In order for 0.36 mol of lead to totally react, 0.72 mol of Hydrochloric acid is required.
What is the purpose of hydrochloric acid?In the food, textile, metal, or rubber sectors, hydrogen chloride (HCl) is frequently employed as a bleaching agent to neutralize alkaline substances. When discharged into the soil, it is neutralized, and when it comes into contact with water, it hydrolyzes quickly.Low concentrations exposed over an extended period of time may damage and stain teeth. The EPA has not rated the carcinogenicity of hydrochloric acid.
Does hydrochloric acid harm people?Chemical burns from hydrochloric acid can be extremely painful if they come into contact with epidermis or other tissues. Ingestion of hydrochloric might result in blindness. The amount of acid present determines how severe the burns.
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A structure containing a central atom with two electron groups, designated ax2, has a _____ shape with a bond angle of _____ degrees.
A structure containing a central atom with two electron groups, designated ax2, has a linear shape with a bond angle of 180 degrees.
In a molecular formula, the center atom is often the one with the lowest subscript and the largest bonding potential. When all of the atoms typically form the same amount of bonds, the central atom is often the one with the lowest electronegative potential. Central ions are the metal ions that the ligands attach to. Example: The core ion in K3[Fe(CN)6] is Fe3+. As Lewis acids, these core atoms and ions serve as acceptors of the electron pair.
Since C is less electronegative than O, it serves as the main atom. 2. C contains four valence electrons, and each O has six, for a total of sixteen valence electrons.
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the electronegativity value for mg is 1.2 and the value for o is 3.5. based on these values, what type of bond is expected for a compound formed between mg and o?
The electronegativity value for mg is 1.2 and the value for O is 3.5 based on these value ionic bond is expected to be formed between mg and o.
It is crucial to understand in this type of investigation that the higher the electronegativity value, the more likely it is that an ionic connection will form between the two elements.
Therefore, to demonstrate that an ionic bond should form between two elements, we need to know the difference in their electronegativity values. This query demonstrates that the electronegativity difference is rather substantial. As a result of this important distinction, it is anticipated that an ionic bond will form. If their strengths are comparable, covalent bonds are possible.
The main interaction in ionic compounds is ionic bonding, a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between two atoms or ions with sharply different electronegativities.
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Which of the following is the energy of atoms vibrating inside an object?
O A. Radiant
OB. Thermal
O C. Electric
OD. Mechanical
the model illustrates a process by which a substance is taken up by a cell. which statements describe the process? select the correct answer. (1 point)
By engulfing molecules, cells absorb them through the process of endocytosis. The substance to be transported is caught in a tiny, inward deformation of the plasma membrane known as an invagination.
Pinocytosis is a process by which the cell absorbs the liquids along with dissolved small molecules. Pino means "to drink" in Greek. As a result of this process, the cell membrane folds forms tiny pockets and collects the cellular fluid and other dissolved materials.
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what volume (ml) of the sweetened tea described in example 3.14 contains the same amount of sugar (mol) as 10 ml of the soft drink in this example?
0.75 volume (ml) of the sweetened tea described in example 3.14 contains the same amount of sugar (mol) as 10 ml of the soft drink in this example
It is given that the concentration of sugar in a soft drink is 0.375M It means 1L of soft drinks contains 0.375mol of sugar. Then,
1000mL = 0.375mol
1mL =0.375/1000
For 10ml
= 0.375 x 10^-3 x 10
= 0.00375mol sugar
Now, the concentration of sugar in sweetened tea is 0.05M.
This means 12 L solution (tea) contains 0.05mol of sugar.
Now, we need to find the volume of sweetened tea that has the same mass of sugar that is present in 10ml of soft drink
So, the required amount of sugar is 0.05 mol
0.05mol sugar = 1000ml (tea)
1 mol sugar = 1000/0.05 (tea)
So,
0.00375 mol sugar = (1000x 0.00375)/0.05
= 75.0 mL (tea)
The volume of tea required is 0.75ml
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which of the following aqueous solutions has the highest boiling point? question 3 options: 0.15 m nacl 0.10 m cacl2 0.15 m ba(no3)2 0.20 m nh3 0.10 m al(no3)3
Among the following given options Ba₂(NO₃)₂ has the highest boiling point.
The boiling point of a solvent increases due the addition of a solute in the solvent and it follows the formula:
ΔT = K × m × i
Where K represents the boiling point increasing constant (Depends of the solute), m is molality = molarity when solvent is water, and i is Van't Hoff factor.
