It's your first week working in the lab and unfortunately you program the PCR machine incorrectly so that your first three PCR experiments do not work as expected. However, from each of your mistakes you learn more about how PCR works! For each of the following scenarios, state what you think the results will be and briefly explain your reasoning.
a) The denaturation step was performed at 72 degree C.
b) The annealing step was performed at 96 degree C.
c)The annealing step was performed at 24 degree C.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

a) this temperature is too low to denature DNA

b) this temperature is too high and will denature DNA

c) this temperature is too low to anneal DNA  

 

Explanation:

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique widely used in molecular biology in order to replicate a single fragment of DNA millions of times. The PCR amplification consists of three steps repeated over several cycles: (1) denaturation, where double-stranded DNA strands are separated; (2) annealing, where specific primers (i.e., short DNA fragments) bind to flanking ends of the DNA sequence to be amplified; and (3) extension, where a thermostable DNA polymerase extends the 3' end of each primer sequence. The annealing temperature should be between 48 to 72°C because this temperature is associated with the melting temperature (Tm) of the primers. The extension step should be between 68 to 72°C since from this temperature the thermostable Taq polymerase can extend the primers in order to form new DNA strands. Therefore, the annealing temperature cannot exceed the extension temperature. Moreover, when the denaturation temperature should be around 95°C (it is important to note that when the denaturation step is too long the DNA can be degraded).


Related Questions

List 3 uses of biology in Jurassic park that are unrealistic. Explain how you know those uses are unrealist using information youve learned at any point in the year.

Answers

Answer:

he raptors in the novel, following through to the film raptors, were larger than the species going by the name because during the writing of the novel, a previously discovered dinosaur named Deinonychus (closely related to Velociraptor, but larger) was rechristened as a Velociraptor species by some scientists, notably Gregory S. Paul.[1] Crichton wrote his novel based on the idea of a human sized raptor, but after the publication—when the movie was already in production—the idea of Deinonychus being a Velociraptor species was dropped.

During the movie's production, the effects supervisors acknowledged that the Velociraptor featured in the movie were sized identically to the larger Deinonychus. However, during the filming paleontologists came across a larger dromaeosaurid species named Utahraptor and the larger raptors remained, even though Utahraptor was substantially larger (21 feet long) than most of the movie's raptors. It should be noted, also, that at the start of the film a Velociraptor skeleton is uncovered in Montana - no examples of the dinosaur have yet been uncovered in the USA (although both Deinonychus and Utahraptor are American dinosaurs). The fossil skeleton is similarly inaccurately large. It is possible that the Velociraptor in the movie are re-classified Deinonychus, though in the book they are said to be Velociraptor mongoliensis.

The high intelligence of the film's Velociraptor is considered somewhat unlikely by scientists, given the relative size of their brains and comparisons with modern animals.[

Explanation:

Hope it helps :)

PLEASE HELP QUICKKK!!!
Each parent contributes how many alleles for each trait to their offspring?

A. one

B. two

C. millions

Answers

Two.


Hope this helps.

Answer:

A. One

Explanation:

The offspring will inherit one allele from each parent

origin of different cereal crops and poles and different types of Agricultural seasons​

Answers

Answer:

major crops in permanent agriculture includes trees and shrubs.these are not totation crops,harvesting for more then five years.for example apple,citrus fruits,blueberry etc.

these crops need afuquate temperature and good soil for cutivation.

Male damselflies fight other male damselflies of their own species to win a mate. This shows that only the strongest can
O have enough to eat
O impact energy
O generate a defense
o pass on their traits

Answers

Answer:

Hello There!!

Explanation:

I believe the answer is=>O have enough to eat.

hope this helps,have a great day!!

~Pinky~

Help someone helppppp please omgggggg ahhhhh!!!!

