The Wagner Act, also known as the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), was passed in 1935 and is one of the most significant labor laws in US history. It established the rights of employees to organize and engage in collective bargaining, and also created the NLRB to enforce these rights and protect workers from unfair labor practices by employers.
Leo has to remain in the union until the current contract expires due to the maintenance of membership rule. This rule states that employees who join a union must remain a member for a specified period, typically until the expiration of the current collective bargaining agreement. This is intended to prevent workers from joining a union only when they want to benefit from the union's collective bargaining efforts, and then quitting the union when they don't agree with the outcome of negotiations.
The piece of labor-management legislation that gives employees the right to form, join, or assist labor organizations, including the use of collective bargaining through representatives of their choice, forbids wildcat strikes, and created the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is the Wagner Act.
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X Company also has preferred stock outstanding with par value of
$76, dividend per share of $7, and a current market value of $56
per share. Calculate the company cost of preferred stock.
The cost of preferred stock can be calculated by dividing the dividend per share by the market value per share of the preferred stock. In the case of X Company, with a par value of $76, a dividend per share of $7, and a market value per share of $56, the cost of preferred stock can be determined.
The cost of preferred stock represents the rate of return required by investors who hold the preferred shares. It is calculated by dividing the dividend per share by the market value per share. In this case, the dividend per share is $7 and the market value per share is $56. By dividing the dividend per share by the market value per share, we can determine the cost of preferred stock.
The cost of preferred stock for X Company can be calculated as follows:
Cost of Preferred Stock = Dividend per Share / Market Value per Share
Cost of Preferred Stock = $7 / $56
Cost of Preferred Stock ≈ 0.125 or 12.5%
Therefore, the cost of preferred stock for X Company is approximately 12.5%. This indicates the rate of return expected by investors who hold the preferred shares of the company, considering the dividend payments and the market value of the preferred stock.
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Problem Topic #3: Budget Calculator Note: this problem is more aligned with something that could happen in an individual's life rather than a problem that an employer asks you to solve, but it still addresses a useful method of using Excel. Scenario: you are searching for a job and budgeting for your monthly expenses. You wish you could type data into a spreadsheet and have your monthly budget calculated for you based on whatever annual salary you will receive at your future place of employment. Having a budget calculator will help you organize your salary and expenses and determine how much money you can save or spend at any given time throughout the month or annually. Note: you DO NOT have to use your personal financial information in the worksheet you submit as your project. Use approximations to protect your confidentiality. Task: build an Excel workbook template that automates the calculation of your salary and helps you budget your monthly expenses. Make sure you use advanced Excel functions to analyze and organize the data. Your worksheet must include: • Calculation of your approximate net annual salary. You can type in any gross annual amount into your spreadsheet, but set up formulas that automatically deduct payroll deductions. Use Chapter 11 in your accounting textbook for more information about usual payroll deductions. Make whatever assumptions you need about the amounts of each deduction and your potential approximate annual salary. A list of all of your fixed and variable living expenses. This can include rent/mortgage, utilities, telephone/internet, transit, car expenses, child care, credit card payments, insurance, groceries, take out food, pet care, computer equipment, health care, clothing, travel, personal care, education, recreation, etc. For more information on what can be included in a budget, visit these websites: O Monthly Budget Canada o Making a Budget How to Create a Monthly Budget Charts and graphs displaying how you spend most of your money (i.e. what percentage is dedicated to rent? What percentage is dedicated to buying clothes?) Your money usage goals, for example, a list of items you wish to purchase (include their approximate cost) vs an amount of money you wish to save by a specified date Ask yourself some of these questions to help you determine what advanced functions and formulas you could include: • If I saved a certain amount of money per month, at what point will I have enough money to buy what I want? Or at what point will I have saved all of the money I want to have saved? • Is there a way I can make a progress chart or bar in Excel to show me how much more I need to save to reach my goal? Is there a way to use colour coordination to show me if I have overspent during the month? Submission: submit two Excel workbooks: one template for the instructor to test and one with populated data to prove that it works. A reminder that the populated data must not be your personal financial information.
In this project, you need to create an Excel workbook template that automates the calculation of your salary and helps you budget your monthly expenses.
It should include functions to calculate your net annual salary after deductions, list your fixed and variable expenses, display charts and graphs showing spending percentages, set money usage goals, and include advanced functions like progress charts and color coordination for overspending alerts. The task requires creating an Excel workbook template to automate salary calculation and monthly budgeting. You should use advanced functions to deduct payroll deductions from the gross annual salary, creating an approximate net annual salary. Additionally, include a comprehensive list of fixed and variable expenses, covering various categories. Use charts and graphs to visualize spending patterns, displaying the percentage allocated to each expense category. Incorporate money usage goals, specifying desired purchases with approximate costs, as well as a savings target by a specific date. Advanced functions can be used to determine the time required to save a certain amount or create progress charts to track savings. Moreover, consider implementing color coordination to indicate overspending. Finally, submit two workbooks: one as a template for testing and another with sample data to demonstrate functionality.
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the firm would maximize its profit by employing labor to the point where ________ equals ________
It is critical for the firm to find the optimal balance between labor cost and output produced in order to maximize profit.
The firm would maximize its profit by employing labor to the point where the marginal revenue product of labor equals the marginal resource cost. This occurs when the cost of hiring an additional worker is the same as the revenue generated by that worker. Hence, the point where the two lines intersect is the profit-maximizing level of employment. It is critical for the firm to find the optimal balance between labor cost and output produced in order to maximize profit. This occurs when the cost of hiring an additional worker is the same as the revenue generated by that worker. Hence, the point where the two lines intersect is the profit-maximizing level of employment.
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the formula to compute the markup percentage using the variable cost method is:
Markup percentage is a cost accounting tool used to determine the amount of money added to the cost of goods sold in order to generate a profit. The formula to compute the markup percentage using the variable cost method is based on the cost-volume-profit (CVP) relationship between sales, costs, and profits.
Unit selling price refers to the amount of money charged per unit of goods sold. It is the price that consumers pay for a product or service. This price is determined by the market demand for the product and the competition. Unit variable cost, on the other hand, refers to the total cost of producing one unit of goods. It includes only those costs that vary with the production level. It does not include fixed costs such as rent, salaries, and utilities.
The markup percentage is calculated by subtracting the unit variable cost from the unit selling price and dividing the result by the unit variable cost. The answer is then multiplied by 100% to express the result as a percentage.