This implies that the compound with the higher m × i will be the solution with the highest boiling point,
a. NaCl has i = 2 (NaCl dissociates in Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions).
m × i = 0.15 × 2 = 0.3
b. CaCl₂; i = 3. (3 ions).
m × i = 0.10M × 3 = 0.3
c. Ba₂(NO₃)₂ dissolves in 5 ions. i = 5
m × i = 0.15 M × 5 = 0.75
d. NH₃ has i = 4:
m × i = 0.2M × 4 = 0.8
e. Al₂(NO)₃ : i = 5
m × i = 0.10 × 5 = 0.5
Hence, the m × i value of Ba₂(NO₃)₂ is highest so it has the highest melting point.
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1. 14.61 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in water to make 500 ml of solution. (show work) a. what is the mass/volume %? b. what is the molarity of this solution?
14.61 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in water to make 500 ml of solution. (show work) a. what is the mass/volume %? b. what is the molarity of this solution? 0.499 (approx)
Mass of sodium chloride, msolute=14.61 g (given)
Volume of solution,v solution=500 ml=0.5 litres (given)
a. Mass/volume % is ratio of mass of solute in grams and volume of solution in ml multiplied from 100%
Mass/volume%=(msolute/vsolution)*100%
=(14.61/500)*100%
Mass/volume%=2.928%
b. Mass of sodium is 23 and chlorine is 35.5
Molecular mass of sodium chloride ie NaCl=23*1+35.5*1=58.5
Number of moles of NaCl is found by dividing mass of NaCl in grams by molecular mass of NaCl,
Number of moles of NaCl,nsolute=14.61/58.5
Molarity of the solution is found by dividing number of moles of solute ie sodium chloride (NaCl) from volume of solution in litres,
Thus,
Molarity of solution=nsolute/vsolution
=(14.61/58.5) / 0.5
=0.499 (approx)
Sodium chloride is used as an electrolyte replenisher to assist save you warmth cramps as a result of an excessive amount of sweating. This medicinal drug is likewise used for the coaching of normal isotonic answer of sodium chloride. This medicinal drug is to be had without prescription.
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label the energy diagram. you are currently in a labeling module. turn off browse mode or quick nav, tab to items, space or enter to pick up, tab to move, space or enter to drop.energy is plotted on the y axis versus the reaction coordinate on the x axis. the curve begins at an energy value approximately half way up the y axis. it then increases to a maximum before decreasing to a final energy that is less than the initial energy. there is a line measuring the vertical distance from the initial energy to the peak energy and a second line measuring the vertical distance from the initial energy to the final energy. answer bank
The reaction profile diagram shows the conversion of reactants to products.
What is the energy diagram?We know that the energy diagram is the diagram that is drawn to show the interaction between species as they move from the reactants to products. We can see that in the reaction profile the energy us plotted on he vertical axis and the reaction pathway is plotted on the horizontal axis.
Now the topmost part of the curve is the activated complex. The activation energy of the reaction is the line that terminates at the curve for the reactants. The corner at the left is for the reactants while the corner at the right is for the products. The enthalpy change is the difference between the energies of the reactants and the products.
All these are shown in the reaction profile attached here.
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if the anode electrode in a voltaic cell is composed of a metal that participates in the oxidation half-cell reaction, what happens to the electrode?
Where the oxidation reaction occurs is at the anode. Therefore, this is the location where the metal loses electrons. Since it goes from oxidation state 0 to +2 in the reaction above, the anode is the Cu(s). Cathode: The cathode is the site of the reduction reaction.
Oxidation takes place at the anode and reduction at the cathode, as indicated by the mnemonic "Red Cat An Ox." The anode is the negative terminal for the galvanic cell because it is the source of electrons for the current generated by the reaction at the anode.
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how many milliliters of a 0.900% (m/v) normal saline solution can be prepared from 2.50 g of sodium chloride, nacl ? note that mass is not technically the same as weight, but the abbreviation % (w/v) is often used interchangeably with % (m/v).
0.0225 ml of a 0.900% (m/v) normal saline solution can be prepared from 2.50 g of sodium chloride, nacl . note that mass is not technically the same as weight, but the abbreviation % (w/v) is often used interchangeably with % (m/v).
