is the process in which haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid cell called a zygote.

The rocky exterior of Earth is known as the lithosphere.

It is composed of the uppermost layer of the upper mantle and the brittle crust. The lithosphere is the area of Earth that is the coldest and most rigid. The crust and the area of the upper mantle that exhibits hard, brittle behaviour together make up the lithosphere.

The lithosphere is the mechanical layer's outermost layer and which exhibits stiff, brittle behaviour, The lithosphere has a thickness of around 100 kilometres. Plate tectonic movement and isostatic adjustments take place in the asthenosphere, a region of the upper mantle located immediately under the lithosphere.

Peridotite, a rock mostly made up of the minerals olivine and pyroxene, makes up its composition.

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The lithosphere is the name given to the rocky outer layer of Earth. The brittle crust and the topmost layer of the upper mantle make up this stratum. The lithosphere is the coldest and most rigid part of the planet. The lithosphere is composed of two components: the crust and the region of the upper mantle that is hard and brittle.

The mechanical layer's outermost layer, the lithosphere, which displays rigid, brittle behaviour A hundred kilometres or so make up the lithosphere's thickness. The area of the upper mantle known as the asthenosphere, which is situated directly beneath the lithosphere, is where plate tectonic movement and isostatic adjustments occur.

Its composition mostly consists of the minerals olivine and pyroxene, which are found in the rock known as peridotite.

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Low concentration: Hypotonic; High concentration: Hypertonic; Equal concentration: Isotonic.

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If gene flow is detected between diverging types during speciation, allopatric speciation can be excluded as a possibility.

Allopatric speciation is a form of speciation that occurs when a population is physically separated, such as by a geographical barrier, and evolves into a distinct species over time.

If gene flow is detected between these diverging populations, it would suggest that there is still some level of genetic exchange and therefore they have not fully evolved into separate species.

Other forms of speciation, such as sympatric speciation, where speciation occurs within a shared geographical area, or peripatric speciation, where speciation occurs in a small subpopulation that becomes geographically isolated, could still be possible.

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The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness is called, Option D: Facial feedback effect.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, forcing oneself to smile in a given situation may result in a better emotional state. The influence of unobtrusive manipulations of facial behaviour on emotional outcomes is referred to as the facial feedback effect. The fact that manipulations that induce or inhibit smiling can shape positive affect and evaluations is a staple of undergraduate psychology curricula and lends support to theories of embodied emotion. Thus, option D is the relevant answer.

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, our facial expressions influence our emotions. If the facial-feedback hypothesis is correct, we not only smile when we are happy, but we can also make ourselves happy by smiling. According to this theory, in these cases, the act of smiling causes a happy feeling.

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Complete question is:

What do we call the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness?

A. Culture-specific expression

B. Moebius syndrome

C. Botox

D. Facial feedback effect

E. Culturally universal expre

This phenomenon is known as facial feedback hypothesis, or facial feedback effect. It refers to the idea that our facial expressions can influence our emotional experience.

This means that when we make certain facial expressions, such as a scowl or a smile, it can cause us to experience the associated emotion.

The facial feedback hypothesis has been studied extensively in psychology, and it is generally accepted that facial expressions can have an impact on our emotional state. This effect is believed to work both ways, meaning that our emotional state can also influence our facial expressions.

The facial feedback hypothesis has been used to explain why people can feel more positive emotions, such as happiness, when they smile. It has also been used to explain why people can experience more negative emotions, such as fear, when they scowl.

Overall, the facial feedback hypothesis suggests that our emotions can be influenced by our facial expressions, and that our facial expressions can be influenced by our emotions. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the expressions we make in order to control our emotional state.

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The separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in Anaphase I and Anaphase II.

Anaphase I: During the meiotic stage known as anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are separated. As a result of the spindle fibers pulling homologous chromosomes to the cell's poles during anaphase I, two daughter cells are created, each of which contains a different set of chromosomes.

Anaphase II: During the second meiotic division, a phase known as anaphase II, sister chromatids separate. Four haploid daughter cells, each with a single pair of chromosomes, are produced as a result of the sister chromatids being dragged to the opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers during anaphase II.

The chromosomes compress and align in the middle of the cell during prophase I, prophase II, and metaphase I.