Here is the formula: Markup percentage = (Unit selling price - Unit variable cost) ÷ Unit variable cost x 100%.
For example, if a product has a unit selling price of $20 and a unit variable cost of $10, the markup percentage would be Markup percentage = ($20 - $10) ÷ $10 x 100% = 100%. This means that the company is adding 100% to the cost of producing one unit of goods in order to generate a profit. The markup percentage can be used to determine the break-even point, which is the level of sales at which the company will begin to earn a profit.
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The variable cost method determines the markup percentage by subtracting the variable cost from the selling price, dividing the result by the variable cost, and multiplying by 100%.
Explanation:The formula to compute the markup percentage using the variable cost method is expressed as: Markup Percentage = (Selling Price - Variable Cost) / Variable Cost × 100%. This formula calculates how much more you are charging for a product than the variable cost of producing that item. For instance, if a product costs $10 to produce (variable cost) and is sold for $15 (selling price), the markup percentage would be ((15-10)/10) × 100% = 50%.
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Which of the following statement is true:
a) Since the subsidy increases both consumer surplus and producer surplus, subsidy does not create any deadweight loss.
b) In general, the burden of the tax falls on the more elastic side of the market.
c) None of the other answers is correct.
d) The economic incidence of the tax depends on who must legally pay the tax.
e) There can never be price ceiling and price floor that are simultaneously binding in the same market.
Answer:
the answer is A)Since the subsidy increases both consumer surplus and producer surplus, subsidy does not create any deadweight loss.
Explanation:
The true statement is: d) The economic incidence of the tax depends on who must legally pay the tax.
Tax is a financial obligation imposed by the government on individuals and businesses to generate revenue for public services and programs. It is typically calculated as a percentage of income, profits, or the value of goods and services. Taxes can be levied at various levels, such as federal, state, and local. Common types of taxes include income tax, sales tax, property tax, and corporate tax. The funds collected from taxes are used to fund infrastructure projects, education, healthcare, defense, social welfare programs, and other government initiatives essential for the functioning of a society.
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At your current production of carrot cakes, the average total cost of producing carrot cakes is $10 while the marginal cost is $5. What will happen if you produce more carrot cakes?
A. Marginal cost will fall
B. Marginal cost will rise
C. Average total cost will rise
D.Average total cost will fall
B. Marginal cost will rise.
When the marginal cost is less than the average total cost, it indicates that the average total cost is decreasing as more units of output are produced. However, as more carrot cakes are produced, the marginal cost is likely to increase.
This is because the marginal cost measures the additional cost incurred from producing one more unit of output. As production increases, it is common for marginal costs to rise due to factors such as diminishing returns, increased resource utilization, or capacity constraints. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
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Question 1: (Total = 10) A time study was conducted at the harness installation station for the Hyundai assembly line. The time study has highlighted some concerns. You are not confident that this time study is representative enough and would like to analyze the data below. 1.1 Calculate the number of additional time studies required, using the formula provided, to establish a standard time for the current way of working. n = (40/n'>x² - (5x)²² ΣΧ Results Cycle Time Calculation 1 2.05 2 4.35 3 3.69 4 2.78 5 4.15 6 1.85 7 2.24 8 3.36 9 2.12 10 3.11 1.2 What would you recommend in order to reduce the current number of additional time studies required? (2) 1.3 Based on your recommendations, explain how this will address muda, muri & mura in an effort to build a robust process
1.1 Calculation for number of additional time studies required:In order to calculate the number of additional time studies required to establish a standard time for the current way of working, the following formula has been provided:n = (40/n') x² / (ΣΧ - (ΣΧ²/n'))Here, n' = number of time studies conductedΣΧ = sum of observed timesΣΧ² = sum of squares of observed times
Using the given data above:ΣΧ = 28.30ΣΧ² = 86.235n' = 10Hence,n = (40/10) (28.30)² / (86.235 - (28.30²/10))= 2.93 ~ 3 (rounding off to nearest whole number)Therefore, we require 3 additional time studies to establish a standard time for the current way of working.1.2 Recommendation for reducing the current number of additional time studies required:To reduce the current number of additional time studies required, we need to increase the number of observations in each time study. The formula used for calculating n shows that n is inversely proportional to the square of the observed times. Therefore, by increasing the observed times in each study, we can reduce the number of studies required.1.3 How this will address muda, muri, and mura in an effort to build a robust process:By reducing the number of additional time studies required, we can reduce the amount of muda or waste associated with conducting these studies. This will help to streamline the process and make it more efficient.
Additionally, by increasing the number of observations in each time study, we can reduce the muri or overburden associated with conducting multiple studies. Finally, by establishing a standard time for the current way of working, we can reduce the mura or variation in the process, which will help to build a more robust process.
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: Use the following to answer questions 93-96: Norman Enterprises has a standard cost system in which manufacturing overhead is applied to units of product on the basis of standard direct labor-hours (DLHs). The company has provided the following data concerning its fixed manufacturing overhead costs for last year: Total actual fixed overhead cost incurred ..... $42,000 $6,000 12,500 Fixed overhead cost overapplied....... Number of units produced... Volume variance, unfavorable. Standard labor-hours per unit... $3,600 1.6 DLHS 94. The budgeted fixed overhead cost last year was: A) $41,000 B) $42,000 C) $44,400 D) $51,600 Answer: D Level: Hard LO: 5 95. The budget variance for fixed overhead last year was: A) $9,600 F B) $9,600 U C) $2,400 F D) $2,400
Using this information, we can determine the budgeted fixed overhead cost and the budget variance for fixed overhead. The budgeted fixed overhead cost last year was D) $51,600. The budget variance for fixed overhead last year was B) $9,600 U
To calculate the budgeted fixed overhead cost, we need to subtract the overapplied cost from the total actual fixed overhead cost incurred. From the given data, the overapplied fixed overhead cost is $6,000. Therefore, the budgeted fixed overhead cost is $42,000 - $6,000 = $36,000.
To calculate the budget variance for fixed overhead, we compare the actual fixed overhead cost incurred to the budgeted fixed overhead cost. From the given data, the actual fixed overhead cost incurred is $42,000, and the budgeted fixed overhead cost is $36,000. The budget variance is calculated as actual cost minus budgeted cost, which gives us $42,000 - $36,000 = $6,000. Since the actual cost is higher than the budgeted cost, the budget variance is unfavorable.
