Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced little apparent effect.
What is Lashley experiment on rats?Lashley pioneered experimental work conducted on rats with surgically induced brain lesions, by damaging or removing specific areas of a rat's cortex, either before or after the animals were trained in mazes and visual discrimination.
Moreover, in searching for a localized storage point in the brain for learned information, termed an ''engram,'' Karl Lashley developed numerous rodent mazes in the early 20th century.
Hence, this principle concludes that the localization of certain brain functions is not necessarily concrete. Lashley discovered the principle of equipotentiality through his experimentation with rats in mazes. He found that the rats improved their performance in the maze over time.
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you are studying a species of insect that is only found on a specific type of tree. the tree occurs over an area of 5000 km2 and has a clumped distribution. you sample one of the clumps of trees that covers 200 km2 and catch 1000 individuals. from your sampling data, you extrapolate to calculate the density of this insect over all 5000 km2 in an effort to estimate population size. your value of total population size will be: please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices an underestimate of the total population size. an overestimate of the total population size. an accurate estimate of the total population size.
Answer: an overestimate of the total population size
Explanation:
a testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has ano genotype
A testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has one genotype
What is test cross?
Gregor Mendel used the test cross experiment for the first time in his research on the genetics of characteristics in pea plants. According to Mendel's idea, which is still valid today, every creature has two copies of each characteristic. One was a dominant characteristic, while the other was recessive. If existent, the dominant characteristic would dictate the phenotype, or the phenotypical makeup of the organism.Mendel intended to take these steps to ensure that he was working with a homozygous dominant organism, or one that solely contained dominant alleles. However, the genotype of an organism cannot be determined only from its phenotype. The organism could be concealing a non-expressed, recessive gene. Mendel devised the method of mating this individual with a homozygous recessive individual for the same trait in order to identify this unknown allele.Examples of test cross:
Monohybrid crossDihybrid crossHence, A testcross involves an individual with the dominant phenotype but unknown genotype being crossed with an individual that has one genotype
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FILL IN THE BLANK. ____ is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
The Huntington's disease is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
What is gene?
Parent to child transmission of the fundamental component of heredity. The chromosomes in the nucleus of cells contain specific locations where the DNA sequences that make up genes are arranged in a logical order, one after another.
What is nervous system?
The term "nervous system" refers to an organized collection of cells, or "neuron," that are trained to transmit impulses—excited states—from a sensory receptor to an effector, or the location where a response takes place, via a nerve network.
Therefore, Huntington's disease is a gene-linked abnormality in which the central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration.
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a key characteristic of aquatic dead zones is . group of answer choices a low concentration of keystone species a low concentration of oxygen a high concentration of urban development a lack of water low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus
An important characteristic of aquatic dead zones is a low concentration of oxygen.
Dead zones are areas of water where aquatic life cannot survive due to a lack of oxygen. Dead zones are typically caused by significant nutrient pollution and are especially problematic in bays, lakes, and coastal waters because they receive excess nutrients from upstream sources. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus cause an explosion of algae in a short period of time, a phenomenon known as algae blooms. Algae growth consumes oxygen and blocks sunlight from reaching underwater plants. When the algae dies, the oxygen in the water is depleted.
Aquatic life is unable to survive due to a lack of oxygen.Elevated nutrient levels and algal blooms can also cause drinking water problems in communities near and upstream of dead zones. Toxins released by harmful algal blooms contaminate drinking water, causing illnesses in both animals and humans.
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beetles may be the most varied order of animals. new beetle species are authenticated, completely unpredictably, at a typical rate of one every 7.0 months. a supplement to a guide is planned to be published after 20 new species have been discovered.
As the imply till the complement is posted is a hundred and forty months, even as the usual deviation is of 11.8months.
The Poisson distribution is used to clear up this question, as we've simplest the imply. In this distribution, the usual deviation is the rectangular root of the imply.