C = m/V
0.009 = m/V
0.009 = 2.5/V
V = 2.5/0.009 = 0.0225 ml
To help prevent heat cramps brought on by excessive sweating, sodium chloride is used as an electrolyte replenisher. The normal isotonic solution of sodium chloride can also be made using this medication. This medication is accessible over-the-counter.
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salicylic acid was your limiting reagent, and it has a molecular weight of 138.12g/mol. aspirin, your product, has a molecular weight of 180.15 g/mol. what was your percent yield?
Your limiting agent, salicylic acid, has a molar mass of 138.12 g/mol. Your product, aspirin, does have an molecular weight average of 180.15 g/mol. Methyl salicylate volume = 0.259 mL
What alters the skin does salicylic acid?Salicylic acid applied topically heals acne by bringing down redness and swelling and clearing clogged skin pores to encourage pimples to contract. By softer and looserning dry, scaly, or thicker skin so that it slips off or is removed easily, it addresses other skin disorders.
Briefing
mass = number of moles * molar mass
molecular weight of methyl salicylate is 152.1 g/mol
number of moles = 2 mmol = 0.002 moles
mass = 0.002 moles * 152.1 g/mol
mass of methyl salicylate = 0.3042 g
Volume is determined from the density and mass
Volume = mass/density
volume of methyl salicylate = 0.3042 g/ 1.174 g/ml
volume of methyl salicylate = 0.259 mL
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7.93 mol of c5h12 reacts with excess o2, how many moles of co2 will be produced by the following combustion reaction?
The following combustion of fuel will result in the production of 39.65 moles, claims the statement.
What is a mole, exactly?A mole is 6.02214076 x 1023 of any chemical unit, including atoms, molecules, ions, and others. Due to the high number of electrons, molecules, or other components that make up any substance, the mole is a useful measure to utilize. The mole was initially defined as the quantity of atoms contained in 12 grams of co2, but the General Assembly on Measurement and Weights declared in 2018 that the mole will only contain 6.02214076 1023 of some scientific unit as of May 20, 2019.
Briefing:C₅H₁₂+8O₂→6H₂O+5CO₂
From the equation, we see that 1 mole of C₅H₁₂ reacts with excess of O₂ to produce 5 moles of CO₂.
So, 7.93 moles of C₅H₁₂ will react with excess O₂ to produce (7.93*5) moles = 39.65 moles.
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when an alkene is subjected to treatment with hg(oac)2 in ch3oh followed by reaction with nabh4, what new class of compound is formed?
An alcohol is created when an alkene undergoes treatment with hg(oac)2 in ch3oh, followed by a reaction with nabh4.
What are the uses of alkene?One of the most adaptable chemical building blocks, alkenes are essential to numerous synthetic reactions. Alkene reactants are used in hydro functionalization processes such olefin hydroalkoxylation and hydroamination, which is a very active area of catalysis.
Alkene vs. alkane: what are they?Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons because they only have one bond between the carbon atoms. Alkenes have at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Alkynes have one or more triple bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are the name given to alkenes and alkynes.
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amp-pnp is a non-hydrolyzable analog of atp that can bind to proteins in a similar manner as atp but is no longer hydrolyzed. predict what would happen to helicase activity if amp-pnp were added to a dna replication reaction.
Since the AMP-PNP is not hydrolyzed, the helicase would no longer work. DNA unwinding by helicase is made possible by conformational changes brought on by ATP binding and hydrolysis.
What happens during DNA replication?A double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to create two identical DNA molecules through the process of DNA replication. Because every time a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must have the same genetic material, or DNA, as the parent cell, replication is a crucial process.
What function does a helicase serve?By using the energy-equivalent ATP, DNA helicases are enzymes that can unwind DNA. All species depend on them for DNA recombination, DNA repair, and replication.
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The chemical properties of atoms, ions, and molecules are related to the arrangement of the _______ within them.
Answer: Protons
Explanation:
Protons is the answer because they are unchanging and cannot move compared to electrons.