Therefore, the answers to the questions are:
The budgeted fixed overhead cost last year was D) $51,600.
The budget variance for fixed overhead last year was B) $9,600 U.
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Research other types of apps that rely on smartphone cameras to redeem a sales promotion offer. Explain how they work and how they are similar to and different from SnipSnap. The profitable growth potential for SnipSnap is in the enterprise market where it provides mobile promotion services to retailers. SnipSnap is working with retailers to create and manage geo-conquesting campaigns. Research what this is and explain how it works.
that rely on smartphone cameras to redeem a sales promotion offer are Shop kick, Checkout 51, Coupons.com, and Groupon Shop kick app It is a mobile app that rewards users for walking into stores The app detects the location of a user's smartphone and rewards points for stepping into a store.
This app is similar to Snip Snap because it offers a database of coupons for a wide range of retailers. It allows users to scan in-store coupons and sync them to their loyalty cards .Groupon app are This app offers discounted deals for local activities, goods, and services. It also includes deals for restaurants and beauty treatments that can be redeemed using the smartphone's camera. Long answer: Snip Snap app allows users to take a picture of a printed coupon and the app will automatically digitize it. The app will then create a barcode that can be scanned at checkout for the discount. This app is similar to other coupon apps because they all offer an easy and convenient way to redeem discounts and deals on a mobile device.
These apps work by using the smartphone's camera to scan barcodes or take a picture of a receipt difference are between Snip Snap and other apps is that it allows users to digitize printed coupons and store them in one place of the Profitable growth potential for Snip Snap is in the enterprise market where it provides mobile promotion services to are retailers. Snip Snap is working with retailers to create and manage geo-conquesting campaigns. Geo-conquesting is a location-based marketing technique that targets consumers who are in close proximity to a competitor's location. This technique uses GPS data to push mobile ads or coupons to consumers in real-time when they are near a competitor's location. This technique is an effective way for retailers to attract new customers and increase their sales.
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Prepare a brief project plan (max 3 A4 pages)
· prepare a swot overview to clarify the current motivation for the project launch
· clarify objectives and benefits, to convince sponsors to invest
· define the scope (what to do and not to do), create a timeline, mark interdependencies,
· include a plan to measure implementation and deliverables
· identify risks (top 5)
· recommend some apps, software available to you, to visualize your project plan. Here, compare at least 3 apps /software for project planning (add a critical summary of pros and cons)
SWOT Overview:
The current motivation for launching the project is driven by a comprehensive SWOT analysis:
Strengths:
Strong market demand for the product/service
Experienced and dedicated project team
Access to advanced technology and resources
Support from key stakeholders and sponsors
Weaknesses:
Limited budget and financial resources
Potential lack of expertise in certain areas
Possibility of resistance to change from employees
Opportunities:
Growing market potential and customer base
Potential for strategic partnerships and collaborations
Scope for innovation and differentiation in the market
Threats:
Intense competition from existing and emerging players
Technological advancements that may disrupt the industry
Economic and regulatory uncertainties
Objectives and Benefits:
The objectives of the project are to:
Develop and launch a new product/service that meets customer needs and demands.
Increase market share and profitability.
Enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Improve operational efficiency and productivity.
The benefits of the project include:
Revenue growth and increased profitability.
Competitive advantage in the market.
Improved brand reputation and customer perception.
Enhanced employee morale and motivation.
Scope and Timeline:
The project scope includes:
Research and development of the new product/service.
Testing and refinement.
Marketing and promotional activities.
Launch and post-launch support.
The timeline will be divided into phases with specific milestones and deliverables, ensuring interdependencies are identified and managed effectively.
Measurement and Deliverables:
To measure implementation and deliverables, key performance indicators (KPIs) will be established, such as:
Sales revenue and market share.
Customer satisfaction and retention rates.
Time-to-market and project milestones achievement.
Return on investment (ROI) and cost savings.
Risks:
The top 5 identified risks are:
Market competition leading to lower-than-expected market share.
Technological challenges and potential delays in product development.
Financial constraints impacting project execution.
Resistance to change from employees affecting adoption and implementation.
Regulatory changes impacting product/service compliance.
Project Planning Apps/Software:
Microsoft Project: This software offers comprehensive project planning and scheduling features. Pros include its robust functionality, Gantt chart visualization, and integration with other Microsoft tools. However, it can be complex for beginners and requires a license for access.
Trello: Trello is a user-friendly, visual project management tool. Its pros include ease of use, collaboration features, and integration with third-party apps. However, it may lack advanced features for complex project planning.
Asana: Asana provides a flexible project management platform with features like task management, timeline visualization, and team collaboration. Pros include its intuitive interface, customizable workflows, and integration options. However, some users may find it overwhelming due to its extensive features.
The project plan incorporates a comprehensive SWOT analysis, clearly defines objectives and benefits, outlines the scope and timeline, and establishes measures for implementation and deliverables. Identified risks will be mitigated through proactive management strategies. Based on your requirements, Microsoft Project, Trello, and Asana are recommended project planning apps/software, each with their own strengths and limitations. Consider your specific needs and the complexity of your project when selecting the most suitable tool
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d) Calculate new Consumer and Producer Surplus, government revenue, and deadweight loss. Show graphically P CS = ? S+T CS DWL 21 9 G PS S D 14 PS = ? Q Min
To calculate the consumer surplus (CS), producer surplus (PS), government revenue, and deadweight loss (DWL), we need additional information such as the supply and demand curves, as well as the tax imposed on the market. Without this information, it's not possible to provide specific numerical values for each of these measures.
Consumer Surplus (CS): Consumer surplus represents the additional benefit or value that consumers receive when they are willing to pay more for a product than the actual market price. It is calculated as the area between the demand curve and the price line up to the quantity traded. In other words, it is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay (based on their demand) and what they actually pay.
Producer Surplus (PS): Producer surplus represents the additional benefit or profit that producers receive when they are willing to sell a product at a lower price than the market price. It is calculated as the area between the price line and the supply curve up to the quantity traded. In other words, it is the difference between the price producers receive and the minimum price they are willing to accept.
Government Revenue: Government revenue is the amount of money collected by the government through taxes or fees imposed on the market. It depends on the tax rate and the quantity traded. It can be calculated by multiplying the tax rate by the quantity traded.
Deadweight Loss (DWL): Deadweight loss represents the inefficiency or loss of economic welfare that occurs when the quantity traded in a market deviates from the optimal level. It is caused by market distortions such as taxes, subsidies, or price controls. DWL is calculated as the triangular area between the supply and demand curves, from the quantity traded to the quantity that would have been traded in the absence of the market distortion.
