In eukaryotic organisms, interaction betweeh Cytoskeleton and cell membrane organelles is most important for cell shape, tensile strength, and communication between cells.
The cytoskeleton is a complicated, dynamical system of interrelating protein filaments found in all cells, including bacteria and archaea. It extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane in eukaryotes and is made up of similar proteins in different organisms. In a eukaryotic cell, the cytoplasm is everything inside the cell membrane that is not the nucleus. The cytoskeleton is a "skeleton" that runs through the cytoplasm. Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments are the three major cytoskeleton fibres.
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Please help me very fast
what cellular macromolecules make up the complement pathway? what cellular macromolecules make up the complement pathway? carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins
Proteins are the biological macromolecules that make it up the complement pathway.
Each and every living thing contains organic molecules like lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.Large carbon-based structures make up these macromolecules.Through a chemical process known as dehydration synthesis, numerous smaller units, known as monomers, are joined together to form the macromolecules.
How do lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids differ from carbohydrates?Amino acid polymers make up proteins.Nitrogen is a part of the amino group that is connected to the -carbon atom in amino acids.The nitrogen in nucleic acids is found inside the nitrogenous bases, that make up nucleotides.Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen make up lipids and carbohydrates.
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The most common neuron of the nervous system is the
externoceptor.
interneuron.
bipolar neuron.
microglial cell.
unipolar neuron.
The most common neuron of the nervous system is the interneuron. The correct option is B.
What is interneuron?Interneurons serve as a "go-between" for afferent, or sensory, neurons that receive signals from the peripheral nervous system and efferent, or motor, neurons that transmit signals from the brain. It also communicates with other interneurons through its connections.
The interneuron is the most common type of neuron in the nervous system. Interneurons, as the name implies, are the ones in the middle, connecting spinal motor and sensory neurons.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Which statement (or statements) describes a mechanism by which the active site of an enzyme can lower the EA of an exergonic reaction? The active site may orient two substrates such that a collision becomes more likely within a small interval of time The active site may stress and bend the bonds of the substrate (or substrates) making those bonds more likely to break in a small interval of time The active site may transfer H+ ions to ot from the substrate making a reaction more likely in a given interval of time The active site may form one or more covalent bonds with the substrate (or substrates) making a the reaction more likely in a small interval of time All of the above
The active site of an enzyme can lower the EA of an exergonic reaction by stressing and bending the bonds of the substrate (or substrates) making those bonds more likely to break in a small interval of time.
WHAT IS ACTIVATION ENERGY?
In chemistry, activation energy is the minimal amount of energy needed to bring atoms or molecules into a state where they can undergo chemical transformation or physical transport.
By bending the molecules of the substrate in a way that makes bond-breaking easier and aids in transitioning to the transition state, the enzyme-substrate complex can also reduce activation energy. Enzymes do not alter the G value of a reaction. They remain the same whether a reaction is generally exergonic or endergonic.
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for the rna molecule shown, write out the sequence of the bases on the template and nontemplate strands of dna from which this rna is transcribed.
The RNA molecule will be produced in an antiparallel manner, include uracil, and be complementary to the dna.The pattern would be: The RNA strand has same sequence also as non-template DNA strand
Nontemplate Strand:What Is It?Because its sequence should match that of new RNA molecule, the nontemplate thread is known as the coding strand.The nontemplate string for other genes on the same chromosome may be the DNA strand that acts as the template for one gene in the majority of animals.
What does a DNA non-coding strand do?The pro DNA strand of the a gene is called antisense.In a cell, messenger RNA (mRNA), that controls the synthesis of a protein, is produced using antisense DNA as a template.
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11. the chihuahua is a dog that exista because of a. natural selection b. artificial selection c. resistance. d. abiotic factors
Answer:
B. artificial selection
Explanation:
What is the most important reason a cell exhibits tight transcriptional control over the regulation of gene expression?.
For most genes transcriptional controls are paramount. This makes sense because, of all the possible control points illustrated in Figure 7-5, only transcriptional control ensures that the cell will not synthesize superfluous intermediates.