Answers

I think weather Bc I’ve read that that happens from wind

The semester final for Mr. Garcia's science class required students to design and conduct an investigation that would answer the question "Is
styrofoam a better insulator than plastic?"
Which experiment would be most effective in helping students obtain evidence to use in answering this question?
100 mL of 70 °C water placed in 200 mL plastic cup
O A. 100 mL of 10 °C water placed in 250 mL plastic cup
wait 20 minutes, remeasure temperatures
50 mL of 70 °C water placed in 250 mL styrofoam cup
OB. 100 mL of 70 °C water placed in 250 mL plastic cup
wait 20 minutes, remeasure temperatures
100 mL of 70 °C water placed in 200 mL plastic cup
OC. 100 mL of 70°C water placed in 200 mL styrofoam cup
wait 20 minutes, remeasure temperatures
100 mL of 70°C water placed in 250 mL styrofoam cup
OD. 100 mL of 20 °C water placed in 200 mL styrofoam cup
wait 20 minutes, remeasure temperatures
100 mL of 70 °C water placed in 200 mL plastic cup
O E. 100 mL of 70 °C water placed in 250 mL styrofoam cup
wait 20 minutes, remeasure temperatures

Answers

Answer:

C

Explanation:

The correct answer is C because it puts equivalent measurements in the equivalent cup size. Both cups in answer C are the same measurement: 200 mL. The water in both cups is also the same measurement: 100 mL of 70 degrees Celsius. This is important because equivalent measurements for everything mean the experiment will be fair, equal, and accurate. If the measurements were not equal to each other, your experiment would not be as accurate.

Describe what happens in terms of ion channels opening and ion movement when a neuron is depolarized. (You don't need to describe repolarization, only depolarization.)

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Depolarization occurs when the nerve cell reverses these charges; to change them back to an at-rest state, the neuron sends another electrical signal. The entire process occurs when the cell allows specific ions to flow into and out of the cell.

Will give 30 pts
Which structure carries the semen to the penis?

sperm duct
glands
scrotum
testes

Answers

the sperm duct carries it

Answer:

Sperm duct

Explanation:

b) What is DNA? What is a Gene?

Answers

Your DNA is what makes you uniquely you. It's that double helix that your genes are made of. ... DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, sometimes called "the molecule of life," as almost all organisms have their genetic material codified as DNA.

What is the definition of velocity?

acceleration over time in a specified direction
time
speed over time
position over time in a specified direction

Answers

Velocity is a measure of how fast something moves in the particular direction.

Velocity = speed / time
Standard unit is m/s

What evidence BEST supports the presence of atmospheric oxygen 2.7 billion years ago?
a. carbon 14 in plants
b. fossils found in stomatolites
c. layered iron rust in rocks

Answers

Answer:c

Explanation:layered iron rust in rocks

Which area of Earth is most similar to the sun's convection zone?
the crust
the equator
the mantle
the poles
Save and Exit

Answers

the mantle i think sorry if i am wrong

Answer:

C.) The mantle.

Explanation:

I took the quiz on Edge, 2022.

(See the attachment below.)

Hope this helped! <3

constellation are believe to ne of great help in the lives of some people.

True or False​

Answers

True
___

Explimination :

Because it is true thank me later

A cooperative interaction between entities is called________
A) sustainable development
B) industrial ecology
materials management
D environmental justice
synergy

Answers

Answer:

A

Explanation:

aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Human mass should be measured in grams to kilogram true or false.

Answers

Answer:

Kilogram

Explanation:

grams is for small things, kilogram is for larger

Answer:

false

Explanation:

Which factor is used to determine whether two organisms are members of the same species?
A. They look almost identical to each other
B. They have the same common names
C. They produce offspring that are also able to reproduce
D. They live in the same place

Answers

Answer:

A is your answer

Explanation:

i hope I've been helpful

Many scientists have published, and continue to publish, peer-reviewed journal articles describing their research on the link between nitrate concentrations in drinking water and infant methemoglobinemia. However, there is no scientific consensus in this__________ science: Some studies have found strong links between nitrates and methemoglobinemia, whereas other studies have found no link between nitrates and methemoglobinemia.

