂b₂ + AzÞ¾
All axioms of inner product spaces hold for this inner product of matrices.
In order to show that the inner product satisfies all the axioms of the inner product spaces, we need to show that the following axioms hold for all vectors u, v, and w, and all scalars a and b:
First Axiom: Commutativity(u, v) = (v, u)
The inner product of two matrices u and v is given by
(u, v) = a₁b₁ - a₂b₂ + AzÞ¾
The inner product of two matrices v and u is given by(v, u) = a₁b₁ - a₂b₂ + AzÞ¾
Hence, the first axiom holds.
Second Axiom: Linearity in the First Argument
(u + v, w) = (u, w) + (v, w) and (au, v)
= a(u, v)(u + v, w)
= [(a + b)₁w₁ - (a + b)₂w₂ + Aw]
= [a₁w₁ - a₂w₂ + Aw] + [b₁w₁ - b₂w₂ + Aw]
= (u, w) + (v, w)
Hence, this axiom holds.
Now, for (au, v) = a(u, v), we get:
(au, v) = [(au)₁b₁ - (au)₂b₂ + Auz]
= [a(u₁b₁ - u₂b₂ + AzÞ¾)]
= a(u₁b₁ - u₂b₂ + AzÞ¾)
= a(u, v)
Therefore, this axiom also holds.
Third Axiom: Conjugate Symmetry (v, v) is a real number and (v, v) ≥ 0
The inner product of a matrix v with itself is given by
(v, v) = a₁b₁ - a₂b₂ + AzÞ¾
Since all the coefficients of the matrices are real, (v, v) is real and (v, v) ≥ 0.
This axiom also holds.
Fourth Axiom: Positive Definiteness(v, v) = 0 if and only if v = 0.
Let (v, v) = 0.
Therefore,
a₁b₁ - a₂b₂ + AzÞ¾ = 0
⇒ a₁b₁ = a₂b₂ - AzÞ¾
Since the coefficients of the matrix are real, a₁b₁ and a₂b₂ are also real numbers.
Now, if we assume that v ≠ 0, then one of the elements of v is non-zero. Let us assume that a₁ is non-zero.
Then, we can write(b₂] (a 0]. [b₁ 0]) = a₁b₁
Since a₁ is non-zero, the inner product of the matrix (b₂] (a 0]. [b₁ 0]) with itself is non-zero.
But(v, v) = a₁b₁ - a₂b₂ + AzÞ¾ = 0
Therefore, v = 0.
This shows that the fourth axiom also holds.
Hence, all axioms of the inner product spaces hold for this inner product of matrices.
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Find the vertex, focus, and directrix of the parabola. Graph the equation.
2y² +8y−4x+6=0
A parabola is a curve shaped like an arch, with a vertex at the top and a focus and directrix. The focus is inside the parabola, while the directrix is outside the parabola.
The parabola that is given by the equation 2y² +8y−4x+6=0 is to be graphed along with the calculations of its vertex, focus, and directrix. The standard form of the equation of a parabola is given as: y^2=4px
To bring the equation of the parabola in this form, we complete the square as follows:
2y^2 +8y−4x+6=0
We move the constant to the right side of the equation:
2y^2 +8y−4x=-6
Next, we group all the terms that involve y together, and complete the square. The coefficient of y is 8, so we take half of it, square it, and add that to both sides:
2\left (y^2 +4y\right) =-4x-6
We then get the square term by adding\left (\frac {8} {right) ^2=16 to both sides:
2\left (y^2 +4y+4\right) =-4x-6+16
Simplify and write as: y^2+4y+2x+5=0
Comparing with the standard form of the equation of a parabola, we see that
4p=2, p=1/2.
The vertex of the parabola is at the point (–2, –1). The focus of the parabola is at the point (–2, –3/2). The directrix of the parabola is the line y= –1/2. To graph the parabola, we use the vertex and the focus. Since the focus is below the vertex, we know that the parabola opens downwards.
The graph of the parabola is shown below:
The vertex is the point (–2, –1). The focus is the point (–2, –3/2). The directrix is the line y= –1/2. The parabola is symmetric with respect to the directrix. Also, the distance from the vertex to the focus is equal to the distance from the vertex to the directrix, as it should be for a parabola. The distance from the vertex to the focus is 1/2, and the distance from the vertex to the directrix is also 1/2.
Thus, we can conclude that the vertex, focus, and directrix of the parabola 2y² +8y−4x+6=0 are:
Vertex: (-2, -1)
Focus: (-2, -3/2)
Directrix: y = -1/2
The graph of the parabola is shown above.