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The separation of homologous chromosomes occurs in A. Anaphase I

When homologous chromosomes separate, anaphase I starts. Nucleoli reappear, and the nuclear envelope reforms. The centrosomes start to separate, the nuclear membrane starts to break down, and the chromosomes coil up.

Sister chromatids align to the cell's equator as spindle fibers develop. Prophase I and metaphase I are the first two stages of meiosis I, respectively. A microtubule network referred to as the spindle system is used to transport dna to both poles of a mitosis and meiosis cell at this stage.

Through this technique, two distinct groups of homologous chromosomes are formed. The homologs are dragged apart and moved to the opposite ends of the cells during anaphase I. However, the sister chromatids of every chromosome stay together and do not separate.

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Answer:

The density of warm air is less in comparison to cold air.

Explanation:

Warm air rises up because when heat is provided, air expands. When the air expands, it becomes less dense than the air around it. The less dense warm air then floats above the denser cold air much like oil floats on water.

:)

Answer:

either erosion or weathering but weathering is what causes erosion so I would just say erosion lol

Explanation:

i hope that helped

During a strong storm, erosion can change the makeup of a piece of land by moving key nutrients and minerals.

As the storm's heavy rains and winds erode the soil, they can carry away important nutrients and minerals, leaving the land less fertile and nutrient-rich. In some cases, erosion can even alter the physical shape of the land, leading to landslides and other geological events.

However, erosion can also have some positive effects, such as creating new habitats and exposing new layers of soil that can be used for farming or other purposes.

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Answer: A. Primary succession is uncommon because it occurs on new land

Explanation:

i got it right

Amenorrhea is an absence of menstruation, which can be the result of pregnancy, dieting, and menopause.

Amenorrhea is the lack of menstruation, which is frequently described as missing one or more menstrual cycles. Primary amenorrhea is the lack of menstruation in a person who has not experienced a period by the age of 15. Birth control tablets and other hormone treatments have the potential to restart menstrual periods in some women.

Treatment options for amenorrhea brought on by thyroid or pituitary issues include medicines. Surgery can be required if the issue is being caused by a tumor or structural obstruction. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the hormone that initiates the menstrual cycle, is slowed or stopped by the hypothalamus, a brain organ that controls bodily functions.

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Amenorrhea is an absence of menstruation, which can be the result of several different causes.

According   the most common causes of primary amenorrhea, which is defined as the absence of menstruation in someone who has not had a period by age 15, relate to hormone levels. However, anatomical problems such as Turner Syndrome or Müllerian agenesis can also cause amenorrhea. It  also suggests that amenorrhea can be caused by a change in function or problem with some part of the female reproductive system. Additionally, it  states that there are certain times when a woman is not supposed to get her period, such as before puberty, during pregnancy and after menopause, which can also be causes of amenorrhea.

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The growth hormone is the harmone which is needed for physical growth (GH). Given the significance of growth hormone in numerous different organ systems, it has the most target cells of any hormone in the body.

Growth hormone has effects on our height and aids in the development of our bones and muscles. Growth hormone levels naturally change throughout the course of the day, ostensibly in response to physical activity. For instance, levels increase when we work out.Growth hormone levels rise during adolescence and reach their maximum. Growth hormone encourages the growth of bone and cartilage during this stage of development. Growth hormone controls various parts of human metabolism, including insulin activity and blood sugar levels, as well as the fat, muscle, tissue, and bone in our body. As we get older, growth hormone levels inevitably decline.

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The hormone required for physical growth is the growth hormone (GH). Growth hormone has the most target cells of any hormone in the body due to its importance in various organ systems.

Growth hormone influences our height and helps our bones and muscles develop. Growth hormone levels supposedly fluctuate throughout the day in response to physical activity. For example, levels rise when we exercise. During adolescence, growth hormone levels increase and peak. During this period of development, growth hormone promotes the growth of cartilage and bone. Growth hormone regulates the metabolism of fat, muscle, bone, and other body tissues as well as insulin activity and blood sugar levels.

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Option c is Correct. Osmosis is the process by which a solvent and any dissolved compounds are forced by hydrostatic pressure through a cell membrane.

Osmosis is the process through which a substance (in this case, water) is diffused from a higher to a lower concentrated region. Osmosis is the spontaneous migration of solvent molecules over a semi-permeable membrane from a solution with lower concentration to one with higher concentration.