In this question, we've that:
Species are found at a charge of as soon as each 7 months.A complement to a manual is deliberate to be posted after 20 new species had been found.a) What are the anticipated cost and preferred deviation of the variety of months (handled as a non-stop degree of time) till the complement is posted?Mean is: 7×20 = a hundred and forty months.Standard deviation is sqrt(a hundred and forty) = 11.eight months.The imply till the complement is posted is a hundred and forty months, even as the usual deviation is of 11.eight monthRead more about beetles :
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what is the term used in this book to refer to humans and our ancestors/relatives after our split with the african apes?
The term "Hominid" now includes all Great Apes and their forebears and has a broader definition. Many different contexts are using this new language.
What name is given to us and our ancestors in this book once we separate from the African apes?Prior to the split from Pan, the human lineage, which includes our ancestors and kindred species, was also referred to as a "hominid," but currently, humans and extinct animals that were more closely related to us than Pan are referred to as hominins.
How do African apes and people compare?African apes and humans have all of the same bones (albeit somewhat different in size and shape), no external tails, similar internal organ configurations, and several important blood type systems. We also get many of the same diseases.
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explain how a pneumothorax has precipitated respiratory failure, using the effects on lung function and gas exchange in your answer. include the criteria for respiratory failure.
The hypoxemia , hypercapnia and decreased serum pH is responsible for respiratory failure in case of pneumothorax.
The respiratory failure occur only when partial pressure of PO₂ is less than 50 mm Hg or hypoxemia. It can also be marked when PCO₂ is >50 mm Hg or hypercapnia condition and decreased serum pH below 7.3.
With each exhalation, more and more air becomes trapped in the pleural cavity, compromising the unaffected lung and ultimately leading to the failure of both lungs. This condition is known as pneumothorax.
Hence, respiratory failure occur due to decreased partial pressure of oxygen.
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humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called:
Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called essential amino acids.
Essential amino acids are those that must be obtained through diet because the body "CAN NOT" produce them. Nine amino acids out of a total of twenty are thought to be essential. An essential amino acid, also known as an indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the organism quickly enough to meet its demand and must therefore be obtained from the diet.
Nonessential amino acids, like essential amino acids, can be resynthesized in your body to build new proteins as your cells require. They aid in the production of glucose for use as energy and fatty acids for the storage of excess calories. Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine are the 11 non-essential amino acids.
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you are a big fruit eater and as a result often have slightly high potassium levels in your blood plasma/interstitial fluid. as a result of this, which of the following are true? group of answer choices you would see increased k secretion and decreased aldosterone secretion you would see decreased k secretion and decreased aldosterone secretion you would see increased k secretion and increased aldosterone secretion you would see decreased k secretion and increased aldosterone secretion
The True option is : You would see increased k secretion and increased aldosterone secretion . Aldosterone, like perspiration and saliva, lowers Na+ and increases K+ secretion in the human colon.
Potassium is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid, and appropriate potassium distribution across the cell membrane is crucial for good cell function. Long-term potassium homeostasis is maintained through changes in renal potassium excretion in response to changes in intake.
Understanding the mechanisms and regulatory forces that regulate the internal distribution and renal clearance of potassium under normal conditions can give a foundation for treating potassium problems that are regularly seen in clinical practice.
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which of the following factors favors a release of oxygen from hemoglobin? a. decreased co2 b. lower blood temperature c. increased ph d. decreased ph
If you are neither relaxing or contracting a specific muscle, what is happening to the amount of atp that is available in that muscle cell?.
If you are neither relaxing or contracting a specific muscle, the amount of ATP is A. staying the same or increasing.
Muscle cells require ATP as a source of energy for contraction and muscle movement. Even when you are setting your muscle to a relaxing mode, you are using some ATP to do so.
However, if a muscle is set in such a state that it is neither relaxing not contracting, hence there is no work being performed by the muscle. At this stage the ATP amount inside this muscle will remain the same and can increase if the neurons bring some extra ATP for the muscle cells to store here.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
If you are neither relaxing or contracting a specific muscle, what is happening to the amount of ATP that is available in that muscle cell?