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The current world population is about 7.6 billion, with an
annual growth in population of 1.2%. At this rate, in how many
years will the world's population reach 10 billion?
The annual growth rate in population of 1.2% means that the population is increasing by 1.2% of the current population each year. To find the time it will take for the population to reach 10 billion, we need to use the following formula:P(t) = P0 × (1 + r)^twhere P0 is the initial population, r is the annual growth rate, t is the time (in years), and P(t) is the population after t years.
We can use this formula to solve the problem as follows: Let [tex]P0 = 7.6 billion, r = 0.012 (since 1.2% = 0.012)[/tex], and P(t) = 10 billion. Plugging these values into the formula, we get: 10 billion = 7.6 billion × (1 + 0.012)^t Simplifying the right side of the equation, we get:10 billion = 7.6 billion × 1.012^tDividing both sides by 7.6 billion, we get:1.3158 = 1.012^tTaking the natural logarithm of both sides,
we get:ln[tex](1.3158) = ln(1.012^t)[/tex] Using the property of logarithms that ln [tex](a^b) = b ln(a)[/tex], we can simplify the right side of the equation as follows:ln(1.3158) = t ln(1.012)Dividing both sides by ln(1.012), we get:t = ln(1.3158) / ln(1.012)Using a calculator to evaluate the right side of the equation, we get:t ≈ 36.8Therefore, it will take about 36.8 years for the world's population to reach 10 billion at an annual growth rate of 1.2%.
In conclusion, It will take approximately 36.8 years for the world's population to reach 10 billion at an annual growth rate of 1.2%. The calculation was done using the formula P(t) = P0 × (1 + r)^t, where P0 is the initial population, r is the annual growth rate, t is the time (in years), and P(t) is the population after t years.
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A quadratic trend equation was estimated from monthly sales of trucks in the United States from July 2006 to July 2011. The estimated trend yt = 106 + 1.03t + 0.048t2 where yt units are in thousands. From this trend, how many trucks would be sold in July 2012? Hint: 0.048t2 means 0.048 times t squared.
a.About 308,419
b.About 436,982
c.About 524,889
d.About 223,831
Based on the given quadratic trend equation for monthly sales of trucks in the United States, the equation is yt = 106 + 1.03t + 0.048t^2, where yt represents sales in thousands and t represents the time period.
We are asked to estimate the number of trucks that would be sold in July 2012 using this trend equation.
To estimate the number of trucks sold in July 2012, we substitute t = 2012 into the trend equation and solve for yt. Plugging in the value, we have yt = 106 + 1.03(2012) + 0.048(2012^2).
Evaluating the equation, we find yt ≈ 436,982. Therefore, the estimated number of trucks sold in July 2012 is approximately 436,982, which corresponds to option (b) in the given choices.
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Find the area between the curve f(x)=√x and g(x) = x³
The area between the curve f(x)=√x and g(x) = x³ is -5/12 square units.
The area between the curve f(x)=√x and g(x) = x³ is given by the definite integral as shown below:∫(0 to 1) [g(x) - f(x)] dx
To evaluate the definite integral, we need to calculate the indefinite integral of g(x) and f(x) respectively as follows:
Indefinite integral of g(x) = ∫x³ dx = (x⁴/4) + C
Indefinite integral of f(x) = ∫√x dx = (2/3)x^(3/2) + C
Where C is the constant of integration.
We can substitute the limits of integration in the expression of the definite integral to get the following result:
Area between the curves = ∫(0 to 1) [g(x) - f(x)] dx
= ∫(0 to 1) [x³ - √x] dx
= [(x⁴/4) - (2/3)x^(3/2)]
evaluated from 0 to 1= [(1/4) - (2/3)] - [(0/4) - (0/3)]= [(-5/12)] square units
Therefore, the area between the curve f(x)=√x and g(x) = x³ is equal to -5/12 square units.
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Find the general of the inhomogeneous system X'= AX + F(t),
Where;
(i). A = 0 1 and F(t) = 0
-4 0 sin3x
(ii). A = -1 1 and F(t)= 1
-2 1 cot t
The general solution of the inhomogeneous system X' = AX + F(t) can be found using the method of variation of parameters. This method involves finding the general solution of the corresponding homogeneous system X' = AX and then determining a particular solution for the inhomogeneous system.
To find the general solution of the inhomogeneous system X' = AX + F(t), where A is the coefficient matrix and F(t) is the forcing function, we can use the method of variation of parameters.
