Systematics is the study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
The study of biological diversity and the relationships between organisms is commonly defined as sytematics. Taxonomy, the component of systematics that focuses on the theory and practice of classification, is not easily distinguished, and biologists frequently use the terms interchangeably. Systematics is important in biology because it allows us to characterize the organisms we study.
Reptiles, for example, are animals that lay eggs and have scales, whereas mammals are animals that have live births and have fur or hair. All humans, more specifically, share the same characteristics and thus belong to a group, or taxon, of the genus Homo and species sapien.
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write a short note on Fertilization
Fertilizers are materials that contain one or more plant nutrients which, when applied to plantations, can increase plant growth and yield.While Fertilization is the addition of one or more available or available plant nutrients to the soil/plants for and/or maintaining existing soil fertility aimed at achieving high yields/production.
There are 2 types of fertilizers, namely inorganic fertilizers (artificial fertilizers) and organic fertilizers. To obtain high grain yields while maintaining soil fertility, it is necessary to apply a combination of fertilization between inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers. The advantage of applying the combination of the two types of fertilizers is that the deficiencies in the properties of organic fertilizers are met by inorganic fertilizers, whereas the deficiencies of an-organic fertilizers are fulfilled by organic fertilizers.
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during times of fasting, which type of 'fuel molecule' do liver cells use to generate energy for its own use?
During the times of fasting, type of 'fuel molecule' that liver cells use to generate energy for its own use is : fatty acids.
What do you understand by fasting?Fasting involves a radical change in cellular physiology and metabolism and blood glucose provides the body with sufficient energy through glycolysis. During fast, blood glucose levels maintenance relies on glycogen stores in the liver and skeletal muscle
During short-term fasting periods, liver produces and releases glucose through glycogenolysis. During prolonged fasting, glycogen is reduced and hepatocytes synthesizes glucose through gluconeogenesis using lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids
Fatty acid oxidation is the mitochondrial aerobic process of breaking down fatty acid into acetyl-CoA units and fatty acids move in this pathway as CoA derivatives utilizing NAD and FAD.
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After fertilization, the fertilized egg cell contains pairs of chromosomes that are called ___________________________ since they contain essentially the same genes in the same order.
Answer:
After fertilization, the fertilized egg cell contains pairs of chromosomes that are called a zygote since they contain essentially the same genes in the same order.
Explanation:
When egg and sperm cells combine in fertilization, they merge the two sets of chromosomes, ending up with 46 chromosomes in total. The maternal chromosomes from the egg cell and the paternal chromosomes from the sperm cell pair up. The resultant cell is called a zygote.
explain the difference between simple and complex carbohydrates. what are some of the roles of each in the cell.
Complex carbohydrates have longer sugar molecule chains than basic carbs.
These sugar molecules are converted by the body into glucose, which it needs for energy. Complex carbs take longer to break down and give more energy in the body than simple carbohydrates because of their longer chains.
What is the difference between basic and complex carbohydrates?In the body, both simple and complex carbohydrates are converted to glucose (blood sugar) and utilised as energy.
Glucose is utilised in the body's cells and the brain. Any wasted glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use.
Simple sugars and carbohydrates are another name for this.
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Approximately one out of every 2,500 caucasians in the united states is born with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis. According to the hardy-weinberg equilibrium equation, approximately how many people are carriers?.
The disease cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive. The prevalence of an autosomal recessive disease in a population is determined by Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium.
How is the prevalence of cystic fibrosis determined?The disease cystic fibrosis is autosomal recessive. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium states that q2, which in this case equals 1/2500 and q = 1/50, is the frequency of an autosomal recessive disease in a population. P = 49/50 1 because the frequency of the two alleles (p & q) must be equal to 1.
How is Hardy Weinberg equilibrium calculated?P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is the Hardy-Weinberg equation used to calculate genotype frequencies. Where "p2" denotes the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype (AA), "2pq" denotes the frequency of the heterozygous genotype (Aa), and "q2" denotes the frequency of the heterozygous dominant genotype.
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logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree? logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree? relationships between dna sequences among the species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns. the skeletal remains of the organisms depicted by the tree were incomplete (in other words, some bones were missing). some of the organisms depicted by the tree had lived in different habitats. transitional fossils had not been found. none of the organisms depicted by the tree ate the same foods.
