Answer:
Introduction
Cellular respiration is one of the most elegant, majestic, and fascinating metabolic pathways on earth. At the same time, it’s also one of the most complicated. When I learned about it for the first time, I felt like I had tripped and fallen into a can of organic-chemistry-flavored alphabet soup!
Luckily, cellular respiration is not so scary once you get to know it. Let's start by looking at cellular respiration at a high level, walking through the four major stages and tracing how they connect up to one another.
Steps of cellular respiration
Overview of the steps of cellular respiration.
1. Glycolysis. Six-carbon glucose is converted into two pyruvates (three carbons each). ATP and NADH are made. These reactions take place in the cytosol.
2. Pyruvate oxidation. Pyruvate travels into the mitochondrial matrix and is converted to a two-carbon molecule bound to coenzyme A, called acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is made.
3. Citric acid cycle. The acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP (or, in some cases, GTP), NADH, and FADH_2 are made, and carbon dioxide is released. These reactions take place in the mitochondrial matrix.
4. Oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH and FADH_2 produced in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space, forming a gradient. The protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
Overview of the steps of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis. Six-carbon glucose is converted into two pyruvates (three carbons each). ATP and NADH are made. These reactions take place in the cytosol.
Pyruvate oxidation. Pyruvate travels into the mitochondrial matrix and is converted to a two-carbon molecule bound to coenzyme A, called acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is made.
Citric acid cycle. The acetyl CoA combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP (or, in some cases, GTP), NADH, and FADH_2 are made, and carbon dioxide is released. These reactions take place in the mitochondrial matrix.
Oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH and FADH_2 produced in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space, forming a gradient. The protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.
During cellular respiration, a glucose molecule is gradually broken down into carbon dioxide and water. Along the way, some ATP is produced directly in the reactions that transform glucose. Much more ATP, however, is produced later in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation is powered by the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain, a series of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
These electrons come originally from glucose and are shuttled to the electron transport chain by electron carriers \text{NAD}^+NAD
+
start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript and \text{FAD}FADstart text, F, A, D, end text, which become \text{NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text and \text{FADH}_2FADH
2
start text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript when they gain electrons. To be clear, this is what's happening in the diagram above when it says ++plus \text {NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text or ++plus \text{FADH}_2FADH
2
start text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript. The molecule isn't appearing from scratch, it's just being converted to its electron-carrying form:
\text {NAD}^+NAD
+
start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript ++plus 2 e^-2e
−
2, e, start superscript, minus, end superscript ++plus 2 \text H^+2H
+
2, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript \rightarrow→right arrow \text {NADH}NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text ++plus \text H^+H
+
start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript
\text {FAD}FADstart text, F, A, D, end text ++plus 2e^-2e
−
2, e, start superscript, minus, end superscript ++plus 2 \text H^+2H
+
2, start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript \rightarrow→right arrow \text {FADH}_2FADH
2
How many grams of carbohydrate are in 2 cups of fruit juice ,1 cup of raw spinach,and 1 cup of mashed potatoes?
Answer:
Explanation:
According to a quick online search we can say that the items listed in the question have the following grams of carbohydates each.
2 cups of Fruit Juice which contains 498 grams would have a total of 66 grams of carbohydrates
1 cup of raw spinach only contains 1 gram of carbohydrates while its cooked counterpart would contain 7 grams per cup.
1 cup of mashed potatoes weighing a 242 grams would have a total of 35 grams of carbohydrates
Describe the nervous response pathway when you taste something bad and spit it out. Using these keywords: stimulus, chemical receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, muscles, response, electrical impulse, chemicals
Answer: Nervous system includes the brain which is the main center for interpreting various stimuli in the environment.
Explanation:
The nervous system detects the food stimulus. The chemical receptors present in the tongue detects the chemicals present in the food. These receptors send the impulses to the sensory neuron present in the brain. The impulse is then transmitted to the relay neuron then to motor neuron and then finally to the muscles of the mouth. The muscles of the mouth help in spitting the food as the sensory neurons help in detecting the taste of the food and find it either edible or non-edible.
Why are protists discussed in groups like animal, plant, fungus
Give examples of three paramedic plants
Answer:
In other side there are 10 common medicinal plants
lavendarthymemintaloe vera basilsunflowers e.t.cExplanation:
hope it helps you ^^
Imagine that you are standing in a field and you see a group of butterflies. You notice an individual butterfly that looks significantly different from the others in the population. Its difference allows the butterfly to escape predation more efficiently than the other butterflies. How might this trait have arisen in the individual
Answer:
Explanation:
Mutation is a sudden change in the genome of an organism that is heritable.
Mutation occur due to a spontaneous change in the sequence of a gene, it can occur during DNA (deoxyribonucliec acid) replication, mitosis, meiosis. Some mutation are beneficial, some are detrimental while some could be deleterious. Mutation is a rare occurrence usually one in several hundreds or thousand
The unique traits that was reveal in the bird is due to mutation, it is beneficial because it kept it away from predation it is a rare case.
Match each digestive Juice or enzyme to the organ where it performs.