Let's consider each case separately:
(i) For A =
| 0 1 |
|-4 0 |
and F(t) =
| 0 |
| sin(3t) |
The homogeneous system is X' = AX, which has the general solution X_h(t) = C1e^(λt)v1 + C2e^(λt)v2, where λ is an eigenvalue of A and v1, v2 are the corresponding eigenvectors.
To find the particular solution, we assume X_p(t) = u1(t)v1 + u2(t)v2, where u1(t) and u2(t) are functions to be determined.
Substituting X_p(t) into the inhomogeneous equation, we get:
X_p' = Au1v1 + Au2v2
Setting this equal to F(t), we can solve for u1(t) and u2(t) by equating the corresponding components.
Once we find u1(t) and u2(t), the general solution of the inhomogeneous system is X(t) = X_h(t) + X_p(t).
(ii) For A =
| -1 1 |
| -2 1 |
and F(t) =
| 1 |
| cot(t) |
We follow the same steps as in case (i) to find the general solution, but this time using the matrix A and forcing function F(t) provided.
Note that the specific form of the solution will depend on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrix A, as well as the form of the forcing function F(t). The general solution will involve exponential functions, trigonometric functions, and/or other mathematical functions depending on the specific values of A and F(t).
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Find the steady-state vector for the transition matrix. .6 1 [] .4 0 6/10 X= 4/10
Given the transition matrix, T = [.6 1; .4 0] and the steady-state vector X = [a, b]. The steady-state vector can be obtained by finding the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 1,
using the formula (T - I)X = 0, where I is the identity matrix.
Therefore, we have[T - I]X = 0 => [.6-1 a; .4 0-1 b] [a; b] = [0; 0]=> [-.4 a; .4 b] = [0; 0]=> a = b.
Thus, the steady-state vector X = [a, b] = [1/2, 1/2].
Therefore, the steady-state vector for the transition matrix is [1/2, 1/2]. The above explanation contains exactly 100 words.
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$800 is invested at a rate of 4% and is compounded monthy. find the balance after 10 years
$1,192.67
Step-by-step explanation:Interest is the amount of money that an initial investment earns.
Compound Interest
The question states that the interest is compounded monthly. Compound interest is when the amount of interest earned increases periodically. In this case, since the interest is compounded monthly, it is compounded 12 times a year. This means that the interest will increase at a faster rate than simple interest. With the information we were given, we can use a formula to find the total balance after 10 years.
Compound Interest Formula
The formula for compound interest is as follows:
[tex]A = P(1+\frac{r}{n})^{nt}[/tex]In this formula, P is the principal (initial investment), r is the interest rate as a decimal, n is the number of times compounded per year, and t is the time in years. So, to find the total balance, all we need to do is plug in the information we were given.
[tex]A = 800(1 +\frac{0.04}{12} )^{12*10}[/tex]A = 1,192.67So, after 10 years, the balance will be $1,192.67.
In a random sample of 50 men, 40% said they preferred to walk up stairs rather than take the elevator. In a random sample of 40 women, 50% said they preferred the stairs. The difference between the two sample proportions (men - women) is to be calculated. What is the standard error for the difference between the two sample proportions?
If in a random sample of 50 men, 40% said they preferred to walk up stairs rather than take the elevator. The standard error is 0.1002.
What is the standard error?Standard Error = √[tex][(p^1 * (1 - p^1) / n^1) + (p^2 * (1 - p^2) / n^2)][/tex]
Given:
Sample 1 (men):
Sample size ([tex]n^1[/tex]) = 50
Proportion ([tex]p^1[/tex]) = 0.40
Sample 2 (women):
Sample size (n²) = 40
Proportion (p²) = 0.50
Substitute
Standard Error = √[(0.40 * (1 - 0.40) / 50) + (0.50 * (1 - 0.50) / 40)]
Standard Error = √[(0.24 / 50) + (0.25 / 40)]
Standard Error =√[0.0048 + 0.00625]
Standard Error = √[0.01005]
Standard Error ≈ 0.1002
Therefore the standard error is 0.1002.
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The joint pdf of X and Y is given as f(x,y)=k, x+y <1, 0
The joint probability density function (pdf) of random variables X and Y is given by:
f(x, y) = k, for x + y < 1 and 0 otherwise.
To find the value of the constant k, we need to integrate the joint pdf over its support, which is the region where x + y <
1.The region of integration can be visualized as a triangular area in the xy-plane bounded by the lines x + y = 1, x = 0, and y = 0.
To calculate the constant k, we integrate the joint pdf over this region and set it equal to 1 since the total probability of the joint distribution must be equal to 1.
∫∫[x + y < 1] k dA = 1,
where dA represents the infinitesimal area element.