The relationship between DNA sequences among species did not match relationships between skeletal patterns, casting the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree.
A phylogeny is another name for an evolutionary tree. A phylogenetic tree is a branching tree that depicts the evolutionary relationships of distinct biological species based on morphological and genetic similarities and variances. All life on Earth is represented by a single phylogenetic tree, reflecting a common ancestor.
The branching structure in phylogenetic trees demonstrates how species arose from a common ancestor.
Facilitated diffusion refers to the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules across a biological membrane via a specific transmembrane integral protein.
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why were ovariectomized rats used in this experiment? how does the fact that the rats are ovariectomized explain their baseline t scores?
The Ovariectomized rats had been used on this test to make sure manipulate over the hormones withinside the rats.
The metabolic costs differed among the ordinary rat and the surgically altered rats due to the fact the surgically altered rats couldn't produce unique hormones (t4 and TSH) when you consider that they now no longer have both a thyroid or pituitary gland.
Without the ovaries, the rats had been now no longer capable of produce estrogen, and consequently had low baseline T ratings already, when you consider that estrogen stimulates bone increase and protects in opposition to osteoprosis.
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which conditions would cause development of pernicious anemia ingestion of hot tea heavy lachol
Gastric polyps are common in people with pernicious anaemia. They are also more likely to develop gastric cancer and carcinoid tumours in the stomach.
Pernicious anaemia is harmful to several body systems, including the digestive system, which causes nausea, bloating, and weight loss. Damage to the nervous system that causes muscle weakness, numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, memory loss, and dementia. Pernicious anaemia is caused by a variety of factors, including: Atrophic gastritis is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks the actual intrinsic factor protein or the cells in the stomach lining that make it. Fractures of the back, upper leg, and upper forearm are more common in people with pernicious anemia.
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In eukaryotic organisms, interaction between which organelles is most important for cell shape, tensile strength, and communication between cells?
cytoskeleton and cell membrane
The correct option is C : cytoskeleton and cell membrane , In addition to determining the structure of the cell, the cytoskeleton and its associated proteins at the plasma membrane.
Microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments make up the cytoskeleton of a cell. These elements aid in the organization of the cell's components and give the cell its form. They serve as a foundation for cell division and movement as well.
Eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton consisting of filamentous proteins that supports the cell and its cytoplasmic components mechanically. Three main kinds of components, which vary in size and protein composition, make up the cytoskeleton in all cells.
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Full Question
In eukaryotic organisms, the interaction between which organelles is MOST important for cell shape, tensile strength, and communication between cells?
A. cytoplasm and Golgi apparatus
B. ribosome and central vacuole
C. cytoskeleton and cell membrane
D. nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum
the factors that account for an increase in the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity during altitude exposure are:
The two factors that account for an increase in the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity during altitude exposure are an initial decrease in plasma volume followed by an increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin synthesis.
Red blood cells (RBCs) contain the iron-containing protein hemoglobin, which has two main purposes. In the beginning, it distributes oxygen from your lungs to the tissues all over your body. Second, it transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs so that it can be evacuated by moving it out of cells.
Both hemoglobin and RBCs are produced with the help of iron. Hemoglobin comes in a variety of forms, the two most popular being:
The most prevalent kind of hemoglobin in healthy persons is hemoglobin A (HbA).
Fetuses and newborns have hemoglobin F (HgbF), also referred to as fetal hemoglobin. HbA takes its position shortly after birth.
Certain kinds of anemia may be indicated by HgbA or HrbF levels that are too high or low. Anemia can also be brought on by aberrant hemoglobin types and conditions like sickle cell disease.
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4. which 2 indicator tests are used for the presence of carbohydrates? what is the difference between the carbohydrates in each of these positive tests? in milk
Benedict's test and Tollen's test are used for the presence of carbohydrates.
When an aldehyde is present, the Fehlings and Benedict, which are a blue Cu(II) solution, precipitate a red color (reducing sugars like aldose). Heat is necessary for Fehlings to finish the reaction.