Osmosis is the name for the diffusion-based method through which water travels across cell membranes. In order for osmosis to occur, water must pass across a semipermeable membrane and from one region of low solute (dissolved material) concentration to another region of high solute concentration.

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The suitable answer is osmosis. Osmosis is in which material (diffusion of water) is diffused from a higher to a decrease concentrated area.

Osmosis is wherein material (diffusion of water) is diffused from a higher to a decrease concentrated location. The diffusion of water through a membrane (semi-permeable) creates a pressure referred to as osmotic pressure. If the osmotic strain is equal to the water by way of the pressure in the compartment and this stops the water flow, this is referred to as hydrostatic stress.

Osmosis can be defined as the spontaneous movement of solvent molecules via a semi-permeable membrane from a decrease-concentration technique to a higher-concentration solution.

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Given that the amount of tetanus antitoxin in hand is 1500 units, the desired dose is 2000 units, and the volume is 1 mL. Then, the milliliters required to inject is 1.333 mL.

For the drug dose calculation, the formula used is [tex]x = \frac{D}{H}\times V[/tex]. Here, x represents the required dose, V represents the volume of the drug, D represents the desired amount, and H represents the amount of drug in hand.

Given the desired dose is 2000 units, the amount in hand is  1500 units, and the volume is 1 mL. Then, the required dose for the given drug is calculated as follows,  

[tex]\begin{aligned}x&=\mathrm{\frac{2000\;units}{1500\;units}\times1\;mL}\\&=\mathrm{1.333\;mL}\end{aligned}[/tex]

The required answer is 1.333 mL.

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A. The P generation's original parents are a male wild-type fruit fly (Ee) and a female white-eyed fruit fly (ee). This may be discovered by examining the phenotype and genotype of the F1 generation's children.

The F1 generation has 55 wild-type (Ee) individuals and 1 white-eyed (ee) individual. Because the dominant wild-type phenotype is dominant and the recessive white-eyed phenotype is recessive, the wild-type parent must be heterozygous (Ee) and the white-eyed parent must be homozygous recessive (ee). B. Before we can do a Chi-squared test on the F2 generation data, we must first compute the anticipated frequencies of each genotype. According to the Punnett square, the probable genotypes of the F2 generation are EE, Ee, and ee, with anticipated frequencies To get the Chi-squared value, we utilize the formula: X2 = (Observed frequency - Expected frequency) 2 / Expected frequencyWe compute the Chi-squared value by adding the following values: EE: (23 - 9/16) ² / 9/16 = 8.6875 Ee: (31 - 6/16) ² / 6/16 = 8.6875 ee: (22 - 1/16) ² / 1/16 = 8.6875 \sΧ² = 8.6875 + 8.6875 + 8.6875 = 25.0625.

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A. The P generation consists of a male wild-type fruit fly with genotype E/e and a female white-eyed fruit fly with genotype e/e.

B. The expected ratios are 9:3:3:1 for wild-type males, wild-type females, white-eyed males, and white-eyed females, respectively.

C. A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to a different phenotype. One type of mutation is a point mutation, where a single nucleotide is changed.

For A, The P generation consists of a male wild-type fruit fly with genotype E/e and a female white-eyed fruit fly with genotype e/e. This can be determined by analyzing the F1 generation, where all offspring had wild-type eyes, indicating that the male parent must have had at least one dominant E allele, and the female parent must have had two recessive e alleles.

For B, To determine whether the observed F2 generation data fits the expected ratios based on the predicted parental genotypes, we can use a Chi-squared test. The expected ratios are 9:3:3:1 for wild-type males, wild-type females, white-eyed males, and white-eyed females, respectively. Using the observed values and expected ratios, we calculate the Chi-squared value as 1.35, which is below the critical value for 3 degrees of freedom at the 5% level. Therefore, we can accept our prediction of the parental genotypes.

For C, A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to a different phenotype. One type of mutation is a point mutation, where a single nucleotide is changed. Another type is a chromosomal mutation, where a larger segment of DNA is altered. The brown-eyed female in the F1 generation likely resulted from a spontaneous point mutation, where a single nucleotide change led to a non-functional E allele. Alternatively, it could have resulted from a chromosomal mutation such as a deletion or inversion, which affected the E locus.

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Complete Question:

In fruit flies, the phenotype for eye color is determined by a certain locus. E indicates the dominant allele and e indicates the recessive allele. The cross between a male wild-type fruit fly and a female white-eyed fruit fly produced the following offspring.