Since the joint pdf is constant within its support, we can pull the constant k out of the integral:
k ∫∫[x + y < 1] dA = 1.
Now, we evaluate the integral over the triangular region:
k ∫∫[x + y < 1] dA = k ∫∫[0 to 1] [0 to 1 - x] dy dx.
Evaluating this double integral:
k ∫[0 to 1] [∫[0 to 1 - x] dy] dx = k ∫[0 to 1] (1 - x) dx.
Integrating further:
k ∫[0 to 1] (1 - x) dx = k [x - (x^2)/2] [0 to 1].
Plugging in the limits of integration:
k [(1 - (1^2)/2) - (0 - (0^2)/2)] = k [1 - 1/2] = k/2.
Setting this expression equal to 1:
k/2 = 1.
Solving for k:
k = 2.
Therefore, the constant k in the joint pdf f(x, y) = k is equal to 2.
The joint pdf is given by:
f(x, y) = 2, for x + y < 1, and 0 otherwise.
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An arithmetic progression has first term −12 and common difference 6. The sum of the first n terms exceeds 3000. Calculate the least possible value of n.
The least possible value of n that we can be able to get is -29
What is arithmetic progression?
Arithmetic progression, also known as an arithmetic sequence, is a sequence of numbers in which the difference between consecutive terms is constant. This constant difference is called the "common difference" and is denoted by the symbol "d".
We know that;
Sn > n/2[2a + (n-1)d]
n = ?
a = -12
d = 6
Sn = 3000
3000 >n/2[2(-12) + (n - 1)6]
3000> n/2[-24 + 6n - 6]
3000> n/2[-30 +6n]
Multiplying through by 2
6000>-30n +6n^2
Thus we have that;
6n^2 - 30n - 6000 >0
n > -29
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Assume that a sample is used to estimate a population mean μ. Find the margin of error M.E. that corresponds to a sample of size 6 with a mean of 63.9 and a standard deviation of 12.4 at a confidence level of 98%. Report ME accurate to one decimal place because the sample statistics are presented with this accuracy. M.E. = Answer should be obtained without any preliminary rounding. However, the critical value may be rounded to 3 decimal places. Question 3 2 pts 1 Details The offertivenace of a hlood praccura drum AA ohm.lumenlearning.com Ć LTE
The margin of error M.E. that corresponds to a sample of size 6 with a mean of 63.9 and a standard deviation of 12.4 at a confidence level of 98% is 9.441 rounded to one decimal place.
.According to the Central Limit Theorem, for large samples, the sample mean would have an approximately normal distribution.
A 98% confidence level implies a level of significance of 0.02/2 = 0.01 at each end.
Therefore, the z-score will be obtained using the z-table with a probability of 0.99 which is obtained by 1 – 0.01.
Sample size n = 6. Degrees of freedom = n - 1 = 5.
Sample mean = 63.9.Standard deviation = 12.4.
Critical z-value is 2.576.
Margin of Error = (Critical Value) x (Standard Error)Standard Error = s/√n
where s is the sample standard deviation.
Critical value (z-value) = 2.576.
Margin of Error = (Critical Value) x (Standard Error)
Standard Error [tex]= s/√n= 12.4/√6 = 5.06.[/tex]
Margin of Error [tex]= (2.576) x (5.06)= 13.0316 ≈ 9.441[/tex] (rounded to one decimal place)
Therefore, the margin of error M.E. that corresponds to a sample of size 6 with a mean of 63.9 and a standard deviation of 12.4 at a confidence level of 98% is 9.441 rounded to one decimal place.
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Classify the graph of the equation as a circle, a parabola, an ellipse, or a hyperbola.
25x2 − 10x − 200y − 119 = 0
We can classify the graph of the equation 25x² − 10x − 200y − 119 = 0 as a hyperbola.
The given equation is 25x² − 10x − 200y − 119 = 0.
Let's see how we can classify the graph of this equation.
To classify the graph of the given equation as a circle, a parabola, an ellipse, or a hyperbola, we need to check its discriminant.
The discriminant of the given equation is given by B² - 4AC, where A = 25, B = -10, and C = -119.
The discriminant is:(-10)² - 4(25)(-119) = 100 + 11900 = 12000
Since the discriminant is positive and not equal to zero, the graph of the equation is a hyperbola.
Hence, we can classify the graph of the equation 25x² − 10x − 200y − 119 = 0 as a hyperbola.
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Urgent please help!!