Using silver is Tollens (diamminesilver ion). It is a transparent solution that changes to silver like a mirror in the test tube when an aldehyde is present.
In all of the reactions, an aldehyde is oxidized while Cu(II) and Ag(Tollen's and Benedict's) are reduced.
What ion is utilized, whether it requires external energy to react, and the shelf life make a significant difference in both cases. Benedict's, in my opinion, lasts longer. All of them respond to lowering sugars.
What is carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates can be found in a wide range of both healthy and unhealthy meals, including bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie. They are also capable of changing forms. The most common and abundant types are sugars, fibers, and starches.
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A type III secretion system, also know as an ____, is a syringe-like structure that injects bacterial proteins into ____ cells
A type III secretion system is also called an Injectisome It is a syringe-like structure that injects bacterial proteins into Eukaryotic cells
What are eukaryotic cells?
In eukaryotic cells, there is a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane, forming large and complex organisms. Protozoa, fungi, animals and plants all have eukaryotic cells. They are classified under kingdom Eukaryota.
They grow many times larger than the prokaryotic cells due to their ability to maintain different environments in a single cell, allowing them to carry out various metabolic reactions.
Following are the characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells:
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that is enclosed within a nuclear membrane.The cell contains mitochondria.The locomotory organs are flagella and cilia in a eukaryotic cell.The cell wall is the outermost layer of eukaryotic cells.Cells divide by mitosis.Eukaryotic cells contain a cytoskeletal structure.The nucleus contains a single, linear DNA, carrying all the genetic information.The structure of a eukaryotic cell has the following:Plasma MembraneCell WallCytoskeletonEndoplasmic ReticulumNucleusGolgi ApparatusRibosomesMitochondriaLysosomesPlastidsTherefore, type III secretion system is also called an Injectisome It is a syringe-like structure that injects bacterial proteins into Eukaryotic cells
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True or false. In the example described in the tutorial, the red amoebas survived the catastrophic event, and all future generations of amoebas were red because the red amoebas had a higher reproductive rate than the blue ones.
Speciation is an evolutionary process that creates new species. A group of organisms that are reproductively isolated from other organisms and can reproduce with one another to produce fertile offspring is referred to as a species.
There are more surviving young in the clutches of four or five eggs laid by female starlings than in either larger or smaller clutches. Stabilizing selection is demonstrated here.
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which situation would likely have an oxygen-deficient atmosphere in which respiratory protection would be necessary?
Respiratory protection would've been required during a sewer rescue since the atmosphere is likely to be low in oxygen.
An injured or trapped fireman is being rescued by a quick intervention crew (RIC). Self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBA) are used by firefighters give protection to them from harmful heat and hazardous smoke. The national regulation states that firemen must have one minute to put on their structural boots, trousers, coat, glove, hood, and helmet. For a total of two minutes, it takes one minute to put on a self-contained breathing equipment (SCBA), a face piece, and breathe from the SCBA. They should correctly wear a SCBA until it is considered safe to remove it in order to limit exposures to harmful pollutants through inhalation & skin absorption. Following an emergency response, a process known as secondary decontamination, firefighter breathing hazards from dangerous substances still exist in atmosphere .
(Which situation would likely have an oxygen-deficient atmosphere in which respiratory protection would be necessary?
Select one:
a.High-angle rope rescue
b.Swift water rescue
c.Vehicle extrication
d.Rescue in a sewer)
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a neuron that has as itwhich of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp) is beinggenerated on the dendritic membranes primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n)
A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
What is neuron?
An electrically excitable cell known as a neuron, neurone, or nerve cell communicates with other cells through specialized connections known as synapses. With the exception of sponges and placozoa, the neuron is the primary element of nervous tissue in all animals. Plants and fungus are examples of non-animals that lack nerve cells.
In general, three types of neurons are distinguished by their functions. Signals are sent to the spinal cord or brain by sensory neurons in response to stimuli like touch, sound, or light that influence the cells of the sensory organs. In order to control everything from muscular contractions to glandular production, motor neurons receive instructions from the brain and spinal cord.
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The number of silicon atoms in 42.1 g of silicon is
The number of silicon atoms in 42.1 g of silicon is 9.02 x 10²³ atoms.