To provide a graphical representation of P, CS, PS, DWL, and S+T, I would need the specific equations for the supply and demand curves and information on the tax imposed. With that information, I can plot the curves and illustrate the areas representing CS, PS, DWL, and the sum of the supply and tax revenue.
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A Cheese Producer Pursues A New Market Through E-Commerce: The Case of Mohamed Bakkar Mohamed Bakkar, an entrepreneur running a business called Besma (joyful" in Arabic), fled to Turkey in 2016. Bakkar had been an electrical engineer in Syria, but he was unable to find a job in his field upon arrival in Turkey due to the Arabic-Turkish language barrier. He decided to pursue a cheese business instead, making the cheese the same way his mother did when he was a child. He produced the cheese in bulk and prepared it for distribution to local Syrian-owned dairy stores. After about five years, Bakkar had built a customer base of 10 Syrian-owned stores in Istanbul, but the Syrian-style cheese market had become increasingly crowded. He needed a strategic plan for growth, and was considering selling directly to individual customers and creating an e- commerce website to expand his reach to include Turks. Q.1. a) Given Bakkar's choices and approach to entrepreneurship what personal traits make him fit for an entrepreneurial career? (10 marks) b) Different people are driven into entrepreneurial ventures for different reasons, and what are|| these reasons for Bakkar and many others like him? (15 marks) Total 25 Marks PLEASE WRITE CLEARLY WHEN ANSWERING THESE QUESTIONS!! ALSO WHEN ANSWERING DO SEE THE MARKS THEY ARE OUT OF
Given Bakkar's choices and approach to entrepreneurship, several personal traits make him fit for an entrepreneurial career.
These personal traits are the following:
i) Bakkar is ambitious and confident: Bakkar's decision to pursue entrepreneurship, despite being unable to find a job in his field of electrical engineering, demonstrates his ambition and confidence.
ii) Bakkar is resourceful: In Turkey, Bakkar faced a language barrier that made it challenging to find a job, but he did not let that stop him. Instead, he opted to leverage his existing skills and knowledge to pursue a cheese business, which ultimately built a customer base of 10 Syrian-owned stores in Istanbul.
iii) Bakkar is innovative: Bakkar's decision to produce the cheese in bulk and prepare it for distribution to local Syrian-owned dairy stores indicates that he is innovative and understands the market's demands.
iv) Bakkar is resilient: Bakkar's resilience is evident in his ability to establish his cheese business despite having to leave his home country and move to Turkey due to the Syrian civil war. He has remained committed to his business, and as a result, it has experienced growth.
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If an agent has access to the lit market and also to a dark
pool, what exposure could she/he have?
If an agent has access to both the lit market and a dark pool, they can have exposure to both types of trading venues. The exposure will depend on the specific trading activities and strategies employed by the agent.
In the lit market, the agent can have exposure to publicly displayed orders and market liquidity. They can place orders that are visible to other market participants and interact with the orders posted by other traders. The exposure in the lit market is typically more transparent and subject to public price discovery.
On the other hand, in a dark pool, the agent can have exposure to non-displayed orders and potentially access to a different pool of liquidity. Dark pools are private trading venues where orders are not publicly displayed, allowing for increased anonymity and potentially reduced market impact. The exposure in a dark pool is generally less transparent, as the details of the trading activity are not visible to the broader market.
By having access to both the lit market and a dark pool, the agent can diversify their trading strategies and potentially benefit from the advantages offered by each venue. However, it is important to note that trading in a dark pool comes with its own set of considerations and potential risks, such as limited price transparency and potential information asymmetry.
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In the robotics industry, the market demand is: QD= 18,000 - 300P. Each firm shares the same cost function: C(q) = 200 + 2q² The relevant average cost function is AC(q) = 200/q + 2q. The relevant marginal cost function is MC(q) = 4q. Assume this industry is a constant-cost industry (i.e., the long run industry supply curve is a horizontal line.) Please find the lowest average cost and the corresponding output level of each firm. (5 marks) b. If each firm earns zero economic profit in the short run, what is the market price? How many firms are there in this industry? (6 marks) c. Please find the consumer surplus and producer surplus for the market in the short run. (6 marks) Now the government starts to impose a tax $15 per unit on all the firms in this industry. So, each firm's total cost is C(q) = 200 + 15q + 2q². Suppose no firm exits the industry in the short run; also no new firms enter the industry in the short run. Each firm maximizes its profit by producing 7.5 units. d. Calculate the economic profit or loss for a representative firm in the robotics industry in the short run. (6 marks) e. What is the producer surplus for the market in the short run? (6 marks) f. What will happen to this industry in the long run? How many firms will be in this industry in the long run? (6 marks)
The robotics industry operates with approximately 171 firms in the short run, achieving zero economic profit, while the imposition of a tax results in economic losses for representative firms.
a. To find the lowest average cost and the corresponding output level for each firm, we set the average cost function (AC) equal to the marginal cost (MC) and solve for q:
200/q + 2q = 4q
200 = 4q²
q² = 50
q = √50 ≈ 7.07
So, the lowest average cost is achieved when each firm produces approximately 7.07 units.
b. In the short run, if each firm earns zero economic profit, the market price will be equal to the minimum average cost (AC) at the output level of each firm. Plugging the value of q = 7.07 into the AC function:
AC(q) = 200/7.07 + 2(7.07) ≈ 56.49
Therefore, the market price is $56.49, and to calculate the number of firms, we divide the market demand (QD) by the output level of each firm (q):
QD = 18,000 - 300P
18,000 - 300(56.49) = 1,207.3
Number of firms = QD / q = 1,207.3 / 7.07 ≈ 170.79
Since firms cannot be fractional, there are approximately 171 firms in this industry.
c. To find the consumer surplus and producer surplus in the short run, we need to calculate the area between the market demand curve and the market price (P) and multiply it by the quantity (QD). Given the market price of $56.49:
Consumer Surplus = 0.5 x (QD x P) = 0.5 x (171 x 56.49) = $4,828.995
Producer Surplus = (P - AC) x QD = (56.49 - 56.49) x 171 = $0 (since economic profit is zero in the short run).
d. In the short run, with the tax imposed, the total cost function for each firm becomes C(q) = 200 + 15q + 2q². To calculate the economic profit or loss for a representative firm, we subtract the total cost from the market price:
Total Cost = C(7.5) = 200 + 15(7.5) + 2(7.5)² = $548.75
Economic Profit/Loss = Market Price - Total Cost = 56.49 - 548.75 = -$492.26 (a loss)
e. In the short run, with the tax imposed, the producer surplus for the market is calculated by multiplying the price (P) minus the average cost (AC) by the quantity (QD):
Producer Surplus = (P - AC) x QD = (56.49 - 56.49) x 171 = $0 (as there is no economic profit).
f. In the long run, firms can enter or exit the industry. Since the market price is equal to the minimum average cost, firms earn zero economic profit, and there are no incentives for new firms to enter or existing firms to exit. Thus, in the long run, the number of firms will remain the same, approximately 171.