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Refer to Model 2. Study the bone arrangement in the bird and whale. Propose an explanation for
the similarity of elongated bone arrangement in the lower parts of the forelimb (metacarpals and
phalanges), given the differences in the animals?
how are the ranks going in end with the same the big animals
Individuals that are heterozygous for a deletion of a locus on chromosome 11 show severe developmental disorders and growth abnormalities, but only when the deletion is inherited from the mother. The cause of these phenotypes has been localized to a promoter sequence located within a CpG island.
What epigenetic mark would you predict to be found on this imprinted promoter?
The anomalies in the promoter sequence have been identified as the source of these symptoms, but only when the deletion is inherited from the mother.
What part does a CpG island play in imprinting?CpG islands are helpful loci for genes in species whose genomes contain 5-methylcytosine. Furthermore, CpG islands in the promoter regions of genes can be crucial in the silencing of genes during procedures like X-chromosome inactivation, imprinting, and the silencing of intragenomic parasites.
When DNA is methylated at CpG islands, what happens to gene expression?It is possible to recruit repressive methyl-binding proteins, inhibit transcription factor binding, and permanently mute gene expression by methylating CpG islands.
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if you had to advise a farmer about what light level is best for growing potatoes, which light level would you suggest? if you had to advise a farmer about what light level is best for growing potatoes, which light level would you suggest? 0% par 50% par 100% par 150% par 200% par
The answer should be Minimum of 500-700 µmol m-2 s-1.
Plant potatoes in a sunny location that receives at least 6 hours of direct sunshine every day. Tubers require rich, loose, well-drained soil to thrive; hard or compacted soil results in deformed tubers. The soil should be somewhat acidic (pH 5.8 to 6.5) and at least 45o to 55oF (7° to 13°C).
Can you grow potatoes under a grow light?
You can grow potatoes indoors all year if you have a sunny window or grow lights! You only need a bucket, a glass of water, some toothpicks, and soil to start growing potatoes inside. Potatoes are a great source of nutrients that can be stored for a long time after harvesting.
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The first polymers were formed through dehydration synthesis. According to the experimental evidence, how did this process work?.
A diluted solution of organic monomers from seawater was concentrated by hot rocks, sand, or clay, which resulted in the spontaneous abiotic synthesis of polypeptides and other polymers.
What transpires in the reaction of dehydration and synthesis?During dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is either released when the hydrogen of one monomer reacts with the hydroxyl group of another monomer or when two hydrogens from one monomer join with one oxygen from the other monomer.
How does the process of dehydration work?Food dehydration involves simultaneous mass and heat transfers inside the food as well as energy transfer medium changes. When dehydrating food, there are methods other than hot air that give the food energy.
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you apply a nonpolar ligand to cells and measure an increase in gene expression in the cells, but no change to camp amount or erk location in the cell. based on this, the ligand likely binds to:
The ligand is likely to be present as intracellular or cytoplasmic receptors which is found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
There are numerous types of receptors and ligands, but they all come in closely matched pairs, with a receptor only detecting one (or a small number of) specific ligands and a ligand only detecting a specific receptor. ligand binding to only one (or a few) target receptors. A receptor's shape or activity is altered when a ligand binds to it, enabling the receptor to broadcast a signal or afterwards bring about a change inside the cell. Proteins known as intracellular receptors can be located inside cells, usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus. The ligands of intracellular receptors are typically small, hydrophobic (hating) molecules because they must cross the plasma membrane to reach their receptors.
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in the past decade, there have been many volcanic eruptions. after an eruption, the lava flow leaves behind only bare rock, providing a surface for primary succession. which statement describes an important function provided by the first organisms to colonize the area that facilitates colonization by other organisms in later stages of succession?
After an earthquake or volcanic eruption, lichens break down the rocks to produce new, nutrient-rich soils. This process is known as primary succession.