The wild-type and white-eyed individuals from the F1 generation were then crossed to produce the following offspring.

A. Determine the genotypes of the original parents (P generation) and explain your reasoning. You may use Punnett squares to enhance your description, but the results from the Punnett squares must be discussed in your answer.

B. Use a Chi-squared test on the F2 generation data to analyze your prediction of the parental genotypes. Show all your work and explain the importance of your final answer.

C. The brown-eyed female in the F1 generation resulted from a mutational change. Explain what a mutation is, and discuss two types of mutations that might have produced the brown-eyed female in the F1 generation. write all main answers first in 1 line, then explain all in 100 words max.

A tendon is a tissue band that joins a muscle to a bone. An elastic band of tissue known as a ligament attaches one bone to another and gives the joint support.

Between bones, cartilage acts as a supple, gel-like cushion to protect joints and promote movement. A tendon is a rope-like thread of robust, elastic tissue. Your muscles and bones are joined by tendon tissue. Tendons provide limb movement.

By absorbing some of the impact your muscles experience when you run, jump, or perform other activities, they also assist in preventing muscle injury. Your joints and bones are shielded by cartilage, a sturdy, flexible connective tissue. It serves as your body's overall shock absorber. Your bones' end cartilage lessens friction.

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The correct option is  A; The IVC has an intrahepatic course prior to emptying into the right atrium.

The aorta is anterior to the vertebral bodies and to the left of the midline, whereas the IVC is to the right of the midline. The aorta tapers, becomes convoluted, and moves to the left. It can become calcified anteriorly, making the ultrasound image more challenging.

The inferior vena cava has the following characteristics: a) It is a big vein. There are several characteristics of vein structure, which are the blood channels responsible for transporting blood from tissues to the heart. A vascular ultrasound of the inferior vena cava and iliac veins is a test that looks for signs of obstruction or blood clots in the major veins in your belly and pelvis.

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The lab tested several medicines that contain coding for certain traits, such as allergies to medications, to determine how different medicines will affect Ruby. This genetic material is on structures called chromosomes that get passed on from generation to generation.

Through a DNA test, the doctor was able to identify which medications were most likely to help Ruby feel better. The doctor was able to look at the genetic material on the chromosomes and determine which drugs would work best for Ruby based on her parents’ medical history and the information they provided on the form.

The doctor was also able to determine if Ruby had any allergies to certain medications, so he could avoid prescribing them to her. By testing the genetic material in Ruby’s cells, the doctor was able to accurately prescribe the medications that would help her feel better.

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The genetic material which got passed on from generation to generation due to which Ruby became allergic to certain drugs are called chromosomes.

When the doctor used certain tests to identify the allergic drugs and also configured the patients history, he was trying to analyze the possible traits and issues which Ruby faces after incorrect consumption of drug. The DNA test will help doctor to identify which medications will be most suitable for Ruby to heal from anemia. After all the tests, the doctor will get accurate hold of medicines which must be avoided in prescription to prevent any kind of mishap or extra medical issue to Ruby.

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The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate from one another is prophase.

During prophase, the chromatin in the cell's nucleus condenses into visible chromosomes. Each chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids, which are joined at a point called the centromere. The centrioles, which are located outside of the nucleus, also begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. This separation of the centrioles is important for the formation of the mitotic spindle, which is a structure that helps to pull the chromosomes apart during cell division.

Prophase is the first phase of mitosis and is followed by prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. These phases are the process of mitosis which is responsible for the distribution of the chromosomes between two daughter cells. Mitosis is the process of cell division that ensures the accurate replication and distribution of genetic material in a living organism.

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During the prophase of mitosis chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate from one another.

Cells are in the interphase phase, which is the rest period between mitotic divisions before mitosis begins.  In the nucleus, the chromosomes are an undifferentiated, loose mass of stretched-out DNA molecules that cannot be identified at this time.

The thread-like doubled chromosomes contract and become visible at the beginning of the first mitotic stage, prophase. Moving to opposite sides of the nucleus, the two centrioles of The nuclear membrane begins to degrade simultaneously.

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Growers are large gardens or horticultural professionals who oversee the cultivation of crops such as agricultural products, medicinal plants and ornamental plants/trees.

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Note that the following actions involving an accidental burn and damage to the dermis occur in the order given below:

Homeostasis is the state of constant internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems in biology.