A. It is staying the same or increasing.
B. It is decreasing rapidly.
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which of these describes a strain? a.) muscle tissue grows uncontrollably b.) muscle fiber tears or stretches too far c.) muscle tissue doesn't grow from exercise d.) muscle tissue shrinks
Muscle tissues shrink in the strains thus the correct answer is option (C).
Option (D). Muscle tissue shrinks
An injury to a muscle or tendon, the connective tissue between muscles and bones, is referred to as a muscle strain. More serious injuries may involve partial or total tears in these tissues, although minor injuries may merely involve stretching a muscle or tendon.
Strains, also known as pulled muscles, frequently affect the muscles in the lower back and the back of the thigh (hamstrings).
A strain involves damage to a muscle or to the band of tissue that connects a muscle to a bone, whereas a sprain involves an injury to the bands of tissue that join two bones together.
Rest, cold, compression, and elevation are all parts of the initial treatment. It is successful to cure mild strains at home. Sometimes surgery is necessary to fix severe strains.
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Which sentence best describes the role of the Calvin cycle in a plant cell?
OA. The cycle takes in energized electrons after they pass through
electron transport chains.
о B. The cycle uses ADP and phosphate groups to make ATP
molecules.
OC. The cycle produces substances that are needed for the light
reactions to occur.
D. The cycle breaks down CO₂ molecules into carbon and oxygen
atoms.
The main function of Calvin cycle in the plant cell is it breaks down carbon dioxide molecules into carbon and oxygen and forms different sugar molecules from it. Thus, the correct option is D.
What is the function of Calvin cycle?
Calvin cycle is also known as C3 cycle. It is the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon dioxide from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars such as glucose, sucrose, and starch. It occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell.
The main function of the Calvin cycle is to create three-carbon sugars such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can then be used to build other sugars such as glucose, starch, and cellulose which is used up by the plants as a structural building material. Calvin cycle takes molecules of carbon such as carbon dioxide straight out of the air and turns them into useful plant matter.
Therefore, the correct option is D.
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The method of plowing the remains of the previous year's crop into the ground is called?
Which type of cellular transport moves molecules from low concentrations to high concentrations?.
Active Transport moves molecules from low concentrations to high concentrations.
What is Active Transport?
Transportation is a natural, physiological and essential process that occurs in all higher organisms including plants, animals, and humans. This process is important to sustain life, as it functions by transporting, different essential materials constantly to and from all parts of the body
Active Transport is the process that involves movement of molecules from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration with the use of external energy against a gradient or an obstacle.
A protein pump makes use of stored energy in the form of ATP, to move molecules during active transport.
Active Transport is of two types:
Primary active transportSecondary active transportExamples of Active Transport include:
• Phagocytosis of bacteria by Macrophages.
• Movement of Ca2+ ions out of cardiac muscle cells.
• Transport of amino acids across intestinal lining in the human gut.
Therefore, Active Transport moves molecules from low concentrations to high concentrations.
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true or false? freon administration can cause respiratory damage as a result of sudden cooling of the respiratory tract.
true freon administration can cause respiratory damage as a result of sudden cooling of the respiratory tract.
What is harm to the respiratory system?Respiratory ailments can be brought on by infections, smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, asbestos, radon, and other types of air pollution. Examples of respiratory conditions include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer.
People of all ages and from all geographical locations are affected. Patients with asthma experience chronic airway inflammation, which results in coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Due to the abrupt cooling of the respiratory tract, administering freon might harm the lungs. Inhalants frequently have a fat-soluble nature, making them easily maintained in organs rich in lipid. Aerosol exposure at surprisingly high quantities can result severe respiratory damage.
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eukaryotic cells contain which of the following? question 5 options: ribosomes nucleus endoplasmic reticulum all of the above
Eukaryotic cells contain all of the above including ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum.
What is eukaryotic cells?
A nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are found in the cells of eukaryotes, which are creatures. All mammals, plants, fungi, protists, and the majority of algae are eukaryotic organisms, as are many other types of life. Single cells or many cells can make up eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes can have a variety of cell types that combine to generate various types of tissue and can be either single- or multicellular in nature.
Therefore, Option D is correct.