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for a firm producing at any level of output greater than the most profitable one, a reduction in output decreases total revenue _____ total cost.
For a firm producing at any level of output greater than the most profitable one, a reduction in output decreases total revenue below total cost.
For a firm producing at any level of output greater than the most profitable one, a reduction in output decreases total revenue below total cost. This can be better explained with the help of a graph where the total cost and total revenue curve are intersected by the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves at a single point. The most profitable level of output is determined by the intersection of marginal cost (MC) and marginal revenue (MR) curves. In a perfectly competitive market, this point will occur where the price (P) is equal to marginal cost. The output level corresponding to this point on the total revenue (TR) curve is the firm's profit-maximizing output level. After this point, the marginal cost of production increases with the increase in the level of production while the marginal revenue falls. In such a situation, the firm's profit margin decreases with an increase in output. If the firm reduces its output, then total revenue falls, and total cost falls by less than total revenue. Therefore, the difference between total revenue and total cost decreases. Hence, for a firm producing at any level of output greater than the most profitable one, a reduction in output decreases total revenue below total cost.
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Who is in charge of redistricting California Assembly and Senate districts? Congress the Fair Political Practices Commission The Citizens Redistricting Commission the legislature, through the Assembly and Senate Elections & Redistricting Committees
In California, redistricting of the Assembly and Senate districts is the responsibility of the Citizens Redistricting Commission. This commission was established in 2008 with the aim of making the redistricting process fair and non-partisan.
The commission consists of 14 members, selected through a rigorous application and interview process. These members are appointed by the State Auditor and include five Democrats, five Republicans, and four who are not affiliated with any party. The commission has the authority to redraw district boundaries once every ten years, based on the results of the US Census.
The commission aims to create districts that are equal in population, comply with the Voting Rights Act, and respect geographic and communities of interest. This process is separate from Congress, the Fair Political Practices Commission, and the Legislature, who do not have a direct role in redistricting California's Assembly and Senate districts.
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Shin likes to spend a (relatively small) portion of his income on vacations to Cabo San Lucas (a popular resort area in Mexico). On these trips, he either stays at a four star resort with panoramic ocean views or a more modest, and slightly deteriorating hotel in the noisy part of town. Understandably, the four star hotel is significantly more expensive. Suppose that the four-star hotel costs $5000/trip while the hotel costs just $500/trip. In recent years, the price of airfare has risen significantly, a change that effects the cost of his trips the same regardless of where he stays. Suppose that airfare has increased from $300/trip to $1000/trip. Why is it that following the higher travels prices, Shin is likely to spend more of his vacations at the four star resort when he travels. (Assume that the hotel rates and Shin's preferences are fixed).
When Shin spends a (relatively small) portion of his income on vacations to Cabo San Lucas (a popular resort area in Mexico), he likes to stay at either the four-star hotel with panoramic ocean views or a more modest hotel in the noisy part of town. The increase in airfare prices will lead to a positive income effect, which will cause Shin to spend more of his vacations at the four-star resort.
The four-star hotel is significantly more expensive than the more modest one, costing $5000 per trip compared to $500 per trip for the modest hotel. In recent years, the price of airfare has risen significantly, from $300 per trip to $1000 per trip. Despite the increase in travel prices, Shin is likely to spend more of his vacations at the four-star resort when he travels, and this is due to the income effect. A change in the price of a good or service has two opposing effects on a consumer's budget. The first effect is the substitution effect, which occurs when a consumer switches to a substitute good or service due to a price change.
The second effect is the income effect, which occurs when the consumer's income changes as a result of the price change. The income effect can be positive or negative depending on whether the good is normal or inferior. If a good is normal, the income effect will be positive, meaning that the consumer will consume more of the good when their income increases. If a good is inferior, the income effect will be negative, meaning that the consumer will consume less of the good when their income increases. The increase in airfare prices reduces Shin's real income, and he will have less money to spend on vacations. Because the four-star hotel is significantly more expensive than the more modest one, it would seem logical for Shin to switch to the cheaper option to save money.
However, Shin likes to stay at the four-star hotel because it provides him with a better vacation experience. As a result, he is willing to spend more of his remaining income on the four-star hotel to maintain the same level of satisfaction that he had before the price change. Therefore, the increase in airfare prices will lead to a positive income effect, which will cause Shin to spend more of his vacations at the four-star resort.
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Explain the Diamond and Dybvig (1983) model and discuss how it
predicts the susceptibility of banks to runs
The Diamond and Dybvig model, proposed in 1983 by Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig, is an economic model that explains the possibility of bank runs in a fractional reserve banking system.
The model demonstrates how the inherent vulnerability of banks to runs arises from the maturity mismatch between their assets and liabilities.
In the Diamond and Dybvig model, there are two types of depositors: those who have short-term liquidity needs and those who have longer-term investment needs. The model assumes that depositors are rational and seek to maximize their individual utility. Depositors have the option to either keep their funds in the bank or withdraw them early.
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1.In business, _______ _______ are tested by the
judgement and experience of the rest of the team.
In business, ideas and strategies are tested by the judgement and experience of the rest of the team.
Judgment, also spelled as "judgement," is a cognitive process that involves forming an opinion or making an evaluation about a particular situation, event, person, or thing. It encompasses the ability to assess information, weigh evidence, consider different perspectives, and arrive at a reasoned conclusion. Judgment is an essential aspect of human thinking and decision-making, influencing our actions and choices.
Effective judgment requires critical thinking skills, analytical reasoning, and the capacity to evaluate the potential consequences of our decisions. It involves the integration of knowledge, experience, values, and beliefs to arrive at a well-informed judgment. However, judgments can be subjective and influenced by biases, personal experiences, emotions, and cultural or societal factors.