This is the state of the organism's optimal functioning, and it includes numerous factors, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within particular pre-set boundaries.

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There will be a registered, patient- and observer-blinded, randomised controlled trial. The participants will be patients 50 to 75 years old who have undergone primary unilateral THA.

The minimally invasive "femur first" computer-navigated THA procedure or the standard minimally invasive THA procedure will be given to patients at random. Both before and after surgery, self-reported functional status and health-related quality of life will be evaluated (through questionnaires). Complications during surgery will be recorded. A computed tomography (CT) scan will be used for radiographic evaluation up to 6 weeks after surgery. An unbiased, external institute will assess component location using an image-processing programme to create a 3D reconstruction of the femur and pelvis. An algorithm that automatically detects bone and prosthetic impingements will calculate postoperative ROM.

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There will be a registered, patient- and observer-blinded, randomised controlled trial. The participants will be patients 50 to 75 years old who have undergone primary unilateral THA.

The minimally invasive "femur first" computer-navigated THA procedure or the standard minimally invasive THA procedure will be given to patients at random. Both before and after surgery, self-reported functional status and health-related quality of life will be evaluated (through questionnaires). Complications during surgery will be recorded. A computed tomography (CT) scan will be used for radiographic evaluation up to 6 weeks after surgery. An unbiased, external institute will assess component location using an image-processing programme to create a 3D reconstruction of the femur and pelvis. An algorithm that automatically detects bone and prosthetic impingements will calculate postoperative ROM.

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Molecular models assist us in seeing chemical compounds that we cannot see with our open eyes.

Molecular models are three-dimensional visual representations of molecules. Molecular models allow us to see exactly what a molecule looks like. We can have a better grasp of the various transitions in a molecule by using a molecular model.

The advantage of utilising a molecular model that depicts the components involved in cellular respiration to compare the quantity of carbon released into the atmosphere is that it provides a visual of the process that is not visible to the open eye.

It aids in understanding the foundations of physical and chemical interactions, which are difficult to compute using experimental approaches. It also aids in the development of new theories, models, procedures, and products.

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Using a molecular model that shows the composites involved during cellular respiration to compare the quantum of carbon cycle released into the atmosphere allows a visual of the process that isn't visible to the mortal eye.  

It helps understand the fundamentals of physical and chemical relations, which are delicate to calculate using experimental procedures. It also helps develop new propositions, models, processes, and products.  

Since the carbon cycle is a global miracle, it can not be viewed at once. Using a model helps scientists and scholars understand how carbon moves through and impacts the terrain.

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The positive charge which is outside the cell grows as fluid to 150 is extracellular then K+ increases. As a result, the interior and exterior of the cell become closer to one another.

More negative changes would occur in the potassium equilibrium potential of nerve cells. This is so because, when compared to Na+ ions, the neuron is more selectively permeable to K+ ions. Assuming extracellular K+ rises, this will alter the gradient of concentration between within and outside the cell.

The resting potential and permeability of the cell would alter as a result. It will lessen the gradient of concentration, which will reduce the amount of K+ that leaves the cell after repolarization. * The difference in concentration between extracellular K+ and intracellular K+ will flatten down as extracellular K+ rises.

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Ammonia (mw = 17) would move the fastest through air . Molecules travel through the passive process of diffusion from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

A gas's molecular weight plays a major role in how quickly it diffuses across an environment, with lighter molecules diffusing more quickly than heavier ones. Ammonia would diffuse more quickly through air than the other alternatives since it has the lowest molecular weight of the group.

Gas diffusion rates are inversely related to their densities and square roots of their molecular masses.

As a result, a lighter gas will disperse more quickly than a heavier gas.

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The correct option is B ; ammonia (mw = 17), Ammonia (mw = 17) travels the fastest through air. Molecules move from a higher concentration region to a lower concentration region via the passive process of diffusion.

The molecular weight of a gas influences how rapidly it diffuses over an environment, with lighter molecules diffusing faster than heavier ones. Because it has the lowest molecular weight of the group, ammonia would diffuse faster through air than the other possibilities.

The rates of gas diffusion are inversely proportional to their densities and the square roots of their molecular masses.

As a result, a lighter gas disperses faster than a heavier gas.

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Tertiary treatment stage of municipal wastewater treatment does Derek oversee.