Explanation:
hope it helps
mark me brainliest please
prepare a question aire to know about interdependence between the biotic and abiotic component
Answer: The biotic components of the environment are the living which beings that interact with the abiotic component of the environment. Abiotic components are non-living like air, water, soil, atmosphere, and others. The biotic components require abiotic components for their survival and the abiotic components get recycled due to the utilization by the living beings.
Explanation:
Questionnaire that can be related with the interdependence of the biotic and abiotic component:
1. How abiotic components are related to biotic components?
2. How abiotic components affect the functioning and survival of the biotic components?
3. What will be the impact on biotic components if all the abiotic factors are removed from their surrounding environment?
4. How water cycle gets disturbed due to deforestation?
5. How carbon cycle gets affected by the deforestation and pollution increases in the region of deforestation?
Which molecule is used to cut out a section of DNA? A. Restriction endonuclease. B. Reverse transcriptase C. Gel electrophoresis D. DNA polymerase
Animals are hetrophic and need to consume food in order to survive. What process in plant cells is similar to animals eating food for energy
A)vacuoles storing energy for later use in plant growth.
B)chloroplasts using radiant energy to allow the cell to function
C) Ribosomes moving energy different parts of the cell
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The process that B is referring to is called photosynthesis. The plant takes in energy from the sun, and then converts it to sugar, which is the plant's food. Hope this helps!
The trait for tall pea plants is (T) and the trait for short pea plants is (t). The trait for smooth pea plants is (R) and the trait for wrinkled is (r).Two plants are crossed producing a F1 generation of plants with 612 tall and smooth pea plants and 188 short and wrinkled pea plants.What would be the most likely genotype of the parental generation?
Answer:
P generation = TtRr × TtRr i.e both parents were heterozygote for both traits
Explanation:
This question involves two genes encoding the height and texture in pea plants respectively. The alleles for tall and smooth pea traits are dominant over the alelles for short and wrinkled traits.
According to this question, two plants are crossed to produce F1 offsprings as follows: 612 tall and smooth pea plants and 188 short and wrinkled pea plants.
First, we turn this derived number of offsprings into ratio by dividing by the smallest number (188)
612/188 : 188/188
3.25 : 1
Approximately; we can say this is 3 (tall and smooth) : 1 (short and wrinkled)
Based on this ratio, which was got by Mendel for his F1 offsprings when he crossed pea plants, the parental generation has a heterozygous genotype (TtRr).
Why might it benefit your compost to add earthworms to the mix?
Answer:
earthworms benefit the soil
Explanation:
I’ll mark brainliest if right
Answer:
b should be the correct answer
Explanation:
Answer:
i belive it is the second one TT and tt
Explanation:
i used the punnint sqaure thingy to help
The bullfrog and the Northern cricket frog both reside in eastern pine forests and use many of the
same limited resources. The relationship between these two amphibians is a form of -
O A predation
O B. competition
o c. parasitism
D.
gommensalism
Explicitly explain how a living organism obtains energy after eating.
Answer:
Explanation:
Tiny bits of the food you ate break down into a simple sugar called glucose. In your cells, energy from the sugar is released when oxygen and glucose combine in a reaction. The reaction produces water, carbon dioxide, and energy in the form of ATP. This chemical process is happening all the time in your cells.
according to newtons 2nd law of motion if the force acting on the object stays the same but the mass increases what is most likely to happen to the acceleration of the object?
A. aceleration will decrease
b. acceleration with increase
c. acceleratin will change but the speed and direction will remain constant,
d. acceleration will remain the same.
Answer:
D
Explanation:
I had this question before and this is the guaranteed answer
Which characteristics do many protest share with bacteria and archae
Answer:
They are microbes and prokaryotes (no nucleus and they have a lack of membrane-bound organelles). They can be unicellular or multicellular (mostly unicellular)
Hope this helped!
Have a supercalifragilisticexpialidocious day!
What has to happen to atmospheric
nitrogen in order for it to become
available to plants?
Answer:
To be used by plants, the N2 must be transformed through a process called nitrogen fixation. Fixation converts nitrogen in the atmosphere into forms that plants can absorb through their root systems.
Explanation:
which is biotic
wind
iron gate
sunlight
leaf
Answer:
leaf
Explanation:
leaves come from trees, which are living things
Answer:
D. Leaf
Explanation:
The glucose transporter used by cells to obtain glucose from the media is a protein embedded in the membrane. When researchers first started to investigate the glucose transporter's structure they had trouble because it seemed to have 2 differnet shapes! Eventually they realized that the glucose transporter changes shape as it moves glucose into the cell but does not require energy to do it's work. Which of the following is the best description for the glucose transporter?
a. It's a carrier protein doing facillitated diffusion
b. It's a carrier protein doing active transport
c. It's a protein channel doing facillitated diffusion
d. It's a protein channel doing active transport
Answer:
a. It's a carrier protein doing facillitated diffusion
Explanation:
Facilitated diffusion may be defined as the transportation of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration that is down the concentration gradient without input of the energy. Whereas the active transport is transportation of the molecules from the low concentration to the high concentration which is against concentration gradient by the membrane protein.