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The relationship between marketing research and marketing strategy,
How such marketing strategy affect market research and how marketing research affect the marketing strategy?
Ritz Carlton hotel want to attract more business travelers during the weekend in the hotel
(don't make it too long)
A well-defined marketing strategy will help a company to achieve its marketing goals by using the most effective marketing tactics. Marketing research and marketing strategy are interdependent, and both are critical to the success of any marketing campaign.
Marketing research is essential for any company to develop a marketing strategy. A marketing strategy is a company's long-term plan for achieving its marketing goals.Marketing research is the process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data related to a company's market, customers, and competitors. The aim of marketing research is to obtain valuable information to help a company make informed decisions about its marketing activities. A marketing strategy will help a company to achieve its marketing goals by using a variety of marketing tactics such as advertising, public relations, direct marketing, and sales promotion. A well-defined marketing strategy will help a company to focus its resources and efforts on the most effective tactics to achieve its goals. Ritz Carlton hotel wants to attract more business travelers during the weekend in the hotel. In order to achieve this goal, the hotel needs to conduct marketing research to identify the needs and preferences of business travelers. Marketing research will help the hotel to understand the characteristics of its target market, such as their demographics, lifestyle, and behavior. This information will help the hotel to develop a marketing strategy that is specifically tailored to the needs of business travelers. The marketing strategy will include tactics such as special offers, promotions, and discounts to attract business travelers. In conclusion, marketing research is essential for developing a marketing strategy. A well-defined marketing strategy will help a company to achieve its marketing goals by using the most effective marketing tactics. Marketing research and marketing strategy are interdependent, and both are critical to the success of any marketing campaign.
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In the EOQ model, how does the optimal order size change when
the fixed ordering cost doubles?
a.
It doubles
b.
It halves
c.
It increases by √2S/H
d.
It increases by √2
The EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) model is a decision-making tool used to find the optimal order quantity for inventory management that minimizes the total cost of inventory. When the fixed ordering cost doubles in the EOQ model, the optimal order size increases by √2. Therefore, the correct answer is option D (It increases by √2).
The EOQ model is an inventory management tool used to determine the optimal quantity of goods to purchase at a given time to minimize inventory costs. The EOQ model takes into account the carrying cost per unit, the ordering cost, and the annual demand. In the EOQ model, the optimal order quantity is calculated using the following formula: EOQ = √((2SD)/H) Where S = Setup (or ordering) cost per order D = Annual demand of the product H = Holding (or carrying) cost per unit. In the EOQ model, the optimal order quantity is directly proportional to the square root of the annual demand and inversely proportional to the square root of the holding cost and the setup cost per order. This means that if any of these three variables change the optimal order quantity will also change. Now, if the fixed ordering cost doubles, the formula will change as follows: EOQ = √((2SD)/(2H)) EOQ = √((SD)/H) × √2EOQ = √2 × EOQ. The formula shows that if the fixed ordering cost doubles, the EOQ increases by √2. Therefore, the correct answer is option D (It increases by √2).
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Which of the following statements relating to debt covenants is incorrect?
covenants are written into loan contracts
if a company breaches a debt covenant it will not need to renegotiate or repay the loan
covenants restrict a company's activities
companies enter into debt covenants with banks when they borrow a significant amount
"If a company breaches a debt covenant, it will not need to renegotiate or repay the loan."
When a company breaches a debt covenant, it typically triggers a default event. In such cases, the company is required to negotiate with the lender to either modify the terms of the loan agreement or repay the loan in accordance with the original terms. Breaching a debt covenant does not exempt the company from the obligation to renegotiate or repay the loan.The possibility that the auditor would miss major inaccuracies or omissions in the financial statements is referred to as the first component of audit risk, known as inherent risk. Inherent risk is influenced by factors such as the complexity of transactions, the industry in which the entity operates, the effectiveness of internal controls, and the integrity of management.
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(a) Describe what it means if a new company decides to issue its ordinary shares to investors in instalments, and why they might sell shares this way. (2 marks) (b) John's Building Company needs to raise $100,000 cash from share investors and asks for your advice for designing the sale of the shares. He wants to sell ordinary shares. (4 marks) First, use your imagination to determine a reasonable sale price per share. Then, design a traditional 3 step instalment plan for collection of the cash from investors. Hint: you may consider that the Application period will commence on 1st February 2022. Outline the basic details of your plan, including beginning and ending dates for each stage of your plan.
(a) Issuing ordinary shares to investors in instalments allows a new company to offer shares in stages, making it more accessible to a wider range of investors.
(b) The reasonable sale price per share can be determined based on market analysis and valuation, while a traditional 3-step instalment plan can be designed with an application period, an initial payment stage, and subsequent payment stages.
What is the significance of selling shares in instalments, and why might a new company choose this method?Selling shares in instalments can be an attractive option for new companies for several reasons. Firstly, it can make investing more accessible to a wider range of potential investors. By breaking down the payment into smaller instalments, individuals or entities with limited capital can participate in the share offering. This broader investor base can help the company raise the necessary funds more effectively.
Additionally, issuing shares in instalments allows the company to maintain a steady cash flow. Instead of waiting for the full payment upfront, the company receives partial payments over a defined period. This helps in managing immediate financial needs and allocating resources efficiently.
Moreover, selling shares in instalments provides the company an opportunity to establish long-term relationships with investors. As investors continue to make payments, they remain engaged with the company's progress and performance. This ongoing connection fosters a sense of loyalty and commitment among shareholders.
In the case of John's Building Company, if they need to raise $100,000 cash from share investors, they can design a traditional 3-step instalment plan for collecting the funds. The plan can have the following basic details:
Application Period: The plan can start with an application period that commences on 1st February 2022. During this period, potential investors can submit their applications to purchase shares.
Initial Payment: After the application period ends, the first stage of the instalment plan can begin. Investors who were successful in their applications can be required to make an initial payment, which can be a percentage of the total share price. This payment will secure their allocated shares.
Subsequent Payments: Following the initial payment, the plan can include two additional stages with specific beginning and ending dates. These stages can involve investors making additional payments at specified intervals, gradually reaching the total investment amount of $100,000.
By implementing a structured instalment plan, John's Building Company can make the share sale more manageable for investors while ensuring a steady inflow of funds to meet their financial objectives.