This discrepancy may be cl variables in measuring nitrates in well water; too many variables is a common _________ in scientific studies. For example, private well water in rural areas also contains high

Answers

Answer:

frontier; limitation

Explanation:

In science, a “frontier” research refers to a type of investigation at the limits of current knowledge, raising concerns about the existing methodology and often accompanied with a speculative hypothesis. In general, frontier research investigates a particular question/issue which is still controversial in the scientific community, thereby challenging the established paradigm. On the other hand, variables are those factors, traits, or conditions which can be measured and changed in an investigation/study. Many variables in a given study design represent an important limitation because they cause noise to establish an association with a particular outcome (in this case, methemoglobinemia disease). A scientific study involves at least one independent variable (i.e., the variable that is not changed during the study) and one dependent variable (i.e., the variable that is changed).

The missing words are Frontier and Limitation.

See the attachment and link below for more about Frontier science:

https://brainly.com/question/16777091

When an area is deforested, many organisms lose their?​

Answers

Habitat? When the trees start to burn the animals that live there have to either live or die so they lose their habitat.

Red Cardinal
Which characteristic supports the hypothesis that this bird spends a great deal of time in the trees and shrubs?
The crest obfeathers on its head
The shape of its feet
The color of its wings
1 The thickness of its bill

Answers

Answer: The shape of its feet

Explanation:

The characteristic that supports the hypothesis that this bird spends a great deal of time in the trees and shrubs is the shape of its feet.

The feet of birds are important as they are used for walking, catching prey, perching, climbing and wading. The scales on the feets of birds helps them strengthen their feet.

The forces between ________ are examples of electric forces.

A.
charged particles
B.
neutrons
C.
masses
D.
photons

Answers

Answer:

b neutrons are eg of electric force

Can anyone help me on this question :)

Answers

Answer: A

Explanation: I guess?

which of the following represents a heterozygos genotype?

A. FF

B. Ff

C.ff

Answers

A


Hope this helps and works out

which are different form of the same gene

Answers

Different versions of the same gene are called alleles. Genes can have two or more possible alleles. Individual humans have two alleles, or versions, of every gene. Because humans have two gene variants for each gene, we are known as diploid organisms.

Pls help I will mark u

Answers

Homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids remain joined at their centromeres. Meiosis results in genetic variation among its product cells. ... -Genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes in meiosis during crossing over.

what is difference and similarities between vegetation type and form in degraded and non degraded area​

Answers

Answer:

Difference is living and nonliving nature whereas similarity is both depends on environment.

Explanation:

Differences between type of vegetation and form in degraded and non degraded area​ is that vegetation is living whereas the degraded area is nonliving while on the other hand, similarities between vegetation type and form in degraded and non degraded area​ is that both depends on the environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture etc. Vegetation needs solar radiation and water to grow and to make their on food whereas the factors of environment causes degradation of the area if the environmental conditions are harsh.

What precipitation that seeps into the ground and is stored in tiny holes in soil and rocks

Answers

Answer:

Rainwater

Explanation:

A trait is a distinct variable of
a character of an organism
that can be inherited. Which
of the following would be
considered a trait?
A. skin tone
B. eye color
C. green eyes

Answers

Im pretty sure that it is A!!!

The human body provides an environment (food and space)
for———— to survive.
A) bacteria
B) fetal transplant
C) molecules
D) antibiotics

Answers

the answer is bacteria because they help the body n digestion and in return have food / space

Which of the following best explains how subsoil becomes rich in minerals?
A.
Volcanic activity heats the rock fragments in the subsoil and releases minerals.
B.
Minerals from the topsoil leach down into the subsoil.
C.
Groundwater flows through the subsoil and deposits minerals.
D.
The bedrock below the subsoil is broken down into smaller particles.

Answers

Answer:

Minerals from the topsoil leach down into the subsoil.

Explanation:

Cause the other answer that some uneducted dude put was WRONG, it is not "Volcanic activity heats the rock fragments in the subsoil and releases minerals."

Can a moth decide to change colors? For example, can a dark moth change colors to be lighter in a light colored forest?

Answers

No, not by choice but it is possible depending on genetic mutations that will happen due to large population of light colored moth.
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