Sort the characteristics below into categories based on whether they describe ice giants or gas giants. Items (6 items) (Drag and drop into the appropriate avea below mantle of water. ammonia, and methane ice have a core made of rock or solid have rings mantle of metallic hydrogen atmosphere of mainly hydrogen and helium atmosphere of mainly hydrogen helium, and methane Categories: Gas Giants, ke Giants, both
Gas giants: atmosphere of mainly hydrogen and helium, mantle of metallic hydrogen
KE giants: atmosphere of mainly hydrogen helium, and methane , mantle of water. ammonia, and methane ice, have a core made of rock or solid
both: have rings
Since helium cannot be produced chemically, our supplies come from the extremely slow radioactive alpha decay that takes place in rocks. Helium can be extracted from rocks and natural gas deposits, but it is around 10,000 times more expensive to do so from the air. It may be found in water, soil, and air and provides plants and animals with the essential nitrogen they require. The natural decomposition of manure and dead plants and animals produces the majority of the ammonia that enters the environment. Fertilizer uses account for 80% of total ammonia production.
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Equilibrium calculations: Using the equation below for calculating the equilibrium constant for the reaction of PCl3 + Cl2 to produce PCs, make the following substitutions for the reactants and products, and recalculate the equilibrium constant, then comment on the equilibrium constant does it favor products, or reactants? [PCI) = 5.0 mol/L [Cl2] = 5.0 mol/L [PC1s] = 0.1 mol/L [PCI ] 0.050 mol/L K= 9.6 x 10-4 [PC13 ][CI] (7.2 mol/L) (7.2 mol/L) For the steam reformation reaction CH + H2O + CO + 3 H2, calculate the equilibrium constant using the formula and concentrations below, and comment on the equilibrium constant: does it favor products, or reactants? What do you think is the industrial use of this chemical reaction?
The equilibrium constant is 12.5.
The equilibrium constant of a chemical response is the price of its response quotient at chemical equilibrium, a kingdom approached by means of a dynamic chemical device after enough time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency towards in addition trade.
The equilibrium consistent of a chemical response is the price of its response quotient at chemical equilibrium, a kingdom approached by a dynamic chemical device after enough time has elapsed at which its composition has no measurable tendency in the direction of further trade.
Calculation:-
CH₄ + H₂O ---------> CO + 2H₂
[CO] = 10⁻² mol/L
= 0.01 mol/l
[H₂] = 5 × 10⁻¹ mol/l = 0.5 mol/l
[H₂O] = 10⁻² mol/l = 0.01 mol/l
[CH₄] = 10⁻² mol/l = 0.01 mol/l
K = [CO][H₂]³/[CH₄][H₂O]
= (0.01) × (0.5)³/(0.01)×(0.01)
Kc = 12.5
Equillibirium constant = 12.5
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which material has carbon atoms interspersed with iron atoms in its molecular structure? responses steel steel malachite malachite hematite hematite bauxite
The carbon atoms interspersed with iron atoms in its molecular structure has steel.
The carbon atom have the chemical symbol of C. the atomic number of the carbon is 6. the electronic configuration of the carbon atom is 1s² 2s² 2p². the iron atom has the chemical symbol of Fe. the iron atom having the atomic number 26. the electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s².
The steel is an alloy which is made up of the iron with the added carbon to it .the carbon improve its strength compared to the irons. steel is the alloy which is made up of the iron and the carbon.
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Can anyone solve this? Thank you
There can be emissions of radiations like gamma radiation. There can be emission of particles too like alpha particle. Therefore radioactive decay of lead leads to production of bismuth. the blank can be filled with 210 and 82.
What is nuclear decay?Nuclear decay is process in which the radioactive element releases particles or radiations. Alpha particles is ⁴₂He. Alpha particle is nothing but helium particle.
The balanced reaction can be written as
²¹⁰Pb [tex]_x[/tex] [tex]\rightarrow[/tex] 83[tex]Bi^y[/tex] + ⁰₋₁ e
sum of mass number of reactant side=total sum of mass number of product
210=y+0
y=210
sum of atomic number of reactant side=total sum of atomic number of product
x=83+(-1)
x=83-1
x=82
Therefore radioactive decay of lead leads to production of bismuth. the blank can be filled with 210 and 82.
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if you have a complex ion in aqueous solution and the solutionis yellow, what is the approximate wavelength of visible light thatis being most effectively absorbed by the complex?
Answer:
10 pts
Explanation:
A 0.50 M solution of sodium chloride in an open beaker sits on a lab bench. Which of the following would decrease the concentration of the salt solution?
Molarity of NaCl solution = 0.5 M Molarity or Concentration = Moles of solute / Volume of solution 0.5 M solutions of Sodium chloride means 0.5 moles of NaCl in 1 Litre of Sodium chloride solution. In order to decrease the concentration of the solution more water should be added to the solution.
What is Molarity?