The glucose transportation process requires membrane protein for the transport and does not require any energy. Therefore, it is carrier protein which is doing the facilitated diffusion.
Describe one item of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be separate bacteria
Answer:
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
Explanation:
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
Which statement correctly describes the monomer of proteins?
They are a major component of cell membranes.
They help with the regulation of blood glucose.
They are used to store genetic information.
They are made up of several different amino acids.
Answer:they are made up of several different amino acids
Explanation:
describe the phases of the mitosis and what occurs during each phase? please help:)
Prophase - chromosomes are visible as paired chromatids, nuclear envelope disappears.
Prometaphase - duplicated genetic material in the nucleus of parent cell is carried into identical daughter cells.
Metaphase - chromosomes align at center of cell before being separated into daughter cells.
Anaphase - chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the spindle
Telophase - chromosomes/chromatids move to opposite sides of cell, two nuclei are formed.
When human undergo anaerobic respiration , they
When humans and other animals lack sufficient oxygen, they'll create ATP through a form of anaerobic respiration that produces lactic acid as a byproduct. ... Yes 'Anaerobic' means 'without oxygen. Cells will produce ATP through lactic acid fermentation only under when they lack sufficient oxygen.
Answer:
They experience sore muscles
Explanation:
Have a nice day lol <3
Trees contribute ____ in the city and countryside. Imagine a land with plenty of trees, grasses and flowers of different colors, sizes aand shapes.
a. Beauty
b. Freshness
c. Coolness
d. Stability
Answer:
beauty and freshness both
What are 5 producers in the ocean?
What causes the earths tides; describe the conditions for the largest tides?
Answer:
Earth's rotation and the gravitational pull of the sun and moon create tides on our planet. Because the sun is so much larger than the moon (27 million times more masssive), it has a much bigger graviational pull on Earth.
In sweet pea plants, purple flower color is dominant over red flower color and long pollen grain shape is dominant over round pollen grain shape. Two sweet pea plants that we heterozygous for both flower color and pollen grain shape are crossed with one another. A geneticistis surprised to observe that there are fewer round purple offspring and long red offspring than were predicted by the 9:3:3:1 expected phenotypie ratio Which of the following statements provides the most reasonable prediction to account for the deviation from the expected results?
A) in sweet pea plants, the gene for flower color and the gene for pollen grain shape are genetically linked
B) In sweet pea plants the genes for flower color and for pollen grain shape both exhibit codominance
C) Several mutations occurred spontaneously producing a deviation from the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring
D) The genes for flower color and pollen grain shape are inherited independently because of the law of independent assortment
Answer:
The correct answer is - option A) in sweet pea plants, the gene for flower color and the gene for pollen grain shape are genetically linked.
Explanation:
In this given case the result of phenotypes are not as expected and does not follow the law of independent assortment presented by Mendel. It appears to be the case of genetic linkage as it is not following the mendelian law by producing fewer round purple offspring and long red offspring which do not satisfy the expected mendelian ratio of 9:3:3:1. Mutation can lead to failure in producing proteins but could not affect the phenotypic ratio of the plant.
Thus, the correct answer is - option A.
Medel was the Father of Genetics, who gave the laws on independent assortment, dominance, and segregation of the genes.
However, there are some exception that violates these laws, such as genetic linkage is one of the exceptions that violates the law of independent assortment.
The correct answer is:
Option A. in sweet pea plants, the gene for flower color and the gene for pollen grain shape are genetically linked
In the given data, the results can be interpreted as:
The Law of independent assortment states that the two or more alleles of different genes are assorted independently. In the given example, the genetic linkage occurs, which does not follow the ratio of 9:3:3:1. The genetic linkage does not follow the law of independent assortment, which results in fewer purple offspring.Thus, mutation can cause the failure of Mendel laws and can affect the phenotypic traits of an organism.
Therefore, Option A is correct.
To know more about genetic linkages, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/5485535
How does energy from the Sun travel to Earth?
through radiation
through convection
through conduction
through the movement of particles
Answer:
A
Explanation:
its right on the enviromental systems cumlative exam on edg 2021
The energy from the Sun travel to Earth through radiation.
Heat transfer by radiation
Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not require a material medium for the heat transfer process.
Energy transfer from the sunThe energy transfer from the sun reaches the earth through radiation process since the the energy travels in wave form.
Thus, the energy from the Sun travel to Earth through radiation.
Learn more about radiation here: https://brainly.com/question/24469662
Scientists create models to help make sense of the natural world. Models are powerful tools that help scientists predict how
things work. Models should be scientifically testable. When a model fails to predict correctly, the model must be revised or
replaced.
Which of these would be the BEST example of a model that could be used represent an animal or plant cell as a drawing to
illustrate the parts of the cell?
A)
computer model
B)
mental image model
C)
two dimensional model
D)
three dimensional model
Answer:
I'm pretty sure its D
Explanation:
Answer:
i think d
Explanation:
Please answer quick!
Answer:
im pretty sure its A. have a nice day!