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Managerial Practice 2.1: "Customer Involvement at eBay" [MO2.1, MO2.2, MO2.3, MO2.4] How does customer involvement at eBay compare to customer involvement at Amazon and Craigslist? What are the major similarities and differences? What would you change about customer involvement in these companies, and why? What are some of the challenges eBay may encounter by deeply involving customers in its process strategy? How can these challenges be effectively mitigated? As a senior consultant for eBay, Amazon, and Craigslist, what strategic process improvements would you recommend to their boards of directors? What are some possible organizational barriers to implementing these valuable competitive processes? Managerial Practice 3.1: "Quality at Verizon Wireless" [MO2.5, MO2.6] What are some potential impacts of the costs of quality related to Verizon’s extensive testing procedures, including impacts on manufacturers whose phones are not selected by Verizon to be sold to its customers? How can Verizon use Six Sigma, statistical process control, and acceptance sampling in determining which cell phones are selected to be sold? Present diagrams for these processes. Would utilizing X-charts, R-charts, assignable causes of variation, and common causes of variation be useful tools for qualifying the cell phones for adoption by Verizon? Why or why not? Share your rationale for each process.
2.1. Customer involvement at eBay is more focused on facilitating transactions between buyers and sellers.
2.2. The major similarities between the three companies include the use of online marketplaces.
2.3. eBay could increase customer involvement by offering .
2.4 Challenges eBay may encounter by deeply involving customers in its process strategy.
2.1. Amazon and Craigslist have a more community-driven approach, where customers can engage in discussions and reviews about products. eBay's approach is more transactional, while Amazon and Craigslist offer more of a marketplace experience.
2.2. The major similarities between the three companies include the use of online marketplaces to facilitate transactions, customer reviews, and the ability for customers to interact with each other. The major differences lie in the level of customer involvement and the focus of the companies.
2.3. eBay could increase customer involvement by offering more personalized recommendations based on customer browsing and purchase history, as well as allowing customers to create their own storefronts or profiles to showcase their products or services.
2.4. Challenges eBay may encounter by deeply involving customers in its process strategy include managing customer feedback and reviews, as well as ensuring that the customer experience is consistent across all channels.
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Based on the accompanying table and assuming that returns to capital are positive but diminishing, then total packages wrapped when a fourth machine is installed must be packages. Number of (Identical) Machines 1 Total Packages Wrapped 10,000 15,000 18,000 2 3 Multiple Choice less than 18.000 more than 20,000 more than 3,000 less than 21,000
The correct answer is: less than 21,000. Based on the information given in the table, the total packages wrapped increase as more machines are installed.
The total packages wrapped are 10,000 when there is 1 machine, 15,000 when there are 2 machines, and 18,000 when there are 3 machines.
Since the returns to capital are positive but diminishing, it means that the increase in total packages wrapped becomes smaller with each additional machine. Therefore, when a fourth machine is installed, the total packages wrapped must be less than 21,000.
The correct answer is: less than 21,000.
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The computation of pension expense includes all the following except
expected return on plan assets.
amortization of prior service cost.
service cost component measured using current salary levels.
interest on projected benefit obligation.
The computation of pension expense includes all of the following except expected return on plan assets.
The computation of pension expense includes several components such as service cost, interest on the projected benefit obligation, amortization of prior service cost, and expected return on plan assets. However, the expected return on plan assets is not considered as an expense but rather as a reduction in the net pension liability or asset.
The computation of pension expense is a complex process that involves several components. These components include service cost, interest on the projected benefit obligation, amortization of prior service cost, and expected return on plan assets. The service cost component is the present value of the benefits earned by the employees during the current period, and it is measured using current salary levels. The interest cost component is the increase in the projected benefit obligation due to the passage of time, and it is calculated by multiplying the projected benefit obligation by the discount rate. The amortization of prior service cost is the recognition of the cost of plan amendments or curtailments over the average remaining service life of the affected employees. Finally, the expected return on plan assets is the rate of return that the plan assets are expected to earn over the long term. However, this component is not considered as an expense but rather as a reduction in the net pension liability or asset. This is because it is assumed that the plan assets will earn a certain rate of return, which is used to offset the expense associated with providing pension benefits.
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please show all calculations. thank you
QUESTION 1 a. Distinguish between systematic risk and unsystematic risk. (4 marks) b. NCB stock Grace kennedy stock Rate of return. Rate of return Probability Probability 0.15 12 -10 0.20 15 0.20 17 0
Systematic risk and unsystematic risk are two components of total risk that investors face when investing in financial assets. Here are the distinctions between these two types of risks:
Systematic Risk:
Also known as market risk or non-diversifiable risk.
It is the risk that affects the entire market or a specific segment of the market.
Systematic risk arises from factors that are beyond the control of individual investors, such as economic conditions, political events, interest rates, inflation, and market volatility.
This type of risk cannot be eliminated through diversification since it is inherent in the overall market or economy.
Examples of systematic risk include recessions, changes in government policies, and market crashes.
Investors are exposed to systematic risk regardless of the specific securities they hold.
Unsystematic Risk:
Also known as specific risk, diversifiable risk, or idiosyncratic risk.
It is the risk that is specific to a particular company, industry, or investment.
Unsystematic risk arises from factors that are company-specific, such as management issues, competitive threats, product recalls, or lawsuits.
This type of risk can be reduced or eliminated through diversification. By spreading investments across different assets or asset classes, unsystematic risk can be mitigated.
Examples of unsystematic risk include the bankruptcy of a specific company, a labor strike affecting a particular industry, or a product failure impacting a single company's stock price.
Unsystematic risk is unique to individual investments and can be reduced through a well-diversified portfolio.
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(Select the best answer) When an employer has been asked for a reference for a former employee, the employer:
a. has no duty to respond, but if the employer does respond the reference must be truthful and accurate.
b. must respond.
c. can only respond if the former employee has signed a release authorizing the dissemination of information related to his/her employment.
d. should carefully develop a response that will not subject the employer to potential liability for defamation, even if it leaves out relevant information.
When an employer has been asked for a reference for a former employee, the employer should carefully develop a response that will not subject the employer to potential liability for defamation, even if it leaves out relevant information.
When an employer provides a reference for a former employee, he or she must be careful not to be charged with defamation. Even though the employer has no legal duty to provide a reference, if he or she does, the reference must be truthful and precise. An employer is at risk of being sued by a former employee if he or she makes a false or negative reference. The employer must, therefore, take precautions to ensure that the reference is accurate and does not expose the employer to legal liability.
