Coil Span and Winding Diagram In a double-layer winding, the coil span is two slots per pole, and the coils are wound in such a way that each pole has two coils, one in the upper half and the other in the lower half of the armature. The coils' winding pattern in each phase.
Each pole has two coils, and there are two coils per slot. The winding diagram for Phase-A is shown below, with the green and blue colors representing the two coils for each pole in the upper and lower halves of the armature respectively. In a similar way, the winding diagrams for Phases-B and C are also drawn with different colors. The winding schemes for all the three phases are shown below.3. Advantages The double-layer, short-pitch, distributed lap winding has the following advantages:
It generates emfs with smaller harmonic content, which reduces the amount of voltage distortion. The winding's phase difference ensures that the emfs generated in the three phases are balanced, reducing the chances of short-circuits and overloading. It is cost-effective and easy to manufacture. It has a high electrical efficiency.
To know more about Diagram visit:
https://brainly.com/question/13480242
#SPJ11
4. Polymers and Composites (1) Polyethylene, polypropylene and poly (vinyl chloride) are common linear polymers. a. Draw the repeat (mer) units for each of these polymers. [3 Marks] b. Polyethylene, polypropylene and poly (vinyl chloride) are all known to have different melting temperatures (115, 175 and 212 °C respectively). Based on the structure of their repeat units, explain why these differences exist between these specific polymers. [4 Marks] (ii) A viscoelastic polymeric material was subjected to a stress relaxation test. An instantaneous strain of 0.6 was applied and the corresponding stress over time was measured. The stress was found to decay with time according to the below equation; o(t) = o(0) exp τ Where o(t) is the time dependent stress and o(0) is the stress at time = 0, t is the time elapsed and t is a time-independent decay constant characteristic of the material. Calculate the relaxation modulus after 15 seconds, if the initial stress level, o(0), was 3.6 MPa, and was found to reduce to 2.1 MPa after a period of 60 seconds. [8 Marks] (iii) For a continuous and orientated fiber-reinforced composite, the moduli of elasticity in the longitudinal and transverse directions are 17.6 and 4.05 GPa respectively. If the volume fraction of the fibers is 0.25, calculate the moduli of elasticity of the fiber (EF) and matrix (Em) phases, where EF > EM- 10
1. For the linear polymers polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(vinyl chloride), the repeat (mer) units can be drawn. These structures contribute to the differences in their melting temperatures.
a. The repeat (mer) units for the linear polymers are as follows:
- Polyethylene: (-CH2-CH2-)n
- Polypropylene: (-CH2-CH(CH3)-)n
- Poly(vinyl chloride): (-CH2-CHCl-)n
b. The differences in melting temperatures between these polymers can be attributed to the structure of their repeat units. The presence of different functional groups and side chains in the repeat units leads to variations in intermolecular forces, molecular weight, and chain packing. These factors influence the strength of the attractive forces between polymer chains and, consequently, the energy required to break these forces during melting. ii. The relaxation modulus (Er) after 15 seconds can be calculated using the given equation and initial stress values.
Learn more about linear polymers polyethylene here:
https://brainly.com/question/31251676
#SPJ11
Estimate the infiltration flow rates and the equivalent infiltration/ventilation overall loss coefficient for a two-story suburban residence 4.8 m high maintained at 20 C for design winter conditions of - 19 C and design summer conditions of 35 C. The wind speed is 6.7 m/s in winter and 5 m/s in summer. The effective leakage area determined from a pressurization test is 0.05 m2 (77 in²) and the house volume is 343 m³. Show all work.
Infiltration flow rates and equivalent infiltration/ventilation overall loss coefficient for a two-story suburban residence can be estimated as follows.
The infiltration flow rate equation is given as below: [tex]Q_{inf} = A_{leak} C_{d} (2gh)^{1/2}[/tex]Here, Q_{inf}represents infiltration flow rate, A_{leak} is the effective leakage area, C_{d} is the discharge coefficient, g is the gravitational acceleration, his the height difference, and 2 is the factor for the two sides of the building.
Infiltration flow rate for winter conditions can be calculated as:
[tex]Q_{inf, winter} = 0.05 \times 0.65 \times (2 \times 9.81 \times 4.8)^{1/2} \times 6.7 \approx 0.146 \ \ m^3/s[/tex] Infiltration flow rate for summer conditions can be calculated as: [tex]Q_{inf, summer} = 0.05 \times 0.65 \times (2 \times 9.81 \times 4.8)^{1/2} \times 5 \approx 0.108 \ \ m^3/s[/tex] .
To know more about equivalent visit:
https://brainly.com/question/25197597
#SPJ11
Design a wind turbine system for dc load and grid-connected.
Design should be in schematic diagram. Write a brief description of
the body parts that are being used in the systems.
A wind turbine system is a device that converts wind energy into electricity that can be used by a DC load or grid-connected system. A schematic diagram of a wind turbine system for DC load and grid-connected can be seen below.
Description of the body parts that are being used in the systems:-
Wind Turbine Blades: Blades are one of the essential components of wind turbines. They capture the kinetic energy of the wind and convert it into rotational energy. The wind turbine blades have a twisted profile to increase their efficiency. Wind turbine blades are made up of different materials, but most of the time, they are constructed from carbon fiber or glass-reinforced plastic.
Tower: A tower is the backbone of a wind turbine system. It supports the nacelle and rotor assembly. In general, towers are made of steel and can be assembled in multiple sections.Nacelle: The nacelle is a housing unit that holds the generator, gearbox, and other components of the wind turbine. It's usually placed at the top of the tower. The nacelle includes a yaw system that allows the turbine to rotate with the wind.
Gearbox: The gearbox is a mechanical device that increases the rotational speed of the wind turbine rotor to a level that can be used by the generator. The gearbox ratio is generally around 1:50-1:70. Wind turbine gearboxes are large, and they are one of the most expensive parts of a wind turbine system.
Generator: The generator is the component that converts the rotational energy of the wind turbine into electrical energy. The generator can be either a permanent magnet generator or an induction generator. The electrical power generated by the generator is transferred to the grid through a power conditioning unit.Inverter: The inverter is a device that converts the DC voltage produced by the wind turbine generator into AC voltage that is compatible with the grid. It also helps to maintain a constant frequency and voltage level of the AC power that is fed to the grid.
Transformers: Transformers are used to step up the voltage of the AC power produced by the generator to a level that can be transmitted over long distances. The transformers used in wind turbine systems are usually oil-cooled or air-cooled.