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Which of following lists the correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deep to superficial?
a. stratum spinosum, stratum basale, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum
b. stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
c. stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum basale, stratum spinosum
d. stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
The correct order of the layers of the epidermis in thick skin from deep to superficial is as follows: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum (option B).
What is epidermis?Epidermis is the outer, protective layer of the skin of vertebrates, covering the dermis.
The epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium. It is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. It does not have any blood vessels within it
The layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial include:
Stratum basale (the deepest portion of the epidermis)Stratum spinosumStratum granulosumStratum lucidumStratum corneum (the most superficial portion of the epidermis)Therefore, option B is the correct representation of the epidermal layers from deepest to the most superficial.
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What is the progression and transformation of information from the pinna onwards to the primary auditory cortex (i.e. outer, middle, inner ear (w/ details) to n. VIII to Cochlear nucleus (dorsal & ventral), superior olivary nucleus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus to A1)
Pinna (auricle) --> external auditory canal --> eardrum/timpanic membrane --> hammer --> anvil --> stapes/stirrup --> oval window --> cochlea --> hair cell receptors --> auditory part of the vestibulocochlear 8th cranial nerve --> dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus (90k neurons) --> ipsilateral and contralateral olivary nucleus --> inferior colliculus --> medial geniculate nucleus --> right and left auditory cortices
The progression and transformation of information from the pinna onwards to the primary auditory cortex is: eardrum-> hammer-> anvil-> stirrup -> oval window -> cochlea-> N8 -> ipsilateral cochlear nucleus -> superior olivary nucleus -> inferior colliculus -> MGN -> A1
The medical term for the outer ear is auricle or pinna. The outer ear is made from cartilage and skin. The outer ear has three distinct parts. Tragus, helix, lobules.
The auricle (auricle) is the visible part of the auricle. It collects sound waves and directs them into the ear canal (the ear canal), where they are amplified. Sound waves then travel to a flexible oval membrane at the end of the ear canal called the eardrum or tympanic membrane.
The primary auditory cortex (A1) is located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe and receives point-to-point input from the ventral part of the medial geniculate complex. Therefore, it contains an accurate tonotopic map.
The primary auditory cortex is involved in the integration and processing of complex auditory signals, including language comprehension. The auditory association area is outside the primary auditory area and is part of the language receptive area known as Wernicke's.
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how many atp and how many nadh molecules are invested to add one molecule of glucose to a glycogen chain?
Two NADH molecules are fashioned for each one glucose molecule. 5. Two molecules of ATP are generated for each one molecule of glucose in step 7 (powered via way of means of hydrolysis of the excessive electricity phosphate bond on 1,3- BPG).
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and a pair of pyruvate molecules: Glycolysis, or the cardio catabolic breakdown of glucose, produces electricity withinside the shape of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate, which itself enters the citric acid cycle to supply greater electricity.
It is the system of breaking down glucose to create electricity. Glycolysis generates 2 ATP and a pair of NADH, for a complete of eight ATP molecules.
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how do class i and class ii aminoacyl-trna synthetases differ? choose one or more: a. structure of the active site b. atp binding domain c. types of reactions they catalyze d. mechanism of interaction with the trna
The two kinds of synthetases catalyze the same global process, the attachment of an amino acid to the tRNA, but differ in where the amino acid is put on the terminal adenosine of the tRNA: Class I enzymes prefer 2' hydroxyl groups, whereas class II enzymes prefer 3' hydroxyl groups.
ARSs catalyze the ligation of amino acids to their corresponding transfer RNAs (tRNAs), and so play a crucial role in protein synthesis. These enzymes can be found in free form or as part of a multi-tRNA synthetase complex in eukaryotic cells (MSC).
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases feature a proofreading mechanism that allows them to distinguish between various amino acids.
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flies have only a single pair of functional wings, but their ancestors had two pairs of wings. in this example, what is the type of trait that is related to having two pairs of wings?
Flies only have a single pair of functional wings, but their ancestors had two pair of wings. Thus, having two pairs of wings is ancestral trait.