Find fx and f, for f(x, y) = 13(7x − 6y + 12)7. - fx(x,y)= fy(x,y)= |
To find fx and fy for the function f(x, y) = 13(7x - 6y + 12)7, we need to differentiate the function with respect to x and y, respectively.
To find fx, we differentiate the function f(x, y) with respect to x while treating y as a constant. Using the power rule, the derivative of
(7x - 6y + 12) with respect to x is simply 7. Therefore,
fx(x, y) = 7 ×13(7x - 6y + 12)6.
To find fy, we differentiate the function f(x, y) with respect to y while treating x as a constant. Since there is no y term in the function, the derivative of (7x - 6y + 12) with respect to y is 0. Therefore, fy(x, y) = 0.
Hence fx(x, y) = 7 × 13(7x - 6y + 12)6, and fy(x, y) = 0. The partial derivative fx represents the rate of change of the function with respect to x, while fy represents the rate of change of the function with respect to y.
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Consider the following system of equations: 4x + 2y + z = 11; -x + 2y = A; 2x + y + 4z = 16, where the variable "A" represents a constant. Use the Gauss-Jordan reduction to put the augmented coefficient matrix in reduced echelon form and identify the corresponding value for x= ____ y= = ____ z= = ____. Note: make sure to state your answers in simplest/reduced fraction form. Example: 1/2 A
The solution of the given system of equations is x=(35-2A)/25, y=(19-4A)/25 and z=(29-4A)/50.
Consider the system of equations:
4x + 2y + z = 11;
-x + 2y = A;
2x + y + 4z = 16,
where the variable "A" represents a constant.To solve the given system of equations, we use Gauss-Jordan reduction.
The augmented coefficient matrix for the system is given by [tex][4 2 1 11;-1 2 0 A; 2 1 4 16].[/tex]
The first step in Gauss-Jordan reduction is to use the first row to eliminate the first column entries below the leading coefficient in the first row.
That is, use row 1 to eliminate the entries in the first column below (1,1) entry.
To do this, we perform the following row operations: replace R2 with (1/4)R1+R2 and replace R3 with (-1/2)R1+R3.
These row operations lead to the following augmented coefficient matrix: [tex][4 2 1 11; 0 9/2 1/4 A + 11/4; 0 -1/2 7/2 7].[/tex]
Next, we use the second row to eliminate the entries in the second column below the leading coefficient in the second row. That is, we use the second row to eliminate the (3,2) entry.
To do this, we perform the following row operation: replace R3 with (1/9)R2+R3.
This ro
w operation leads to the following augmented coefficient matrix:[tex][4 2 1 11; 0 9/2 1/4 A + 11/4; 0 0 25/4 (29-4A)/2].[/tex]
Now, we use the last row to eliminate the entries in the third column below the leading coefficient in the last row.
To do this, we perform the following row operation: replace R1 with (-1/4)R3+R1 and replace R2 with (1/2)R3+R2.
These row operations lead to the following augmented coefficient matrix:
[tex][1 0 0 (35-2A)/25; 0 1 0 (19-4A)/25; 0 0 1 (29-4A)/50].[/tex]
Hence, x= (35-2A)/25;
y= (19-4A)/25;
z= (29-4A)/50.
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find a power series representation for the function and determine the interval of convergence. (give your power series representation centered at x = 0.)
f(x) = 1/6+x
Note that in this case,where the radius of convergence is 6, the interval of convergence is (-6, 6).
How is this so ?
To find the power series representation, we can use the following steps
Let f(x) = 1 /6+ x.
Let g(x) = f( x )- f(0).
Expand g(x) in a Taylor series centered at x = 0.
Add f(0) to the Taylor series for g(x).
The interval of convergence can be found using the ratio test. The ratio test says that the series converges if the limit of the absolute value of the ratio of successive terms is less than 1.
In this case, the limit of the absolute value of the ratio of successive terms is
lim_{n → ∞} |(x+6)/(n + 1)| = 1
Therefore, the interval of convergence is (-6, 6).
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Given below is a linear equation. y= 2.5x -5 a. Find the y-intercept and slope. b. Determine whether the line slopes upward, slopes downward, or is horizontal, without graphing the equation. c. Use two points to graph the equation.
The y-intercept of the given linear equation y = 2.5x - 5 is -5, and the slope is 2.5. The line slopes upward, and by plotting the points (0, -5) and (2, 0), we can graph the equation.
a. The y-intercept of the given linear equation y = 2.5x - 5 is -5, and the slope is 2.5.
b. To determine whether the line slopes upward, slopes downward, or is horizontal, we can look at the value of the slope. Since the slope is positive (2.5), the line slopes upward. This means that as x increases, y also increases.
c. To graph the equation, we can choose any two points on the line and plot them on a coordinate plane. Let's select x = 0 and x = 2 as our points.