What is an atom?
A chemical element's atom is a particular type of particle of a substance. A positively charged electron or many negatively charged electrons encircle the central nucleus of an atom. Protons and neutrons, two relatively hefty particles that make up the positively charged nucleus, may be present. However, we must travel back to ancient Greece in the year 400 B.C. to understand the word atom. Democritus, a renowned philosopher, recommended the Greek word atomos, which means uncuttable, as a possible term for this property. Thus, he explained, all matter could be reduced to distinct, tiny particles, or atomos, at some point.
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some populations have a distribution that is very limited because of the abiotic factors to which they are adapted. for example, some species of butterfly require a minimum amount of rainfall each year in order to survive and reproduce. if a prolonged drought, that is, one longer than 10 years, occurs across a portion of their range, how will their range change after three years into the drought? please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. answer choices the butterfly range will remain the same because rain will fall again after the drought is over. the butterfly range will contract into only those regions with adequate rain. the butterfly range will increase to regions that have adequate rain.
Answer: The butterfly range will contract into only those regions with adequate rain
Explanation:
a recessive allele on the x chromosome causes color blindness. a noncolor-blind woman (whose father is color blind) marries a color-blind man. what is the chance that their son will be color blind?
The answer is there will be 50% chance for the son to be color blind.
A 50% possibility exists that each of the son will be color blind. They wouldn't likely have to worry about any of their daughters. Because daughter are carriers, this is the case. Despite not being color blind themselves, individuals do have a small amount of the DNA that might cause color blindness. Because of the location and functioning of that particular DNA fragment, they are not color blind, but their sons are at danger. By the same reasoning, girls who are carriers could give birth to sons who are color blind. Each daughter has a 50% chance of being a carrier, and each son has a 50% chance of being color blind, if they have children with a man who is not color blind.
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Which phrase correctly describes a chromosome?
O folded proteins
O fragments of proteins
O tightly wound DNA O segments of DNA
Chromosome can be described as tightly wound DNA.
What is chromosome?
Almost every cell in our body has chromosomes, which are bundles of tightly wound DNA that are found inside the nucleus.
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The phrase that correctly describes a chromosome is tightly wound DNA. The correct option is C.
What are chromosomes?Chromosomes are x shapes of hereditary material that are preset inside the nucleus. It is made up of DNA, genes, and proteins. Genetic characteristics of the genotype of an organism are unique because of unique genetic material, and this can be transferred to another generation from the first generation.
Chromosomes, which are collections of tightly wound DNA present inside the nucleus of each cell in our body, are almost ubiquitous.
Deoxyribonucleic acid, a single DNA fragment, is wound several times around the histone protein units to form the nucleosome, which is then coiled up to form histone loops.
Therefore, the correct option is C. tightly wound DNA.
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We humans are changing the composition of the atmosphere in many ways. Those changes will directly affect the planet’s temperature, but the resulting change in temperature will affect other things on the planet that also affect the planet’s temperature. Suppose that we could magically change the composition of the atmosphere enough to raise the temperature one degree if all other parts of the earth system were held fixed, and after the warming, we allowed the other parts of the earth system to react for a few years or decades. At the end of that time, what would be the total change in the earth’s temperature?.
Due to positive feedbacks amplifying the initial alteration, the Earth would eventually become a few degrees warmer than it was before human impact.
Which phrase best sums up the greenhouse effect?The Earth becomes warmer due to the greenhouse effect when heat is trapped by gases in the atmosphere. Answer choice contains the most accurate description of this procedure (E). The right response is that the planet's surface is warmed by atmospheric gases that trap heat.
The five main causes of global warming are what?power production. A large portion of world emissions are brought on by burning fossil fuels to provide heat and power.
the process of making products.
cutting down trees in forests
making use of transportation.
food production.
Building energy production.
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you identify a cap mutant protein that is constitutively bound to the cap site. under which conditions will the lac operon be transcribed at high levels in cells that contain this mutant protein? check all that apply.
Generally CAP binds to it's site and recruits RNA polymerase for transcription from lac operon in the absence of glucose and presence of lactose, hence option A is correct.