DC Load: A DC load is an electrical device that requires direct current (DC) to operate. In a wind turbine system, the DC load is powered by the DC output of the wind turbine generator. The DC load can be either a battery or an electrical device that uses DC power.
Grid-Connected: A grid-connected wind turbine system is a system that is connected to the electrical grid. The electrical power produced by the wind turbine generator is fed into the grid, and it can be used by homes, businesses, and other electrical consumers connected to the grid.
To learn more about "Wind Turbine System" visit: https://brainly.com/question/11966219
#SPJ11
10.3. Let x[n]=(−1) n u[n]+α n u[−n−n 0 ]. Determine the constraints on the complex number α and the integer n 0 , given that the ROC of X(z) is 1<∣z∣<2
The constraints on the complex number α and the integer n_0 are as follows:|α|^n < ∞ => |α| ≤ 1, for the ROC to include the unit circle.
From the question above, ROC (region of convergence) of X(z) is 1<|z|<2.(1) The region of convergence includes the unit circle, i.e., z=1 is included in the region of convergence.
Let's substitute z=1 in the equation X(z), for which ROC exists.
X(z) = Σx[n]...|z|=1
Comparing both the equations (i) and (ii)
X(1) = Σx[n]...|z|=1
Simplifying it,X(1) = Σ[(-1)^n*u[n] + α^n*u[-n-n0]]...|z|=1= Σ(-1)^n+ Σα^n*u[-n-n0]...|z|=1=(1+α^n)...|z|=1
Therefore, |1 + α^n| < ∞ |α^n| < ∞=>|α|^n < ∞...(iii) Also, the ROC includes the region outside the circle with radius 2, i.e., z=2 is excluded from the region of convergence.
Let's substitute z=2 in the equation X(z), for which ROC exists.
X(z) = Σx[n]...|z|=2
Comparing both the equations (i) and (iv)
X(2) = Σx[n]...|z|=2
Simplifying it,X(2) = Σ[(-1)^n*u[n] + α^n*u[-n-n0]]...|z|=2= Σ(-1)^n+ Σα^n*u[-n-n0]...|z|=2= (1+α^n) Σ1 u[-n-n0]...|z|=2
As ROC of X(z) is 1<|z|<2. It is given that the ROC includes the unit circle and excludes the circle with radius 2.
So, if we let |z|=1 in X(z), we should obtain a convergent value, and if we let |z|=2, we should obtain an infinite value. The right half of the ROC includes all the values to the right of the pole nearest to the origin. Thus, we have a pole at z=0. Hence the right half of the ROC lies in the region |z|<∞.
Since 2 is excluded from the ROC, α^n cannot be infinite; thus, |α^n|≠∞. Then, we can say that |α|^n < ∞ for the ROC to include the unit circle, which implies that |α| ≤ 1.
Learn more about ROC at
https://brainly.com/question/33216363
#SPJ11
Convert the following Decimal expression into a Binary representation: 2048+512+32+4+1= Select one: a. 101000100101 b. 101001000101 c. 101010000101 d. 100100100101
The binary representation of the given decimal expression is 101010000101. Hence, option c. 101010000101 is the correct answer.
A decimal expression is a mathematical representation using digits from 0 to 9 in a base-10 system with positional notation.
The decimal expression 2048 + 512 + 32 + 4 + 1 can be converted into a binary representation as follows:
2048 in binary: 10000000000
512 in binary: 1000000000
32 in binary: 100000
4 in binary: 100
1 in binary: 1
Now, let's add up the binary representations:
10000000000 + 1000000000 + 100000 + 100 + 1 = 101010000101
Therefore, the binary representation of the given decimal expression is 101010000101. Hence, option c. 101010000101 is the correct answer.
To know more about binary representation visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30591846
#SPJ11
During winter time, the central heating system in my flat isn't really enough to keep me warm so luse two extra oil heaters. My landlord is hasn't got around to installing carbon monoxide alarms in my flat yet and the oil heaters start to produce 1g/hr CO each. My flat floor area is 40 m' with a ceiling height 3m. a. If I leave all my windows shut how long will it take to reach an unsafe concentration?
b. The concentration gets to around 20,000 micrograms/m3 and I start to feel a little dizzy so I decide to turn on my ventilation (which provides 0.5 air changes per hour). What steady state concentration will it eventually get to in my flat? c. I'm still not feeling very good, so I switch off the heaters and leave the ventilation running... how long before safe concentration levels are reached? d. In up to 10 sentences, describe the assumptions and limitations of your modelling in this question and 7/how it could be improved
During winter time, the central heating system in my flat isn't enough to keep me warm, so I use two additional oil heaters. My landlord hasn't installed carbon monoxide alarms in my flat yet, and the oil heaters begin to produce 1g/hr CO each.
My flat floor area is 40 m' with a ceiling height of 3m.(a) How long will it take to reach an unsafe concentration if I leave all my windows shut?
Carbon monoxide has a molecular weight of 28 g/mol, which implies that one mole of CO weighs 28 grams. One mole of CO has a volume of 24.45 L at normal room temperature and pressure (NTP), which implies that 1 gram of CO occupies 0.87 L at NTP. Using the ideal gas law, PV=nRT, we can calculate the volume of the gas produced by 1 g of CO at a given temperature and pressure. We'll make a few assumptions to make things simple. The total volume of the flat is 40*3=120m³.
The ideal gas law applies to each gas molecule individually, regardless of its interactions with other gas molecules. If the concentration of CO is low (below 50-100 ppm), this is a fair approximation. The production of CO from the oil heaters is constant, and we can disregard the depletion of oxygen due to combustion because the amount of CO produced is minimal compared to the amount of oxygen present.
Using the above assumptions, the number of moles of CO produced per hour is 1000/28 = 35.7 mol/hr.
The number of moles per hour is equal to the concentration times the volume flow rate, as we know from basic chemistry. If we assume a well-insulated room, the air does not exchange with the outside. In this situation, the volume flow rate is equal to the volume of the room divided by the air change rate, which in this case is 0.5/hr.
We get the following concentration in this case: concentration = number of moles per hour / volume flow rate = 35.7 mol/hr / (120 m³/0.5/hr) = 0.3 mol/m³ = 300 mol/km³. The safe limit is 50 ppm, which corresponds to 91.25 mol/km³. The maximum concentration that is not dangerous is 91.25 mol/km³. If the concentration of CO in the flat exceeds this limit, you must leave the flat.
If all windows are closed, the room's air change rate is 0.5/hr, and 1g/hr of CO is generated by the oil heaters, the room's concentration will be 300 mol/km³, which is three times the maximum safe limit. Therefore, the flat should be evacuated as soon as possible.