Molarity or molar concentration is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, which can be calculated using the following equation:
[tex]\text{Molarity}= \dfrac{\text{mol solute}}{\text{L of solution}}[/tex]
Molar concentration can be used to convert between the mass or moles of solute and the volume of the solution.
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for molecules with only one central atom, how many pairs isolated in the central atom guarantee molecular polarity?
for molecules with only one central atom, only one pair isolated in the central atom guarantee for molecular polarity.
what is molecular polarity?When a molecule, which can be made up of multiple covalent bonds, has a net polarity, one end has a higher concentration of negative charge and the other end has an excess of positive charge, this is referred to as molecular polarity.
What are the types of molecular polarity?The projected degree of polarity in the bond and, subsequently, the type of connection, are generally indicated by the absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (EN) between two linked atoms. A covalent, nonpolar bond develops when the difference is extremely small or nonexistent. When the bond is large, it is either ionic or polar covalent.
What increases molecular polarity?An rising differential in electronegativity is accompanied by an increase in bond polarity and ionic character. The electrons in compounds with polar covalent bonds are distributed unevenly among the bound atoms. The respective electronegativities of the bound atoms have a significant role in determining the polarity of such a connection.
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With a pressure of 1.5 atm (atmosphere), a piston pushes in on the gas in a cylinder, compressing it from 5.1 L to 1.8 L. What is the work done on the gas (in joules)?
Specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius of one gram of a substance. Therefore, the work done on the gas (in joules) is 4.95 J.
What is Enthalpy?Enthalpy term is basically used in thermodynamics to show the overall energy that a matter have. Mathematically, Enthalpy is directly proportional to specific heat capacity of a substances.
Mathematically,
q = n ×ΔH
where
q = amount of heat
n = no of moles
ΔH = enthalpy
n = w / M.M
Work in thermodynamic= work done on the system =p×change in temperature
work done on the system= 1.5 atm×(5.1 L - 1.8 L. )
work done on the system=4.95 J
Therefore, the work done on the gas (in joules) is 4.95 J.
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balance the following redox reaction if it occurs in acidic solution. what are the coefficients in front of h+ and fe3+ in the balanced reaction? fe2+(aq) + mno4-(aq) → fe3+(aq) + mn2+(aq)
Redox reaction if it occurs in acidic solution
Fe2+(aq) + MnO4(aq) ----> Fe3+ (aq) + Mn2+(aq)
1-
Fe+2---->Fe+3 ....oxidation
MnO4 ------> Mn2+ reduction
2- Balance the reaction by
Balance oxidation numbers by adding electrons.
Balance charge by adding H+ (acidic solutions) or OH- (basic solutions).
Balance H atoms by adding H2O. Balancing Redox Reactions
Fe2+(aq) ---> Fe3+(aq) + e-
MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- ---> Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O
3- Net equation
5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) ---> 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O
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Identify indicators of a chemical reaction. Check all of the boxes that apply.
Two clear liquids are combined. A green solid forms.
color change
absorption of heat
formation of precipitate
formation of gas
Blobs of green solid are shown in clear liquid in a test tube.
Answer:color change and formation of precipitate.
Explanation: The reaction of products of the chemical reaction may have different properties
a sample of chlorine gas is confined in a 5.0 l container at 328 torr and 37 o c. how many moles of gas are in the sample?
The number of moles of gas in the sample is 0.0862 mol which can be calculated using ideal gas law.
An ideal gas is one that follows all the gas laws at every temperature and pressure condition. A real gas is referred to as a gas that does not act like an ideal gas.
From ideal gas equation, it is stated that
PV=nRT
Here, P represents the pressure of gas, V represents the volume of the gas, T represents the temperature, R is the gas constant and n is the number of moles.
It is given that, Volume of gas is 5.0 L, Pressure is 328 torr and the temperature is 37°C. The number of moles can be calculated as follows:
PV=nRT
328 torr*5.0 L=n*62.364 L Torr/mol/K*(32+273) K
n=328 torr*5.0 L/62.364 L Torr/mol/K*305 K
n=1640/19021.02 mol
n=0.0862 mol
Thus, the moles of gas are 0.0862 mol.
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extraction is the process of removing compounds from a solution by taking advantage of varying solubilities. the process of extraction for a mixture of diethylamine, phenol, acetic acid, and ammonia involves three steps. 1. add a strong acid and shake the solution. let the aqueous layer drain off. 2. add a weak base and shake the solution. let the aqueous layer drain off. 3. add a strong base and shake the solution. let the aqueous layer drain off.