Escherichia coli, a helpful gut bacteria, needs amino acids to survive because, like humans, it needs to make proteins. Tryptophan is also the amino acids they need. There is a set of genes which are known as the lac operon that was discovered in the E. coli bacteria and codes for the tryptophan biosynthesis enzymes. When tryptophan levels are low, the trp operon is expressed (or "turned on"), and when levels are high, it is repressed (or "shut off"). The trp repressor controls the trp operon. The trp repressor prevents the operon from being expressed when it is linked to tryptophan. Attenuation controls the synthesis of tryptophan as well (a mechanism based on coupling of transcription and translation).
The complete answer is:
you identify a CAP mutant protein that is constitutively bound to the cap site. under which conditions will the lac operon be transcribed at high levels in cells that contain this mutant protein? check all that apply.
a) Lactose is present, glucose is not
b) Neither lactose nor glucose is present
c) Lactose and glucose are both present
d) Glucose is present, lactose is not
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What are some of the health consequences of our ability to move about and live almost anywhere in modern times? In particular, how does it interact with skin cancer and with mental health?
Some of the health consequences of our ability to move about and live almost anywhere in modern times are as follows:
Potent to adapting to the new environment.The proximate effects of global change on those values. The future of the social and economic organization of that specific region. Alterations in the thoughts and emotions by analyzing different cultures of the various locations. What do you mean by Health consequences?Health consequences may be defined as any remarkable adverse experience that includes those that may be either life-threatening or involve permanent or long-term injuries, but excluding injuries that are nonlife-threatening and that are temporary and reasonably reversible.
It directly interacts with skin cancer and with mental health because when you move and live almost anywhere in modern times, you have exposed to high moderate levels of radiation from the sun. It causes tanning and other skin infection that potentially rises to skin cancer.
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it is in the medulla oblongata that corticospinal tracts _, meaning that the motor fibers originating from the right cerebral cortex descend through the left side of the spinal cord, and vice versa. a) merge b) commence c) decussate d) unite
c
option C- Decussate,. Decussation is the crossing of the right and left corticospinal tracts.
Decussate things cross over each other to form an X. Decussate leaves are arranged along a stem in such a way that pairs of them overlap each other in botany. Decussate can be used as an adjective or a verb; in either case, it's a technical term commonly used by scientists The uncrossed anterior corticospinal tract refers to the few fibres, which vary in number. The lateral corticospinal tract is the primary corticospinal tract.
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the main conclusion darwin reached after his return from the expedition aboard the hms beagle was that
The majority of scientists, including Darwin, believed that each species was uniquely created by God in its current form and did not change over time. Darwin arrived at the following conclusions based on these straightforward observations.
Some people in a population will have inherited characteristics that help them thrive and procreate. Darwin's theories on natural selection were shaped by a trip to the Galapagos Islands in 1835. He discovered several finch species that were adapted to various ecological niches. The beak shapes, food sources, and methods used to capture food varied among the finches as well.
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Bacterial intoxications differ from bacterial infections of the digestive system in that intoxications.
Bacterial intoxications differ from bacterial infections of the digestive system in that intoxications in having shorter incubation times. The correct option is a.
What is Bacterial intoxication?Bacterial food poisoning, also known as food poisoning, is a foodborne illness caused by the consumption of food containing bacterial toxins in preformed form Bacteria can contaminate food, causing toxins to form. while bacteria multiply as a result of time and/or temperature abuse
The difference is in where the toxins are produced. The microbial agent is ingested, colonizes the gut, and then produces toxins that harm host cells. Intoxication occurs when bacteria produce toxins in food before it is consumed.
Bacterial intoxications are distinguished from bacterial infections of the digestive system by their shorter incubation times.
Thus, the correct option is a.
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Your question seems incomplete, the missing options are:
a. have shorter incubation times
b. are accompanied by high fever
c. are transmitted via contaminated water
d. are treated with antibiotics
e. are more severe
Two types of farming in Central America are what? Slash and burn Farming, Diversion Terrace Farming Crop Rotation and Terrace farming Cash Crops and crop rotation None of the above
Two types of farming in Central America are Slash and burn Farming.
Define farming.