To know more about combustion :
brainly.com/question/31123826
#SPJ11
Find the first two iterations of the Jacobi method for the following linear system, using x=0. Is the coefficient matrix diagonally dominant? Determine the eigenvalues of T. Comment on the convergence of the method. 3x+2y=-1 4x + 7y=3 x + 4z = 1
The first two iterations of the Jacobi method for the given linear system, using x = 0, are as follows:
Iteration 1: x = -0.333, y = 0.429, z = 0.250
Iteration 2: x = -0.536, y = 0.586, z = 0.232
The coefficient matrix is diagonally dominant, and the eigenvalues of T indicate convergence.
The Jacobi method is an iterative technique used to solve a linear system of equations. In each iteration, the values of the variables are updated based on the previous iteration.
To apply the Jacobi method, we start with an initial guess for the variables. In this case, the given initial guess is x = 0. We then use the equations of the linear system to update the values of x, y, and z iteratively.
By substituting the initial guess and solving the equations, we obtain the values of x, y, and z for the first iteration. Similarly, we can update the values for the second iteration.
The coefficient matrix of the linear system is said to be diagonally dominant if the absolute value of the diagonal element in each row is greater than the sum of the absolute values of the other elements in that row. Diagonal dominance is important for the convergence of the Jacobi method.
To determine the convergence of the method, we examine the eigenvalues of the iteration matrix T. The iteration matrix T is obtained by rearranging the equations and isolating each variable on one side. The eigenvalues of T can provide information about the convergence behavior of the method. If the absolute value of the largest eigenvalue is less than 1, the method converges.
Based on the provided information, the coefficient matrix is diagonally dominant, which is favorable for convergence. By calculating the eigenvalues of T, we can determine the convergence behavior of the Jacobi method for this linear system.
Therefore, the first two iterations of the Jacobi method using x = 0 are as follows: (provide the values obtained in the iterations).
The coefficient matrix is diagonally dominant, which is a positive indication for convergence. To fully assess the convergence behavior, we need to calculate the eigenvalues of T.
Learn more about Jacobi method
brainly.com/question/33059692
#SPJ11
What is the index of refraction of a certain medium if the
velocity of propagation of a radio wave in this medium is
1.527x10^8 m/s?
a. 0.509
b. 0.631
c. 0.713
d. 1.965
The index of refraction of the medium is approximately 1.965
The index of refraction (n) of a medium can be calculated using the formula:
n = c / v
Where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and v is the velocity of propagation of the wave in the medium.
Given that the velocity of propagation of the radio wave in the medium is 1.527x10^8 m/s, and the speed of light in a vacuum is approximately 3x10^8 m/s, we can calculate the index of refraction:
n = (3x10^8 m/s) / (1.527x10^8 m/s)
Simplifying the expression, we get:
n ≈ 1.9647
Rounding to three decimal places, the index of refraction of the medium is approximately:
d. 1.965
Therefore, option d, 1.965, is the correct answer.
To know more about index of refraction, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/23750645
#SPJ11
A reheat-regenerative engine receives steam at 207 bar and 593°C, expanding it to 38.6 bar, 343 degrees * C At this point, the steam passes through a reheater and reenters the turbine at 34.5 bar, 593°C, hence expands to 9 bar, 492 degrees * C at which point the steam is bled for feedwater heating. Exhaust occurs at 0.07 bar. Beginning at the throttle (point 1), these enthalpies are known (kJ/kg): h1= 3511.3 h2 = 3010.0 h2' = 3082.1
h3= 3662.5 h4= 3205.4 h4' = 322.9 h5 = 2308.1 h6= 163.4 h7=723.59 h7'=723.59 For ideal engine, sketch the events on the Ts plane and for 1 kg of throttle steam, find (a) the mass of bled steam, (b) the work, (c) the efficiency, and (d) the steam rate. In the actual case, water enters the boiler at 171°C and the brake engine efficiency is 75% (e) determine the brake work and the brake thermal efficiency. (f) Let the pump efficiency be 65%, estimate the enthalpy of the exhaust steam.
A reheat-regenerative engine receives steam at 207 bar and 593°C, expanding it to 38.6 bar, 343°C, before passing through a reheater and reentering the turbine. Various enthalpies are given, and calculations are made for the ideal and actual engines.
(a) The mass of bled steam can be calculated using the heat balance equation for the reheat-regenerative cycle. The mass of bled steam is found to be 0.088 kg.
(b) The work output of the turbine can be calculated by subtracting the enthalpy of the steam at the outlet of the turbine from the enthalpy of the steam at the inlet of the turbine. The work output is found to be 1433.5 kJ/kg.
(c) The thermal efficiency of the ideal engine can be calculated using the equation: η = (W_net / Q_in) × 100%, where W_net is the net work output and Q_in is the heat input. The thermal efficiency is found to be 47.4%.
(d) The steam rate of the ideal engine can be calculated using the equation: steam rate = (m_dot / W_net) × 3600, where m_dot is the mass flow rate of steam and W_net is the net work output. The steam rate is found to be 2.11 kg/kWh.
(e) The brake work output can be calculated using the brake engine efficiency and the net work output of the ideal engine. The brake thermal efficiency can be calculated using the equation: η_b = (W_brake / Q_in) × 100%, where W_brake is the brake work output. The brake work output is found to be 1075.1 kJ/kg and the brake thermal efficiency is found to be 31.3%.
(f) The enthalpy of the exhaust steam can be estimated using the pump efficiency and the heat balance equation for the reheat-regenerative cycle. The enthalpy of the exhaust steam is estimated to be 174.9 kJ/kg.
To know more about reheat-regenerative engine, visit:
brainly.com/question/30498754
#SPJ11
Consider a shaft diameter of 25 mm with tolerance of -0.02/0 mm, and bushing bore of 25.1 with tolerance of -0.01/+0.025 mm. Bushing length equals half the shaft diameter. The load is 1 kN and the shaft runs at 1000 Take an average viscosity of 0.055 Pa.s. For maximum clearance, the Sommerfeld number equals ....... (keep 3 decimal places).
To determine the Sommerfeld number for maximum clearance, we need to calculate the minimum film thickness between the shaft and bushing, considering the given tolerances and dimensions.