There are basically four tiers of treatment of sewer/waste water

a) Screening stage – on this degree of remedy, big gadgets and rubbish is eliminated from the waste water through the usage of grit removal equipment

b) primary treatment level (bodily remedy)

bodily techniques which includes aeration, filtration, sedimentation etc. are used to remove the impurities from waste water after the screening stage

c) Secondary remedy level (Chemical remedy)

in this degree chemical compounds are used to coagulate tiny impurities into large mass in order that they can be without difficulty removed thru the system of sedimentation, filtration etc.

d) Tertiary treatment stage (organic treatment)

in this level, waste is acted upon by using microorganisms that paintings both within the presence or absence of oxygen to eliminate organic impurities from the waste water.

as a result, Derek noticed the process of municipal wastewater remedy plant on the tertiary stage of waste water/sewer treatment.

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In order to eliminate organic pollutants from the waste water, microorganisms act on waste in this step. They can do this either with or without oxygen.

As a result, Derek observed the municipal waste water treatment plant's tertiary stage of wastewater/sewer treatment. Derek is a worker in a municipal wastewater treatment facility where he is in charge of the biological treatment procedure. Coarse screening, grit removal, and, occasionally, comminution of big items are some of the normal preliminary treatment activities. In grit chambers, the water velocity is kept sufficiently high or air is employed to move the water through the oxygen, preventing most organic materials from settling.

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Nerve cells are organized to form complex networks that perform the functions of the nervous system is true.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are specialized cells that process sensory input and send electrical signals, known as action potentials, to other neurons or effector organs like muscles or glands. They contain particular structural and biochemical characteristics that make it possible for them to efficiently receive and transmit information, and they are highly specialized to carry out these tasks. They consist of an axon, cell body, and dendrites.

The nervous system's activities, which include perceiving the environment, processing information, and producing appropriate reactions, are carried out by neurons organized into intricate networks. By means of specialized structures called synapses, they can communicate with one another.

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True, nerve cells are organised into complex networks that perform nervous system functions.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells, are specialised cells that process sensory input and send electrical signals to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles or glands. They have specific structural and biochemical characteristics that allow them to efficiently receive and transmit information, and they are highly specialised to do so. They are made up of an axon, a cell body, and dendrites.

Neurons organised into intricate networks carry out the activities of the nervous system, which include perceiving the environment, processing information, and producing appropriate reactions. They can communicate with one another via specialised structures known as synapses.

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The fundamental idea of "structure/function" expresses the idea that there is always a connection between a biological entity's structure and the functions carried out by that entity.

Many scientific and engineering disciplines are influenced by the idea of structure and function, commonly known as form and function. Scientists can want to know how an organism's or a material's structure affects how it functions or what it performs.

Consequently, the fundamental principle of "structure/function" is used to express the notion that there is always a link between the structure of a biological entity and the functions (and occasionally the mechanisms) performed by that entity.

Consequently, we offer the following workable definition: When a system's component parts are organized into a structure that enables the system to carry out its function, a structure-function relationship is established.

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Therefore, the probability of getting P-G- genotype  is = 3/4 X 3/4 = 9/16

Here, Debbie is heterozygous (Pp) for purple skin

Debbie's husband has purple skin (pp) which is a recessive disorder

The probability of her child will be  1/2 or 50%

                                                             Pp  X pp

The probability of getting 'p' allele from Pp is 1/2  

The probability of getting 'p' allele from pp is 1

According to the multiplication rule, the probability of 'pp' = 1/2 X 1 = 1/2 = 50%

2. The phenomenon is dominant epistasis. The dominant allele of a gene can mask the expression of both of the alleles of the other gene. Hence, the dihybrid ratio became 12:3:1.

3.                             Pw Gy        X        Pw Gy

F2                           9 P-G- : 3 P-yy : 3 wwG-: 1 wwyy

The probability of getting 'P' allele from Pw = 1/2 X 1/2 = 1/4

The probability of getting 'y' allele from Gy = 1/2 X 1/2 = 1/4

The three genotypes can produce purple colour they are PP, Pw and wP = 1/4 + 1/4+ 1/4 = 3/4

The genotypes such as Gy, yG and yy have atleast one 'y' genotype = 1/4  + 1/4 + 1/4 = 3/4

Therefore, the probability of getting P-G- genotype  is = 3/4 X 3/4 = 9/16

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