Which of the four components would be the first to enter the aqueous phase in this extraction? o ethylbenzene o diethylamine o butanoic acid o phenol
In this extraction, acetic acid would be the first substance to mix with water.
How does extraction work?When a substance is "extracted," it is moved from a solid or liquid into a separate solvent or phase. The method most frequently used in chemical labs is liquid-liquid extraction, which takes place in a separatory funnel.
The funnel is filled with a dissolved component solution, an immiscible solvent is added, and the two layers are shaken together. It is most typical for one layer to be an organic solvent and the other to be an aqueous one. When components migrate from one layer to the next, they are "extracted."
By taking use of the different ways that different compounds are soluble in aqueous and organic solvents, extraction is the process of extracting specific components from a mixture.
Three steps are involved in the extraction process for a mixture of diethylamine, phenol, acetic acid, and ammonia. 1. Shake the mixture after adding a powerful acid. Ladder off the watery layer. 2. Include a weak base and stir the mixture. Ladder off the watery layer. 3. Add a solid base and stir the mixture. Ladder off the watery layer.
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what is oxidation? what is reduction? what are the oxidation states of cu and zn (both species) in the following reaction: cu2 (aq) zn(s) → cu(s) zn2 (aq) what is oxidized? what is reduced?
Oxidation: Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.
Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased. The opposite process is called reduction, which occurs when there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an atom, molecule, or ion decreases.
Reduction: Reduction involves a half-reaction in which a chemical species decreases its oxidation number, usually by gaining electrons. The other half of the reaction involves oxidation, in which electrons are lost. Together, reduction and oxidation form redox reactions (reduction-oxidation = redox). Reduction may be considered the opposite process of oxidation.
Cu(aq) + Zn(s) = Cu (s) + Zn2+ ( aq)
(2+) (0) ( 0) (2+)
In this reaction, Zn is oxidised and Cu is reduced.
What do you mean by redox reaction?
Redox reactions are oxidation-reduction chemical reactions in which the reactants undergo a change in their oxidation states. The term ‘redox’ is a short form of reduction-oxidation. All the redox reactions can be broken down into two different processes – a reduction process and an oxidation process.
The oxidation and reduction reactions always occur simultaneously in redox or Oxidation-Reduction reactions. The substance getting reduced in a chemical reaction is known as the oxidizing agent, while a substance that is getting oxidized is known as the reducing agent.
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A veterinarian prescribed 1,500 mg of glucosamine (C6H13NO5) to a golden retriever with an arthritic hip. How many moles is the dog taking each day?
Answer:
30 pts
Explanation:
Marcus Theory Intramolecular electron transfer from biphenyl radical anion across a steroid scaffold was investigated with a series of electron acceptor moieties (A). a. Draw a plot ofΔG0vskETb. Based on your plot, estimate the reorganization energy(λ)for this set of electron transfer reactions. Please explain your answer c. Which acceptor moieties lie in the Marcus inverted region for electron transfer? d. Acceptors 3-7 belong to a class of quinone, and important electron acceptor in biology. Draw a Lewis dot structure of5−, a one electron reduction product of 5.
Rudolph A. Marcus created the Marcus hypothesis in theoretical chemistry to explain the speeds of electron transfer processes starting in 1956.
the speed at which an electron can transfer or jump from a chemical species (referred to as the electron donor) to another (called the electron acceptor). Rudolph A. Marcus created the Marcus Hush theory (M-H theory) in 1956. It describes the foundations of redox/ electron transfer processes in terms of the rate at which an electron jumps/moves from an oxidant species (electron donor) to the reductant (electron acceptor). When the free energy is equal to the reorganisation energy and is in the opposite direction, the maximum rate constant for electron transfer occurs. Keep in mind that the reorganisation energy is positive and the free energy for a spontaneous electron transfer is negative.is favourable. In addition to the structural changes mentioned above, substitution, elimination, and isomerization reactions differ from outer sphere redox reactions in that nuclear configurations and charge distribution are always "in equilibrium" and that nuclear movements and charge shifts (charge transfer, CT) occur continuously and concertedly on the reactions path. This is demonstrated by the SN2 substitution of the saponification of an alkyl halide, where a transition state containing a five-coordinated carbon atom must be viewed and where the rear side assault of the OH ion pushes out a halide ion.
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