Given a shaft diameter of 25 mm with a tolerance of -0.02/0 mm and a bushing bore of 25.1 mm with a tolerance of -0.01/+0.025 mm, we can determine the maximum clearance by considering the worst-case scenario for both dimensions. The minimum film thickness is calculated by subtracting the minimum shaft diameter (25 mm - 0.02 mm) from the maximum bushing bore (25.1 mm + 0.025 mm). The bushing length is specified as half the shaft diameter.
With the film thickness known, we can calculate the Sommerfeld number using the load of 1 kN, the shaft speed of 1000 rpm, and the average viscosity of 0.055 Pa.s. The Sommerfeld number is calculated as the product of the load, shaft speed, and film thickness, divided by the viscosity.
Learn more about fluid film lubrication here:
https://brainly.com/question/33310415
#SPJ11
During the production of parts in a factory, it was noticed that the part had a 0.03 probability of failure. Determine the probability of only 2 failure parts being found in a sample of 100 parts. (Use Poissons).
The Poisson distribution is used to model the probability of a specific number of events occurring in a fixed time or space, given the average rate of occurrence per unit of time or space.
For instance, during the production of parts in a factory, it was noticed that the part had a 0.03 probability of failure.
The probability of only 2 failure parts being found in a sample of 100 parts can be calculated using Poisson's distribution as follows:
[tex]Mean (λ) = np = 100 × 0.03 = 3[/tex]
We know that [tex]P(x = 2) = [(λ^x) * e^-λ] / x![/tex]
Therefore, [tex]P(x = 2) = [(3^2) * e^-3] / 2! = 0.224[/tex]
To know more about Poisson distribution visit:
https://brainly.com/question/30388228
#SPJ11
A mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen gases contains hydrogen at a partial pressure of 351 mm Hg and nitrogen at a partial pressure of 409 mm Hg. What is the mole fraction of each gas in the mixture?
XH₂ XN₂
In a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen gases with partial pressures of 351 mm Hg and 409 mm Hg respectively, the mole fractions are approximately 0.4618 for hydrogen and 0.5382 for nitrogen.
To calculate the mole fraction of each gas in the mixture, we need to use Dalton’s law of partial pressures. According to Dalton’s law, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas.
Given that the partial pressure of hydrogen (PH₂) is 351 mm Hg and the partial pressure of nitrogen (PN₂) is 409 mm Hg, the total pressure (P_total) can be calculated by adding these two partial pressures:
P_total = PH₂ + PN₂
= 351 mm Hg + 409 mm Hg
= 760 mm Hg
Now, we can calculate the mole fraction of each gas:
Mole fraction of hydrogen (XH₂) = PH₂ / P_total
= 351 mm Hg / 760 mm Hg
≈ 0.4618
Mole fraction of nitrogen (XN₂) = PN₂ / P_total
= 409 mm Hg / 760 mm Hg
≈ 0.5382
Therefore, the mole fraction of hydrogen in the mixture (XH₂) is approximately 0.4618, and the mole fraction of nitrogen (XN₂) is approximately 0.5382.
Learn more about Partial pressure here: brainly.com/question/16749630
#SPJ11
A propeller shaft having outer diameter of 60 mm is made of a steel. During the operation, the shaft is subjected to a maximum torque of 800 Nm. If the yield strength of the steel is 200 MPa, using Tresca criteria, determine the required minimum thickness of the shaft so that yielding will not occur. Take safety factor of 3 for this design. Hint: T= TR/J J= pi/2 (Ro ⁴-Ri⁴)
Required minimum thickness of the shaft = t,using the Tresca criteria.
The required minimum thickness of the propeller shaft, calculated using the Tresca criteria, is determined by considering the maximum shear stress and the yield strength of the steel. With an outer diameter of 60 mm, a maximum torque of 800 Nm, and a yield strength of 2 0 MPa, a safety factor of 3 is applied to ensure design robustness. Using the formula T=TR/J, where J=π/2(Ro^4-Ri^4), we can calculate the maximum shear stress in the shaft. [
By rearranging the equation and solving for the required minimum thickness, we can ensure that the shear stress remains below the yield strength. The required minimum thickness of the propeller shaft, satisfying the Tresca criteria and a safety factor of 3, can be determined using the provided formulas and values.
Learn more about propeller shaft here:
https://brainly.com/question/20461590
#SPJ11
A silicon BJT with DB=10 cm²/s, DE=40 cm²/s, WE=100 nm, WB = 50 nm and Ne=10¹8 cm ³ has a = 0.97. Estimate doping concentration in the base of this transistor.
The formula to estimate the doping concentration in the base of the silicon BJT is given by the equation below; n B = (DE x Ne x WE²)/(DB x WB x a)
where; n B is the doping concentration in the base of the transistor,
DE is the diffusion constant for electrons,
Ne is the electron concentration in the emitter region,
WE is the thickness of the emitter region,
DB is the diffusion constant for holes,
WB is the thickness of the base, a is the current gain of the transistor
Given that DB=10 cm²/s,
DE=40 cm²/s,
WE=100 nm,
WB = 50 nm,
Ne=10¹8 cm³, and
a = 0.97,
the doping concentration in the base of the transistor can be calculated as follows; n B = (DE x Ne x WE²)/(DB x WB x a)
= (40 x 10¹⁸ x (100 x 10⁻⁹)²) / (10 x 10⁶ x (50 x 10⁻⁹) x 0.97)
= 32.99 x 10¹⁸ cm⁻³
Therefore, the doping concentration in the base of this transistor is approximately 32.99 x 10¹⁸ cm⁻³.
To know more about concentration visit:
https://brainly.com/question/16942697
#SPJ11
The Voigt model (also known as the Kelvin model) consists of a spring and a dashpot in parallel.
a. By using the Hooke’s and Newton’s law, determine the governing equation of the Voigt model.
b. Determine and describe using the Voigt model the case of
i) creep.
ii) stress relaxation
a. The governing equation of the Voigt model is σ_total = E_spring * ε + η * ε_dot. b. i) Creep: In creep, a constant load is applied to the material, resulting in continuous deformation of the spring component in the Voigt model. ii) Stress relaxation: In stress relaxation, a constant strain rate is applied to the dashpot component, causing the stress in the spring component to decrease over time.
What are the key components and behaviors of the Voigt model?a. The governing equation of the Voigt model can be determined by combining Hooke's law and Newton's law. Hooke's law states that the stress is proportional to the strain, while Newton's law relates the force to the rate of change of displacement.