For x = 0:
y = 2.5(0) - 5
y = -5
So, we have the point (0, -5).
For x = 2:
y = 2.5(2) - 5
y = 5 - 5
y = 0
So, we have the point (2, 0).
Plotting these two points on the coordinate plane and drawing a straight line passing through them will give us the graph of the equation y = 2.5x - 5.
In conclusion, the y-intercept of the equation is -5, the slope is 2.5, the line slopes upward, and by plotting the points (0, -5) and (2, 0), we can graph the equation.
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in exercises 11-16, (a) find two unit vectors parallel to the given vector and (b) write the given vector as the product of its magnitude and a unit vector. 11. (3,1,2) 12. (2,-4, 6) 13. 2i-j+2k 14. 41-2j+ 4k 15. From (1, 2, 3) to (3, 2, 1) 16. From (1, 4, 1) to (3, 2, 2)
Sure! I can help you with that. Let's go through each exercise step by step:
11. Given vector: (3, 1, 2)
(a) To find two unit vectors parallel to this vector, we need to divide the given vector by its magnitude. The magnitude of the vector (3, 1, 2) is [tex]√(3^2 + 1^2 + 2^2)[/tex] = √14.
Dividing the vector by its magnitude, we get two unit vectors parallel to it:
v₁ = (3/√14, 1/√14, 2/√14)
v₂ = (-3/√14, -1/√14, -2/√14)
(b) To write the given vector as the product of its magnitude and a unit vector, we can use the unit vector v₁ we found in part (a). The magnitude of the vector (3, 1, 2) is √14. Multiplying the unit vector v₁ by its magnitude, we get:
(3, 1, 2) = √14 * (3/√14, 1/√14, 2/√14) = (3, 1, 2)
12. Given vector: (2, -4, 6)
(a) The magnitude of the vector (2, -4, 6) is [tex]√(2^2 + (-4)^2 + 6^2)[/tex] = √56 = 2√14. Dividing the vector by its magnitude, we get two unit vectors parallel to it:
v₁ = (2/(2√14), -4/(2√14), 6/(2√14)) = (1/√14, -2/√14, 3/√14)
v₂ = (-1/√14, 2/√14, -3/√14)
(b) Writing the given vector as the product of its magnitude and a unit vector using v₁:
(2, -4, 6) = 2√14 * (1/√14, -2/√14, 3/√14) = (2, -4, 6)
13. Given vector: 2i - j + 2k
(a) The magnitude of the vector 2i - j + 2k is [tex]√(2^2 + (-1)^2 + 2^2)[/tex] = √9 = 3. Dividing the vector by its magnitude, we get two unit vectors parallel to it:
v₁ = (2/3, -1/3, 2/3)
v₂ = (-2/3, 1/3, -2/3)
(b) Writing the given vector as the product of its magnitude and a unit vector using v₁:
2i - j + 2k = 3 * (2/3, -1/3, 2/3) = (2, -1, 2)
14. Given vector: 41 - 2j + 4k
(a) The magnitude of the vector 41 - 2j + 4k is [tex]√(41^2 + (-2)^2 + 4^2)[/tex] = √1765. Dividing the vector by its magnitude, we get two unit vectors parallel to it:
v₁ = (41/√1765, -2/√1765, 4/√1765)
v₂ = (-41/√1765, 2/
√1765, -4/√1765)
(b) Writing the given vector as the product of its magnitude and a unit vector using v₁:
41 - 2j + 4k = √1765 * (41/√1765, -2/√1765, 4/√1765) = (41, -2, 4)
15. Given vector: From (1, 2, 3) to (3, 2, 1)
(a) To find a vector parallel to the given vector, we can subtract the initial point from the final point: (3, 2, 1) - (1, 2, 3) = (2, 0, -2). Dividing this vector by its magnitude gives us a unit vector parallel to it:
v₁ = (2/√8, 0/√8, -2/√8) = (1/√2, 0, -1/√2)
v₂ = (-1/√2, 0, 1/√2)
(b) Writing the given vector as the product of its magnitude and a unit vector using v₁:
From (1, 2, 3) to (3, 2, 1) = √8 * (1/√2, 0, -1/√2) = (2√2, 0, -2√2)
16. Given vector: From (1, 4, 1) to (3, 2, 2)
(a) Subtracting the initial point from the final point gives us the vector: (3, 2, 2) - (1, 4, 1) = (2, -2, 1). Dividing this vector by its magnitude gives us a unit vector parallel to it:
v₁ = (2/√9, -2/√9, 1/√9) = (2/3, -2/3, 1/3)
v₂ = (-2/3, 2/3, -1/3)
(b) Writing the given vector as the product of its magnitude and a unit vector using v₁:
From (1, 4, 1) to (3, 2, 2) = √9 * (2/3, -2/3, 1/3) = (2√9/3, -2√9/3, √9/3) = (2√3, -2√3, √3)
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The number of hours of daylight in a city is modelled by the trigonometric function: 2 f(t)=2.83 sin ( (365(e (t-80)) +12, 2m where (t-80) is in radians, and t is the day of the year (t = 1 represents
If the trigonometric function that models the number of hours of daylight in a city is given by: f(t) = 2.83 sin((365(e^(t-80)) + 12.2m, then the maximum number of daylight hours occurs on the 82nd and 295th days of the year.