Managing a biological process, such cultivating crops or caring for livestock, in order to harvest products or reproduce a biological means of production, is often involved in farming, which is the typical activity that takes place on a farm.
Burn and slash Food is typically grown through agriculture, which involves clear-cutting wild or forested land and setting fire to any residual plants. The ash that results is nutrient-rich, helping to fertilize crops on the freshly cleared area.
A type of shifting cultivation is slash-and-burn, which refers to an agricultural system in which farmers frequently move from one cultivable area to another. Slash-and-burn agriculture is one of the only types of agriculture that can be used in tropical regions due to the leached soil, which is extremely nutritionally deficient in places like the Amazon. Instead of cultivating a single crop, slash-and-burn farmers typically plant a variety of crops, which increases biodiversity by fostering mosaic habitats. Other than a brief temporary patch, traditional slash-and-burn does not harm the ecosystem in its entirety. You could think of slash-and-burn farming as a type of agroforestry.
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For a brainstem injury, what type of response would you expect when testing the triceps reflex?.
For a brainstem injury, Exaggerated type of response would you expect when testing the triceps reflex.
A reflex, also known as a reflex action, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action that occurs in response to a stimulus. Reflexes of varying complexity can be found in organisms with a nervous system. A reflex is triggered by neural pathways in the nervous system known as reflex arcs. A stimulus causes a neural signal to be sent to a synapse. The signal is then transmitted across a synapse to a motor neuron, which causes the target response to be elicited. Because neural signals do not always reach the brain, many reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that do not require or receive conscious thought.
Reflex actions include the accommodation reflex, corneal reflex, pupillary reflex, blushing, acoustic reflex, ankle reflex, biceps reflex, and sneezing.
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Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu. A carbon-carbon double bond has a greater bond energy than a carbon-carbon single bond. Because of the greater bond energy, a carbon-carbon double bond is and than a carbon-carbon single bond.
The double bond between carbon atoms is more powerful and compact than the single bond.
What is most tightly bound to carbon?The carbon-fluorine bond has an unusually high bond strength because of the attractive partial charges on the fluorine and carbon. Because fluorine forms the strongest single bond to carbon, the bond is referred described as "the strongest in organic chemistry."
Carbon-carbon double bonds have more energy than carbon-carbon single bonds, which is a given.
Since bond energy and bond strength are directly inversely related, double bonds will be stronger than single bonds and triple bonds will be the strongest of all bonds.
The bond length of a carbon-carbon bond and bond energy are inversely related. This implies that the bond will be shorter and vice versa depending on the amount of bond energy.
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describe the protein content of the i band, h zone and a band to the level of depth presented in class (not titin, tropomyosin or troponin)
The H zone is the region that only contains the thick filaments, the I band only contains the thin filaments, the A band contains the entire thick filaments, which also includes a small portion of the thin filaments.
When the muscle contracts, the H zone (central Azone region) consisting of thick filaments shortens and the I band containing only thin filaments also shortens during the contraction time. Two cytoskeletal anchor proteins, termed obscurin and myomesin, present in the H band, are responsible for anchoring myosin to the sarcoplasm. The H zone consists only of myosin, the I band only actin, and the A band contains both actin and myosin. The M line holds together the thick myosin filaments. The Z line differentiates between each sarcomere. Zone H contains only thick filaments. The A band contains thick and thin filaments and is the center of the sarcomere that spans the H zone. When the muscle contracts, the H zone, the I band, and the distance between the Z lines become smaller, while the band A stays the same.
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which blood vessels surround the nephron loops ? a. peritubular capillaries b. interlobular arteries c. vasa recta d. efferent arterioles
The blood vessels that surround the loop of the nephron are called peritubular capillaries. In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are small blood vessels,
supplied by the efferent arteriole, which travels along the nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between the blood and the inner lumen of the nephron. Nephrons: Blood from the renal artery flows into small filters in the kidneys called nephrons. Glomeruli: Clusters of tiny blood vessels in each nephron (the glomeruli) allow waste and water to move into the tubules, which filter impurities. The long nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons lie in the renal medulla. These countercurrent mechanisms establish and maintain an osmotic gradient that extends from the cortex through the depths of the medulla. nephroni) is the portion of a nephron that runs from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.
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