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Q19 give correct answer in 10 mins i will thumb up
thanks
QUESTION 19 When preference shares are cumulative, preference dividends not declared in a period are considered a liability O called dividends in arrears O distributions of earnings O never paid
When preference shares are cumulative preference dividends not declared in a period are considered dividends in arrears.
When preference shares are cumulative, preference dividends not declared in a period are considered a liability and are called dividends in arrears. Cumulative preference shares entitle the shareholders to receive their dividends, even if they are not declared in a particular period. The unpaid dividends accumulate as a liability on the company's balance sheet and are typically paid out in future periods when the company has sufficient earnings available for distribution.
Distributions of earnings and dividends not paid refer to the general concept of distributing profits to shareholders, regardless of whether they are cumulative preference dividends. However, when it specifically comes to cumulative preference shares, the unpaid dividends are classified as dividends in arrears and are considered a liability.
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Use Table 13.4 Fashionables is a franchisee of The UnLimited, the well-known retailer of fashionable clothing. Prior to the winter season, The UnLimited offers Fashionables the choice of five different colors of a particular sweater design. The sweaters are knit overseas by hand, and because of the lead times involved, Fashionables will need to order its assortment in advance of the selling season. As per the contracting terms offered by The UnLimited, Fashionables will also not be able to cancel, modify or reorder sweaters during the selling season. Demand for each color during the season is normally distributed with a mean of 400 and a standard deviation of 250. Further, you may assume that the demand for each sweater is independent of the demand for any other color. The Unlimited offers the sweaters to Fashionables at the wholesale price of $36 per sweater, and Fashionables plans to sell each sweater at the retail price of $66 per unit. The UnLimited does not accept any returns of unsold inventory. However, Fashionables can sell all of the unsold sweaters at the end of the season at the fire-sale price of $25 each. If a part of the question specifies whether to use Table 13.4, or to use Excel, then credit for a correct answer will depend on using the specified method. a. How many units of each sweater-type should Fashionables order to maximize its expected profit? Use Table 13.4 and round to nearest integer. 575 If Fashionables wishes to ensure a 97.5% in-stock probability, what should its b. order quantity be for each type of sweater? Use Table 13.4 and round to nearest integer. 900 C. Say Fashionables orders 750 of each sweater. What is Fashionables' expected profit? Use Table 13.4. ********* TABLE 13.4 The Distribution, RQ), and Expected Inventory, I(Q), Functions for the Standard Normal Distribution Function F(x) z 1(2) 2 F(z) F(z) 1(2) (2) -4.0 0000 0000 -1.3 0968 .9192 0455 14 1.4367 -3.9 0000 0000 -1.2, 1151 0561 1.5 9332 1.5293 -3.8 0001 0000 1357 .0686 1.6 9452 1.6232 -3.7 0001 0000 -1.0 1587 0833 1.7 9554 1.7183 -3.6 0002 0000 -0.9 1841) 1004 1.8 9641 1.8143 -3.5 0002 0001 -0.8 21191 1202 1.9 1.9111 9713 -3.4 0003 0001 -0.7 2420 1429 2.0 9772 2.0085 -3.3 0005 0001 -0.6 2743 1687 2.1 9821 2.1065 -3.2 0007 0002 -0.5 3085 1978 2.2 9861 2.2049 -3.1 0010 0003 -0.4 3446 2304 2.3 9893 2.3037 -3.0 0013 0004 -0.3 3821 2668 2.4 .9918 2.4027 -2.9 0019 0005 -0.2 4207 3069 2.5 9938 2.5020 -2.8 0026 .0008 -0.1 4602 3509 2.6 9953 2.6015 -2.7 0035 0011 .0 .5000 3989 2.7 9965 2.7011 -2.6 0047 0015 5398 4509 9974 2.8008 -2.5 0062 0020 .5793 5069 9981 2.9005 -2.4 0082 0027 6179 5668 9987 3.0004 -2.3 0107 0037 .6554 .6304 9990 3.1003 -2.2 0139 0049 6915 6978 9993 3.2002 -2.1 0179 0065 7257 .7687 9995 3,3001 -2.0 0228 0085 7580 8429 9997 3.4001 -1.9 0287 0111 7881 9202 9998 3.5001 -1.8 0359 0143 8159 1.0004 9998 3.6000 -1.7 0446 0183 8413 1.0833 9999 3.7000 -1.6 0548 0232 .8643 1.1686 9999 3.8000 -1.5 0668 0293 8849 1.2561 1,0000 3.9000 -1.4 0808 0367 .9032 1.3455 1.0000 4.0000 .1 2 3 A 5 6 7 .8 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3,4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0
To find the optimal order quantity for each color, we can calculate the expected profit for different order quantities and select the quantity that maximizes the expected profit
To answer the questions, we need to calculate the expected profit and order quantity based on the given information. We will use the provided Table 13.4 for the calculations.
a. To maximize expected profit, Fashionables should order the quantity that maximizes the expected profit for each sweater type. Since there are five different colors, we need to calculate the expected profit for each color separately.
For each color:
- Wholesale price per sweater (W) = $36
- Retail price per sweater (R) = $66
- Fire-sale price per sweater (F) = $25
- Mean demand (μ) = 400
- Standard deviation of demand (σ) = 250
The expected profit (EP) for each color can be calculated using the following formula:
EP = (R - W) * Q - (F - W) * (μ - Q) * P(Z ≤ (Q - μ) / σ)
where:
Q = Order quantity
P(Z ≤ (Q - μ) / σ) = Cumulative probability from Table 13.4
Calculating the expected profit for each color, we get:
Color 1 (Q1):
EP1 = (66 - 36) * Q1 - (25 - 36) * (400 - Q1) * P(Z ≤ (Q1 - 400) / 250)
Color 2 (Q2):
EP2 = (66 - 36) * Q2 - (25 - 36) * (400 - Q2) * P(Z ≤ (Q2 - 400) / 250)
Color 3 (Q3):
EP3 = (66 - 36) * Q3 - (25 - 36) * (400 - Q3) * P(Z ≤ (Q3 - 400) / 250)
Color 4 (Q4):
EP4 = (66 - 36) * Q4 - (25 - 36) * (400 - Q4) * P(Z ≤ (Q4 - 400) / 250)
Color 5 (Q5):
EP5 = (66 - 36) * Q5 - (25 - 36) * (400 - Q5) * P(Z ≤ (Q5 - 400) / 250)
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