Ancestral trait an evolutionary trait that is homologous within groups of organisms (see homology) that are all descended from all common ancestor in which the trait first evolved.
Flies are considered as the insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek word "two", and pteron as "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into the advanced mechanosensory organs called as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of the rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics.
Dipterans are considered as large order containing around 1,000,000 species including the horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described till now.
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(Complete question) is:
Flies only have a single pair of functional wings, but their ancestors had two pair of wings. Thus, having two pairs of wings is _______ trait.
1- In the alternating generations of the plant life cycle, the haploid plant body is called the.....
a) sporophyte
b) gametophyte
c) Zygote
2- The diploid plant body that makes up the other half of the plant life cycle is called the....
a)sporophyte
b) gametophyte
c) gamete
Answer: 1.-gametophyte
2. sporophyte (Parentals have to be diploid)
Explanation: 1.-all gametes are haploidy.
Many prokaryotes that are easily cultured in the lab are human or animal pathogens. Why would these species be more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes?.
Prokaryotes that are pathogenic are more resilient than those that are not. Supplements are more important for non-pathogenic prokaryotes' growth media. For pathogenic prokaryotes, the majority of the essential culture conditions might be assumed.
Why is prokaryotes difficult to culture?Because they are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot grow outside of a host cell, some bacteria cannot be cultured. Other times, culturable organisms that were previously culturable under stressful circumstances become culturable again.
Do prokaryotes cause disease in people?Prokaryotes that are harmful to humans exist. As one of the main causes of death worldwide, devastating diseases and plagues have been around since the dawn of time. Emerging diseases are those with a swiftly expanding geographic or incidence range.
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a research group has characterized the fundamental niche of a small mammal species. the researchers look at a map and identify all of the places in the state where this species should be present. when they visit each location that meets all requirements of the fundamental niche, they find that in 20% of the locations, the small mammal is not there. how could this observation be explained?
Answer: All of these choices are correct (below)
A population could be there, but no individuals were caught.
The small mammal may have never had a population in that area.
There could be other organisms present that push the small mammal into its realized niche.
The researchers did not accurately define the fundamental niche.
No people were apprehended, however there may be a population there.There was never a colony of the little animal there. Other species might be there and force this same small mammal into realized niche.
The total collection of circumstances that allow an animal (species, species) to live and reproduce itself is referred to as its fundamental niche. Realized niche refers to the circumstances that a particular animal (population, species) really uses, after taking into consideration interactions with the other species (predation, particularly competition). Many organisms go through a wide variety of sizes as they grow from autonomous juveniles through mature adult, and as a result, the majority of them change how they use resources (their niches) throughout the course of their lives. - Abstract. As they grow from autonomous juveniles to competent adults, many creatures experience a wide variety of sizes, and as a result, the majority of them change how they use resources (or their niches) throughout the course of their lives.
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Approximately one out of every 2,500 caucasians in the united states is born with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis. According to the hardy-weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately how many people are carriers?.
In the US, 4% of white people are carriers of cystic fibrosis.
Explanation: If q2 = 1/2,500, then q =.02, p =.98, and 2pq = roughly.04, or 4%, according to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation.When the population keeps its genetic variety constant, the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation is applied.
How is the prevalence of cystic fibrosis determined?The disease cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium states that q2, which in this case equals 1/2500 and q = 1/50, is the frequency of an autosomal recessive disease in a population. P = 49/50 1 because the frequency of the two alleles (p & q) must be equal to 1.
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Richness (S) is the total number of species in an ecosystem. Richness does not take into account the number of individuals, proportion, or distribution of each species within the ecosystem. Based on the species list below, what is the richness of this ecosystem? Species list: Wildebeest, Warthog, Elephant, Zebra, Hippo, Impala, Lion, Baboon, Warbler, Crane S =
the richness of this ecosystem is: Given that there are a total of 73 animals (abundance) in the ecosystem.