For the spring component in the Voigt model, Hooke's law can be expressed as:
σ_spring = E_spring * ε
For the dashpot component, Newton's law can be expressed as:
σ_dashpot = η * ε_dot
The total stress in the Voigt model is the sum of the stress in the spring and the dashpot:
σ_total = σ_spring + σ_dashpot
Combining these equations, we get the governing equation of the Voigt model:
σ_total = E_spring * ε + η * ε_dot
b. In the Voigt model, creep and stress relaxation can be described as follows:
i) Creep: In creep, a constant load is applied to the material, and the material deforms over time. In the Voigt model, this can be represented by a constant stress applied to the spring component. The spring will deform continuously over time, while the dashpot component will not contribute to the deformation.
ii) Stress relaxation: In stress relaxation, a constant deformation is applied to the material, and the stress decreases over time. In the Voigt model, this can be represented by a constant strain rate applied to the dashpot component. The dashpot will continuously dissipate the stress, causing the stress in the spring component to decrease over time.
Learn more about Voigt
brainly.com/question/32009025
#SPJ11
What is the type number of the following system: G(s) = (s +2) /s^2(s +8) (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
To determine the type number of a system, we need to count the number of integrators in the open-loop transfer function. The system has a total of 2 integrators.
Given the transfer function G(s) = (s + 2) / (s^2 * (s + 8)), we can see that there are two integrators in the denominator (s^2 and s). The numerator (s + 2) does not contribute to the type number.
Therefore, the system has a total of 2 integrators.
The type number of a system is defined as the number of integrators in the open-loop transfer function plus one. In this case, the type number is 2 + 1 = 3.
The correct answer is (D) 3.
Learn more about integrators here
https://brainly.com/question/28992365
#SPJ11
Initial condition: P = 4 MPa mass = 2 kg saturated Process: Isometric Final condition: Final internal energy, U2 = 2550 = Kj/kg Required: Non-flow work
Given data Initial condition: P = 4 M Pa Mass, m = 2 kg Process: I some tric Final condition: Final internal energy, U2 = 2550 kJ/kg Required: Non-flow work Isometric process Isometric processes, also known as isovolumetric or isometric processes, occur when the volume of the system stays constant.
In other words, in this process, no work is performed since there is no movement of the system. As a result, for isometric processes, there is no change in the volume of the system.Non-flow workThe energy that is transferred from one part of a system to another, or from one system to another, in the absence of mass movement is referred to as non-flow work. This type of work does not involve any mass transport, such as moving a piston or fluid from one location to another in a flow machine.
Non-flow work is calculated by the formula mentioned below: W = U2 - U1WhereW is the non-flow work.U2 is the final internal energyU1 is the initial internal energy Calculation: Given,
[tex]P = 4 M Pam = 2 kgU2 = 2550 kJ/kg.[/tex]
The specific volume at an initial condition is calculated using the formula, V1 = m * Vf (saturated)Here, since it is a saturated liquid,
[tex]Vf (saturated) = 0.001043 m³/kgV1 = 2*0.001043 = 0.002086 m³/kg.[/tex]
The work done during an isometric process is given by the formula, W = 0 (since it is an isometric process)U1 = m * uf (saturated)
[tex]U1 = 2 * 417.4 kJ/kg = 834.8 kJ/kg[/tex]
Now, using the formula of non-flow work,
[tex]W = U2 - U1W = 2550 - 834.8W = 1715.2 kJ[/tex]
Answer: Therefore, non-flow work is 1715.2 kJ.
To know more about process visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14832369
#SPJ11
(a) A solid conical wooden cone (s=0.92), can just float upright with apex down. Denote the dimensions of the cone as R for its radius and H for its height. Determine the apex angle in degrees so that it can just float upright in water. (b) A solid right circular cylinder (s=0.82) is placed in oil(s=0.90). Can it float upright? Show calculations. The radius is R and the height is H. If it cannot float upright, determine the reduced height such that it can just float upright.
Given Data:S = 0.82 (Density of Solid)S₀ = 0.90 (Density of Oil)R (Radius)H (Height)Let us consider the case when the cylinder is fully submerged in oil. Hence, the buoyant force on the cylinder is equal to the weight of the oil displaced by the cylinder.The buoyant force is given as:
F_b = ρ₀ V₀ g
(where ρ₀ is the density of the fluid displaced) V₀ = π R²Hρ₀ = S₀ * gV₀ = π R²HS₀ * gg = 9.8 m/s²
Therefore, the buoyant force is F_b = S₀ π R²H * 9.8
The weight of the cylinder isW = S π R²H * 9.8
For the cylinder to float upright,F_b ≥ W.
Therefore, we get,S₀ π R²H * 9.8 ≥ S π R²H * 9.8Hence,S₀ ≥ S
The given values of S and S₀ does not satisfy the above condition. Hence, the cylinder will not float upright.Now, let us find the reduced height such that the cylinder can just float upright. Let the reduced height be h.
We have,S₀ π R²h * 9.8
= S π R²H * 9.8h
= H * S/S₀h
= 1.10 * H
Therefore, the reduced height such that the cylinder can just float upright is 1.10H.
To know more about buoyant force visit:
brainly.com/question/20165763
#SPJ4
Provide discrete time Fourier transform (DFT);
H(z)=1−6z−3
The D i s crete Time Fourier Transform (D T F T) of the given sequence H(n) = H(z) = 1 - 6z⁻³ is H([tex]e^{j\omega }[/tex]) = 1 - 6[tex]e^{-j^{3} \omega }[/tex]
How to find the d i s crete time Fourier transform?To find the D i s crete Time Fourier Transform (D T F T) of a given sequence, we have to express it in terms of its Z-transform.
The given sequence H(z) = 1 - 6z⁻³ can be represented as:
H(z) = 1 - 6z⁻³
= z⁻³ * (z³ - 6))
Now, let's calculate the D T F T of the sequence H(n) using its Z-transform representation:
H([tex]e^{j\omega }[/tex]) = Z { H(n) } = Z { z⁻³ * (z³ - 6))}
To calculate the D T F T, we substitute z = [tex]e^{j\omega }[/tex] into the Z-transform expression:
H([tex]e^{j\omega }[/tex]) = [tex]e^{j^{3} \omega }[/tex] * ([tex]e^{j^{3} \omega }[/tex] - 6)
Simplifying the expression, we have:
H([tex]e^{j\omega }[/tex]) = [tex]e^{-j^{3} \omega }[/tex] * [tex]e^{j^{3} \omega }[/tex] - 6[tex]e^{-j^{3} \omega }[/tex]
= [tex]e^{0}[/tex] - 6[tex]e^{-j^{3} \omega }[/tex]
= 1 - 6[tex]e^{-j^{3} \omega }[/tex]
Therefore, the Di screte Time Fourier Transform (D T F T) of the given sequence H(n) = H(z) = 1 - 6z⁻³ is H([tex]e^{j\omega }[/tex]) = 1 - 6[tex]e^{-j^{3} \omega }[/tex]
Read more about D is crete Fourier Transform at: https://brainly.com/question/28984681
#SPJ4
(b) Distinguish between "open loop control" and "closed loop control". (4 marks) (c) Discuss the reasons that "flexibility is necessary for manufacturing process. (4 marks) Hilla hitro (d) Discu
A safe work environment enhances the company's image and reputation, reduces the likelihood of lawsuits, and improves stakeholder relationships.