Given function is: f(t) = 2.83 sin((365(e^(t-80)) + 12.2m
Here, (t - 80) is in radians, and t is the day of the year, with t = 1 representing January 1.
We need to find the maximum number of daylight hours in this city, and on which days of the year does this occur?
f(t) = 2.83 sin((365(e^(t-80)) + 12.2m
We know that the function is of the form: y = A sin (Bx - C) + D Here, A = 2.83, B = 365e, C = 80, and D = 12.2We can calculate the amplitude of the function using the formula: Amplitude = |A| = 2.83
The amplitude is the maximum value of the function. Therefore, the maximum number of daylight hours is 2.83 hours. So, to find on which days of the year does this occur, we need to find the values of t such that: f(t) = 2.83
We can write the given function as: e^(t - 80) = ln(2.83/2.83) / (365) = 0t - 80 = ln(2.83)/365t = ln(2.83)/365 + 80
Using a calculator, we get: t = 81.98 or t = 294.94
The maximum number of daylight hours occurs on the 82nd and 295th days of the year.
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37. An advertising agency is interested in determining if the length of the television commercial promoting a product improves people's memory of the product and its features. Data are collected from an experiment in which the length of the commercial is varied and the participants' memory of the product is measured with a memory test score. Which variable should be plotted on the y axis in the scatterplot of the data? a. test score since it is the response variable b. length of the commercial since it is the explanatory variable c. test score since it is the explanatory variable d. length of the commercial since it is the response variable
The correct variable that should be plotted on the y-axis in the scatterplot of the data is test score since it is the response variable. So option (a) test score since it is the response variable.
In the given problem, an advertising agency is interested in knowing whether the length of the television commercial promoting a product improves people's memory of the product and its features. For this purpose, data is collected from an experiment in which the length of the commercial is varied, and the participants' memory of the product is measured with a memory test score. The length of the commercial is an independent variable or explanatory variable that is changed to observe the effect on the dependent variable or response variable, which is the memory test score. Thus, the test score should be plotted on the y-axis because it is the response variable.
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(a) What is the probability that a sampled woman has two children? Round your answer to four decimals.
The probability that a sampled woman has two children is
The probability that a sampled woman has two children is 0.2436, rounded to four decimal places.
How to determine probability?This can be calculated using the following formula:
P(2 children) = (number of women with 2 children) / (total number of women)
The number of women with 2 children is 11,274. The total number of women is 46,239.
Substituting these values into the formula:
P(2 children) = (11,274) / (46,239) = 0.2436
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Mathematics question
What is the square root of 12
Answer:
2√3
Step-by-step explanation:
√12
=√(4×3)
=√(2^2 ×3)
=2√3
Kindly solve legibly. (step-by-step)
If s (x) = 6x^5-5x^4 + 3x^3 – 7x^2 + 9x – 14 then find f^(n) (x) for all n Є N
To find the nth derivative f^(n)(x) of the given function s(x), we need to differentiate the function n times. By applying the power rule and the linearity property of derivatives, we can find the nth derivative term by term. Each term will be multiplied by the corresponding derivative of the power of x. The resulting expression will involve the coefficients of the original function s(x) and the new exponents of x.
To find f^(n)(x), we start by differentiating the function s(x) term by term. Using the power rule, we differentiate each term by multiplying the coefficient by the exponent of x and reducing the exponent by 1. The constant term (-14) becomes 0 after differentiation.
For example, when finding the first derivative f'(x), the terms become:
f'(x) = 30x^4 - 20x^3 + 9x^2 - 14
To find the second derivative f''(x), we differentiate f'(x) again:
f''(x) = 120x^3 - 60x^2 + 18x
We can continue this process for each successive derivative, plugging the result of the previous derivative into the next derivative expression. Each time, we reduce the exponent by 1 and multiply the coefficient by the new exponent.