Therefore, to calculate the abundance of wildebeest (3) in the ecosystem
= 3/ 73 = 0.0411 (Pi).
taking natural logarithm of Pi = ln (Pi) = - 3.19 We calculate all the values for each species in the same manner and tabulate it as given below:
SN Pi * In (Pi) -0.13 1 In (Pi) -3.19 -3.19 -3.60 2 -0.13 Pi = A/T 0.0411 0.0411 0.0274 0.0137 0.0137 3 -4.29 4 5 Abundance
The number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape, or region is referred to as species richness. Species richness is simply a count of species; it does not take into account species abundances or relative abundance distributions.An ecosystem is a geographical location wherein plants, animals, as well as other life forms, in addition to climate and countryside, live in harmony to establish a living bubble.
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The ability of the arteries to withstand a sudden large increase in pressure is accomplished by the.
Because the smooth muscles are flexible, the arteries are able to endure a rapid, significant increase in pressure.
How does an artery hold up under pressure?High pressure is constantly present in arteries. They have more elastin tissue than smooth muscle, which can accommodate this tension. The major blood vessels' ability to expand in size and change in diameter is made possible by the presence of elastin in these vessels.
How does the design support an artery's ability to endure high pressure?Because of the high pressure, they have a thick wall with an outer layer of collagen. This keeps the artery from rupturing. The inner layer of the arterial wall also consists of muscle and elastic fibers to support maintaining pulse flow.
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You are studying three linked genes in corn: leaf color, plant height, and leaf shape (each with two alleles showing complete dominance). The dominant allele A results in green leaves, aa plants have purple leaves. The dominant allele Dresults in tall plants; dd plants are dwarfed. The dominant allele results in ragged leaf margin; rr plants have smooth leaf margins. A triple heterozygote is test-crossed and the following phenotypes of progeny were observed. # of plants 265 140 90 Phenotype green, tall, ragged green, tall, smooth green, dwarf, ragged green, dwarf, smooth purple, tall, ragged purple, tall, smooth purple, dwarf, ragged purple, dwarf, smooth TOTAL 16 24 70 120 275 1000 1. 16 2. 20 3. 30 What is the distance between D and R? 4. 26 5. 50 What's the distance between A and R? 6. 54 What is the order of the genes? 7. RAD What is the distance between D and A? 8. RDA 9. ARD 10. ADR 11. DRA
The dominant allele A results in green leaves and aa plants have purple leaves. The dominant allele Results in tall plants; dd plants are dwarfed. The distances between A and R, R and D, and A and D will be,20 cM, 30 cM, and 50 cM respectively.
We can calculate the recombination frequency (RF) by using the following formula.
RF between 2 genes = (single cross-overs for the two genes + double cross-overs) / total number of organisms
Total number of organisms = 1000
d between the two genes = (RF × 100)
Calculate the RF and distance between A & R
RF = (90 + 70 + 24 + 16) / 1000
RF = 0.2
d among A & R = 0.2 × 100
d among A & R= 20 cM
Calculate the RF and distance between R & D
RF = (120 + 140 + 24 + 16) / 1000
RF = 0.3
d among A & R = 0.3 × 100
d among A & R= 30 cM
The distance between A & D is equal to the sum of A & R + R & D
d among A & D = 20 + 30
d among A & D = 50 cM
The gene order is A-20cM-R-30cM-D
The question in the proper format is attached.
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The outermost membrane of a euglenid chloroplast is thought to have been derived from what part of an original host cell that engulfed a green alga?.
The Plasma membrane of the enveloped alga cell serves as the source of the apicoplast's second outermost membrane.
Where did all chloroplasts come from?Following the endosymbiotic establishment of chloroplasts in eukaryotes by a cyanobacterium, their proliferation was facilitated by the diversification of eukaryotic hosts and the subsequent engulfment of eukaryotic algae by formerly nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes.
How did eukaryotic cells develop mitochondria and chloroplasts?Chloroplasts and mitochondria most likely developed from absorbed bacteria that originally existed as autonomous entities. An aerobic bacterium was eventually swallowed by a eukaryotic cell, which later established an endosymbiotic bond with the host eukaryote and gradually transformed into a mitochondrion.
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