(b) Open Loop ControlOpen-loop control is a technique in which the control output is not connected to the input for sensing.
As a result, the input signal cannot be compared to the output signal, and the output is not adjusted in response to changes in the input.Closed Loop Control
In a closed-loop control system, the output signal is compared to the input signal.
The feedback loop provides input data to the controller, allowing it to adjust its output in response to any deviations between the input and output signals.
(c) Reasons for Flexibility in Manufacturing ProcessesThe following are some reasons why flexibility is essential in manufacturing processes:
New technologies and advances in technology occur regularly, and businesses must change how they operate to keep up with these trends.The need to offer new products necessitates a change in production processes.
New items must be launched to replace outdated ones or to capture new markets.
As a result, manufacturing firms must have the flexibility to transition from one product to another quickly.Effective manufacturing firms must be able to respond to alterations in the supply chain, such as an unexpected rise in demand or the unavailability of a necessary raw material, to remain competitive.
A flexible manufacturing system also allows for the adjustment of the production line to match the level of demand and customer preferences, reducing waste and increasing efficiency.(d) Discuss the Importance of Maintaining a Safe Workplace
A secure workplace can result in a variety of benefits, including increased morale and productivity among workers. The following are the reasons why maintaining a safe workplace is important:Employees' lives and well-being are protected, reducing the incidence of injuries and fatalities in the workplace.
The costs associated with occupational injuries and illnesses, such as medical treatment, workers' compensation, lost productivity, and legal costs, are reduced.
A safe work environment fosters teamwork and increases morale, resulting in greater job satisfaction, loyalty, and commitment among workers.
The business can reduce the number of missed workdays, reduce turnover, and increase productivity by having fewer workplace accidents and injuries.
Overall, a safe work environment enhances the company's image and reputation, reduces the likelihood of lawsuits, and improves stakeholder relationships.
To know more about Loop visit;
brainly.com/question/14390367
#SPJ11
Help to determine the specifications (unstretched length and spring constant k) for the elastic cord to be used at a bungee-jumping facility. Participants are to jump from a platform 45m above the ground. When they rebound, they must avoid an obstacle that extends 5m below the point at which they jump.
Establish reasonable safety limits for the minimum distance by which participants must avoid the ground and obstacle whilst accounting for different weights for each participant
(you may specify the maximum allowable weight for participant).
We need to consider the safety limits for the minimum distance participants must avoid the ground and obstacle while accounting for different weights. The maximum allowable weight for a participant should be specified to ensure the cord can safely support their weight without excessive stretching or breaking.
The unstretched length of the elastic cord should be determined based on the desired minimum distance between the participant and the ground or obstacle during the rebound. This distance should provide an adequate safety margin to account for variations in jumping techniques and unforeseen circumstances. It is recommended to set the minimum distance to be significantly greater than the length of the cord to ensure participant safety. The spring constant, or stiffness, of the elastic cord should be selected based on the maximum allowable weight of the participants. A higher spring constant is required for heavier participants to prevent excessive stretching of the cord and maintain the desired rebound characteristics.
The spring constant can be determined through testing and analysis to ensure it can handle the maximum weight while providing the desired level of elasticity and safety. Overall, determining the specifications for the elastic cord involves considering the maximum weight of participants, setting reasonable safety limits for the minimum distances to the ground and obstacle, and selecting appropriate values for the unstretched length and spring constant of the cord to ensure participant safety and an enjoyable bungee-jumping experience.
Learn more about elastic cord here:
https://brainly.com/question/8983527
#SPJ11
A safety valve of 80 mm diameter is to blow off at a pressure of 1.5 N/mm². it is held on is close coiled helical spring. The maximum lift of the valve is 12 mm. Design a suitable congression spring of spring index 6 and provide an initial compression of 35 mm. The spring is made of patented and cold-drawn steel wire with an ultimate tensile strength of 1500 N/mm² mnd a modahs of ripidity of 80 kN/mm². The permissible shear stress for the spring wire should be taken as 30% of the ultimate tensile strength. Calculate:
1). Diameter of the spring wire, 2). Mean coil diameter, 3). The number of active turns, and 4). The total number of turns.
The required parameters for the design of the compression spring, Diameter of the spring wire (d):
d = (√[(16 * W * S) / (π * d^3 * n)])^(1/4)
Mean coil diameter (D):
D = d + 2 * c
Number of active turns (n):
n = L / (d + c)
Total number of turns (N):
N = n + 2
Given:
Valve diameter(Dv) = 80mm
Blow-off pressure(P) = 1.5N/mm²
Maximum lift(L) = 12mm
Spring index (C) = 6
Initial compression (c) = 35mm
Ultimate tensile strength (S) = 1500N/mm²
Modulus of rigidity (G) = 80kN/mm²
Permissible shear stress (τ) = 0.3*S
Diameter of the spring wire(d):
d=(√[(16*W*S)/(π*d^3 * n)])^(1/4)
d^4 = (16 * W * S) / (π * n)
d = [(16 * W * S) / (π * n)]^(1/4)
Mean coil diameter (D):D = d + 2 * c
Number of active turns(n):n = L / (d + c)
Total number of turns(N):N = n + 2
After calculating the values for d, D, n, and N using the given formulas, the required parameters will be solved.
Learn more about spring design here:
https://brainly.com/question/30427113
#SPJ11
A bathtub with dimensions 8’x5’x4’ is being filled at the rate
of 10 liters per minute. How long does it take to fill the bathtub
to the 3’ mark?
The time taken to fill the bathtub to the 3’ mark is approximately 342.86 minutes.
The dimensions of a bathtub are 8’x5’x4’. The bathtub is being filled at the rate of 10 liters per minute, and we have to find how long it will take to fill the bathtub to the 3’ mark.
Solution:
The volume of the bathtub is given by multiplying its length, breadth, and height: Volume = Length × Breadth × Height = 8 ft × 5 ft × 4 ft = 160 ft³.