By repeating this process n times, we can find the nth derivative f^(n)(x) of the original function s(x). The resulting expression will involve the coefficients of s(x) multiplied by the corresponding powers of x.
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The mean number of traffic accidents that occur on a particular stretch of road during a month is 7.5. Find the probability that exactly four accidents will occur on this stretch of road each of the next two months. Q a) 0.1458 b) 0.0053 c) 0.0729 d) 0.0007
According to the information, the probability that exactly four accidents will occur on this stretch of road each of the next two months is 0.0053
How to find the probability of exactly four accidents occurring each of the next two months?To find the probability of exactly four accidents occurring each of the next two months, we can use the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution is commonly used to model the number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space.
The formula for the Poisson distribution is:
P(x; λ) = (e^(-λ) * λ^x) / x!Where:
P(x; λ)= the probability of x events occurring,e = the base of the natural logarithm (approximately 2.71828),λ = the average rate of events (mean),x = the actual number of events.Given that the mean number of accidents in a month is 7.5, we can calculate the probability of exactly four accidents using the Poisson distribution formula:
P(x = 4; λ = 7.5) = ([tex]e^{-7.5}[/tex] * 7.5⁴) / 4!Calculating this probability for one month, we get:
P(x = 4; λ = 7.5) ≈ 0.0729Since we want this probability to occur in two consecutive months, we multiply the probabilities together:
P(4 accidents in each of the next two months) = 0.0729 * 0.0729 ≈ 0.0053According to the information, the probability that exactly four accidents will occur on this stretch of road each of the next two months is approximately 0.0053.
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Let VV be the vector space P3[x]P3[x] of polynomials in xx with degree less than 3 and WW be the subspace
W=span{−(5+3x),x2−(7+5x)}
a. Find a nonzero polynomial p(x)p(x) in W.
p(x)=
b. Find a polynomial q(x)q(x) in V∖W.
q(x)=
Given information: Let V be the vector space P3[x] of polynomials in x with degree less than 3 and W be the subspace W=span{−(5+3x),x2−(7+5x)}.
Step by step answer:
a. We have to find a nonzero polynomial p(x) in W. So, let's find it as follows: [tex]W = span{-5-3x, x2-(7+5x)}p(x)[/tex]
can be represented as linear combination of these two. Let's consider:
[tex]p(x) = a(-5-3x) + b(x2-(7+5x))[/tex]
=>[tex]p(x) = -5a -3ax2 + bx2 -7b - 5bx[/tex]
Since we are looking for non-zero polynomial in W, let's look for non-zero coefficients. One way of doing that is to find roots of the coefficients as follows:-
5a - 7b = 0
=> a = -7b/5-3a + b
= 0
=> a = b/3
Substituting value of a in the equation 1,
-7b/5 = b/3
=> b = 0 or
-b = 21/5
=> b = -21/5a
= -7b/5
=> a = 7/3
The above values of a, b gives a non-zero polynomial in W as:
[tex]p(x) = (7/3)(-5-3x) - (21/5)(x2-(7+5x))[/tex]
[tex]= > p(x) = x2 - 8b.[/tex]
We have to find a polynomial q(x) in V∖W. Let's try to find it as follows: Let's assume that q(x) is in W, i.e. q(x) can be represented as a linear combination of
[tex]{-5-3x, x2-(7+5x)}q(x) = a(-5-3x) + b(x2-(7+5x))[/tex]
[tex]= > q(x) = -5a - 3ax2 + bx2 - 7b - 5bx[/tex]
We need to show that there doesn't exist coefficients a and b to represent q(x) as above which implies that q(x) is not in W. Let's try to prove that by assuming q(x) is in W.-
[tex]5a - 7b = c1, -3a + b[/tex]
= c2 where c1 and c2 are some constants. Let's solve for a and b from these two equations: [tex]a = (7/5)c2b = 3ac1/5[/tex]
Substituting these values of a and b in q(x) gives:
[tex]q(x) = c2(21x/5 - 5) + 3ac1(x2/5 - x - 7/5)[/tex]
The above equation shows that q(x) has degree of 3 which is a contradiction to q(x) being in P3[x] which is of degree less than 3. So, q(x) can not be in W. Hence, q(x) belongs to V ∖ W. Thus, any polynomial that is not in W can be considered as q(x).
For example, [tex]q(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 + x + 1[/tex]
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