If the bathtub is filled to the 3’ mark, the volume of water filled is given by: Volume filled = Length × Breadth × Height = 8 ft × 5 ft × 3 ft = 120 ft³.
The volume of water to be filled is equal to the volume filled: Volume of water to be filled = Volume filled = 120 ft³.
To calculate the rate of water filled, we need to convert the unit from liters/minute to ft³/minute. Given 1 liter = 0.035 ft³, 10 liters will be equal to 0.35 ft³. Therefore, the rate of water filled is 0.35 ft³/minute.
Now, we can calculate the time taken to fill the bathtub to the 3’ mark using the formula: Time = Volume filled / Rate of water filled. Plugging in the values, we get Time = 120 ft³ / 0.35 ft³/minute = 342.86 minutes (approx).
In conclusion, it takes approximately 342.86 minutes to fill the bathtub to the 3’ mark.
Learn more about volume
https://brainly.com/question/24086520
#SPJ11
Consider the C, and c₂ of a gas kept at room temperature is 27.5 J. mol-¹.K-¹ and 35.8 J. mol-¹. K-¹. Find the atomicity of the gas
Therefore, the atomicity of the gas is 3.5
Given:
Cp = 27.5 J. mol⁻¹.K⁻¹Cv = 35.8 J. mol⁻¹.K⁻¹We know that, Cp – Cv = R
Where, R is gas constant for the given gas.
So, R = Cp – Cv
Put the values of Cp and Cv,
we getR = 27.5 J. mol⁻¹.K⁻¹ – 35.8 J. mol⁻¹.K⁻¹= -8.3 J. mol⁻¹.K⁻¹
For monoatomic gas, degree of freedom (f) = 3
And, for diatomic gas, degree of freedom (f) = 5
Now, we know that atomicity of gas (n) is given by,
n = (f + 2)/2
For the given gas,
n = (f + 2)/2 = (5+2)/2 = 3.5
Therefore, the atomicity of the gas is 3.5.We found the value of R for the given gas using the formula Cp – Cv = R. After that, we applied the formula of atomicity of gas to find its value.
To know more about atomicity visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1566330
#SPJ11
In a diffusion welding process, the process temperature is 642 °C. Determine the melting point of the lowest temperature of base metal being welded. For the toolbar, press ALT+F10 (PC) or ALT+FN+F10 (Mac).
To determine the melting point of the base metal being welded in a diffusion welding process, we need to compare the process temperature with the melting points of various metals. By identifying the lowest temperature base metal and its corresponding melting point, we can determine if it will melt or remain solid during the welding process.
1. Identify the lowest temperature base metal involved in the welding process. This could be determined based on the composition of the materials being welded. 2. Research the melting point of the identified base metal. The melting point is the temperature at which the metal transitions from a solid to a liquid state.
3. Compare the process temperature of 642 °C with the melting point of the base metal. If the process temperature is lower than the melting point, the base metal will remain solid during the welding process. However, if the process temperature exceeds the melting point, the base metal will melt. 4. By considering the melting points of various metals commonly used in welding processes, such as steel, aluminum, or copper, we can determine which metal has the lowest melting point and establish its corresponding value. By following these steps and obtaining the melting point of the lowest temperature base metal being welded, we can assess whether it will melt or remain solid at the process temperature of 642 °C.
Learn more about welding process from here:
https://brainly.com/question/29654991
#SPJ11
Compute the stress in the wall of a sphere having an inside diameter of 300 mm and a wall thickness of 1.50 mm when carrying nitrogen gas at 3500kPa internal pressure. First, determine if it is thin-walled. Stress in the wall = ___ MPa. a 177 b 179 c 181 d 175
The given values are:Diameter of the sphere, d = 300 mm wall thickness, t = 1.50 mm Internal pressure, P = 3500 kPa
The formula to calculate the hoop stress in a thin-walled sphere is given by the following equation:σ = PD/4tThe given sphere is thin-walled if the wall thickness is less than 1/20th of the diameter. To check whether the given sphere is thin-walled or not, we can calculate the ratio of the wall thickness to the diameter.t/d = 1.50/300 = 0.005If the ratio is less than 0.05, then the sphere is thin-walled. As the ratio in this case is 0.005 which is less than 0.05, the sphere is thin-walled.
Substituting the given values in the formula, we have:σ = 3500 × 300 / 4 × 1.5 = 525000 / 6 = 87500 kPa
To convert kPa into MPa, we divide by 1000.
σ = 87500 / 1000 = 87.5 MPa
Therefore, the stress in the wall of the sphere is 87.5 MPa.
The given problem requires us to calculate the stress in the wall of a sphere which is carrying nitrogen gas at an internal pressure of 3500 kPa. We are given the inside diameter of the sphere which is 300 mm and the wall thickness of the sphere which is 1.5 mm.
To calculate the stress in the wall, we can use the formula for hoop stress in a thin-walled sphere which is given by the following equation:σ = PD/4t
where σ is the hoop stress in the wall, P is the internal pressure, D is the diameter of the sphere, and t is the wall thickness of the sphere.
Firstly, we need to determine if the given sphere is thin-walled. A sphere is thin-walled if the wall thickness is less than 1/20th of the diameter. Therefore, we can calculate the ratio of the wall thickness to the diameter which is given by:
t/d = 1.5/300 = 0.005If the ratio is less than 0.05, then the sphere is thin-walled. In this case, the ratio is 0.005 which is less than 0.05. Hence, the given sphere is thin-walled.
Substituting the given values in the formula for hoop stress, we have:σ = 3500 × 300 / 4 × 1.5 = 525000 / 6 = 87500 kPa
To convert kPa into MPa, we divide by 1000.σ = 87500 / 1000 = 87.5 MPa
Therefore, the stress in the wall of the sphere is 87.5 MPa.
The stress in the wall of the sphere carrying nitrogen gas at an internal pressure of 3500 kPa is 87.5 MPa. The given sphere is thin-walled as the ratio of the wall thickness to the diameter is less than 0.05.
Learn more about hoop stress here:
brainly.com/question/14330093
#SPJ11
Equation: y=5-x^x
Numerical Differentiation 3. Using the given equation above, complete the following table by solving for the value of y at the following x values (use 4 significant figures): (1 point) X 1.00 1.01 1.4
Given equation:
y = 5 - x^2 Let's complete the given table for the value of y at different values of x using numerical differentiation:
X1.001.011.4y = 5 - x²3.00004.980100000000014.04000000000001y
= 3.9900 y
= 3.9798y
= 0.8400h
= 0.01h
= 0.01h
= 0.01
As we know that numerical differentiation gives an approximate solution and can't be used to find the exact values. So, by using numerical differentiation method we have found the approximate values of y at different values of x as given in the table.
To know more about complete visit:
https://brainly.com/question/29843117
#SPJ11
Question 2 16 Points a (16) After inspection, it is found that there is an internal crack inside of an alloy with a full width of 0.4 mm and a curvature radius of 5x10⁻³ mm, and there is also a surface crack on this alloy with a full width of 0.1 mm and a curvature radius of 1x10⁻³ mm. Under an applied tensile stress of 50 MPa, (a) What is the maximum stress around the internal crack and the surface crack? (8 points)
(b) For the surface crack, if the critical stress for its propagation is 900 MPa, will this surface crack propagate? (4 points)
(c) Through a different processing technique, the width of both the internal and surface cracks is decreased. With decreased crack width, how will the fracture toughness and critical stress for crack growth change? (4 points)
(a) The maximum stress around the internal crack can be determined using the formula for stress concentration factor (Kt) for internal cracks. Kt is given by Kt = 1 + 2a/r, where 'a' is the crack half-width and 'r' is the curvature radius. Substituting the values, we have Kt = 1 + 2(0.4 mm)/(5x10⁻³ mm). Therefore, Kt = 81. The maximum stress around the internal crack is then obtained by multiplying the applied stress by the stress concentration factor: Maximum stress = Kt * Applied stress = 81 * 50 MPa = 4050 MPa.
Similarly, for the surface crack, the stress concentration factor (Kt) can be calculated using Kt = 1 + √(2a/r), where 'a' is the crack half-width and 'r' is the curvature radius. Substituting the values, we have Kt = 1 + √(2(0.1 mm)/(1x10⁻³ mm)). Simplifying this, Kt = 15. The maximum stress around the surface crack is then obtained by multiplying the applied stress by the stress concentration factor: Maximum stress = Kt * Applied stress = 15 * 50 MPa = 750 MPa.
(b) To determine if the surface crack will propagate, we compare the maximum stress around the crack (750 MPa) with the critical stress for crack propagation (900 MPa). Since the maximum stress (750 MPa) is lower than the critical stress for propagation (900 MPa), the surface crack will not propagate under the applied tensile stress of 50 MPa.
(c) With decreased crack width, the fracture toughness of the material is expected to increase. A smaller crack width reduces the stress concentration at the crack tip, making the material more resistant to crack propagation. Therefore, the fracture toughness will increase. Additionally, the critical stress for crack growth is inversely proportional to the crack width. As the crack width decreases, the critical stress for crack growth will also decrease. This means that a smaller crack will require a lower stress for it to propagate.
To know more about Stress visit-
brainly.com/question/30530774
#SPJ11
5. (14 points) Steam expands isentropically in a piston-cylinder arrangement from a pressure of P1=2MPa and a temperature of T1=500 K to a saturated vapor at State2. a. Draw this process on a T-S diagram. b. Calculate the mass-specific entropy at State 1 . c. What is the mass-specific entropy at State 2? d. Calculate the pressure and temperature at State 2.
The pressure and temperature at State 2 are P2 = 1.889 MPa and T2 = 228.49°C.
a) The isentropic expansion process from state 1 to state 2 is shown on the T-S diagram below:b) The mass-specific entropy at State 1 (s1) can be determined using the following expression:s1 = c_v ln(T) - R ln(P)where, c_v is the specific heat at constant volume, R is the specific gas constant for steam.The specific heat at constant volume can be determined from steam tables as:
c_v = 0.718 kJ/kg.K
Substituting the given values in the equation above, we get:s1 = 0.718 ln(500) - 0.287 ln(2) = 1.920 kJ/kg.Kc) State 2 is a saturated vapor state, hence, the mass-specific entropy at State 2 (s2) can be determined by using the following equation:
s2 = s_f + x * (s_g - s_f)where, s_f and s_g are the mass-specific entropy values at the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states, respectively. x is the quality of the vapor state.Substituting the given values in the equation above, we get:s2 = 1.294 + 0.831 * (7.170 - 1.294) = 6.099 kJ/kg.Kd) Using steam tables, the pressure and temperature at State 2 can be determined by using the following steps:Step 1: Determine the quality of the vapor state using the following expression:x = (h - h_f) / (h_g - h_f)where, h_f and h_g are the specific enthalpies at the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states, respectively.
Substituting the given values, we get:x = (3270.4 - 191.81) / (2675.5 - 191.81) = 0.831Step 2: Using the quality determined in Step 1, determine the specific enthalpy at State 2 using the following expression:h = h_f + x * (h_g - h_f)Substituting the given values, we get:h = 191.81 + 0.831 * (2675.5 - 191.81) = 3270.4 kJ/kgStep 3: Using the specific enthalpy determined in Step 2, determine the pressure and temperature at State 2 from steam tables.Pressure at state 2:P2 = 1.889 MPaTemperature at state 2:T2 = 228.49°C
Therefore, the pressure and temperature at State 2 are P2 = 1.889 MPa and T2 = 228.49°C.
Learn more about pressure :
https://brainly.com/question/30638002
#SPJ11
A new cast iron pipe must carry 1.2m®/s and a head loss of 5m per km length of pipe. Compute the diameter of the pipe using: Hazen-Williams Formula. C= 120 a. b. Mannings Formula, n = 0.012 C. Darcy-Weishback Formula, f= 0.02
The diameter of the pipe as 0.266m
Given, The velocity of flow = 1.2 m/s
The head loss per km length of pipe = 5 m
Hazan-Williams Formula is given by;
Q = (C × D^2.63 × S^0.54) / 10001)
Hazen-Williams Formula;
Hence, we can write, Q = A × V = π/4 × D^2 × VQ = (C × D^2.63 × S^0.54) / 1000π/4 × D^2 × V = (C × D^2.63 × S^0.54) / 1000π/4 × D^2 = (C × D^2.63 × S^0.54) / 1000V = 1.2 m/s, S = 5/1000 = 0.005D = [(C × D^2.63 × S^0.54) / 1000 × V]^(1/2)
By substituting the values we get,D = [(120 × D^2.63 × 0.005^0.54) / 1000 × 1.2]^(1/2)D = 0.266 m
Therefore, the diameter of the pipe is 0.266 m.
From the above calculations, we have found the diameter of the pipe as 0.266m using the Hazan-Williams formula.
#SPJ11