Lichens and mosses that have colonized the region help weather the rock, which breaks it down and creates soil for other species to occupy. When new land is formed or exposed rock occurs, such as during a volcanic eruption like those on Hawaii's Big Island. This process is known as primary succession. As the volcanic lava pours into the water, new land is continually created. These species aid in further decomposing the mineral-rich volcanic lava into soil, allowing for the ultimate replacement of the pioneer species by less resilient species. Additionally, when these early species develop and pass away, they add to a layer of organic matter that is already decaying, aiding in the development of soil. The region will eventually achieve a state of equilibrium with a collection of creatures that are very different from the pioneer species. The development of soil is also influenced by lichens, mosses, and other plants. Physical weathering is the term used to describe the method by which the aforementioned species weather rocks.
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The prompt contains several characteristics of cell transport. Which of these applies to facilitated diffusion?.
Facilitated diffusion is the process by which molecules move across the plasma membrane with the aid of membrane proteins like channels and carriers. These molecules move down a concentration gradient, which gives them the potential to diffuse into (or out of) the cell.
Passive transport is a subset of facilitated diffusion. Because the solution is travelling down the concentration gradient, assisted diffusion is still passive transport even when it incorporates transport proteins. The cell membrane can easily be traversed by small, nonpolar substances.image outcome.A case of enhanced diffusion is glucose transfer. The lipid bilayer of the membrane prevents glucose from passing through since it is a big, polar molecule. In order to pass through, it requires carriers known as glucose transporters.
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Some natural resources are renewable—nature produces them fast enough that humans can obtain valuable and useful supplies of a resource without depleting it. Other natural resources are nonrenewable—if we use the resource at a rate fast enough to matter to our economy, the resource will run out because use is much faster than natural production. What do we know about oil and coal?.
In sedimentary rock formations, which are collections of rock, dead plant and animal materials, and layers of silt, coal is a substance that is frequently present. One type of sedimentary rock that contains oil in its natural state is shale.
What ties coal and oil together?Oil and coal are both fossil fuels. That indicates that they were created from organic material, or things that were once living on Earth and covered in thick layers of rock. The decomposed material was eventually converted to coal or oil due to the increased pressure and heat brought on by the underlying rock over time.
What are the uses of coal and oil?The three fossil fuels that make up oil, coal, and natural gas account for 81% of all the energy used in the United States. We rely on those fuels to heat our homes, power our cars, supply electricity to us, and power manufacturing and industry.
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what is the most common way that nitrogen fixation occurs? lightning nitrogen fixing bacteria fossil fuel combustion forest fires
Legumes harbor nitrogen-fixing bacteria and are therefore good crops to grow to replenish the soil. Most nitrogen fixation occurs naturally, in the soil, by bacteria.
Nitrogen fixation and exchange of form that occurs in the soil. Some bacteria attach to plant roots and have a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both the plant and the bacteria with the plant. Nitrogen fixing bacteria accomplish more than 90 percent of all nitrogen fixation and therefore play an important role in the nitrogen cycle. processes that can fix nitrogen atmospheric, be process and biological. Atmospheric fixation occurs when the high temperature of lightning splits nitrogen gas so that it unites with oxygen and moisture in the air to form nitrates that fall to the ground. Nitrogen fixation occurs among some termites and fungi. It occurs naturally in the air through the production of NOx by lightning. All biological reactions that involve the process of nitrogen fixation are catalyzed by enzymes called nitrogenases.
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what is known as the net movement of any type of molecule from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
Answer: Diffusion
Explanation:
the sequence is a hypothetical segment of a dna with an indicated mutation represented by an arrow. what is the outcome of this mutation with regard to the ultimate protein that will form from this sequence? nothing. this mutation does not affect a coding region. the protein will be unchanged. an alternative splice site is formed. two proteins of different lengths will be produced. the corresponding amino acid is altered. the protein will be changed. this is a nonsense mutation. the protein will be truncated early and likely be nonfunctional.
Answer:option 4
Explanation:
how does surface tension protect aquatic life?
How does the surface tension of water impact living things? .surface tension of water helps creatures (mostly of insecta class such as water striders) to walk on water. .it also helps water to move up the xylem tissue of higher plants without breaking up.
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i need help with biology pls
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Beneficial means:
Something good happening
We can solve this question by just going through the answers, saying if they are good or bad:
A. Genetic disorders often kill or severly deform one in a species, so BAD
B. If it hinders their ability to survive, then especially if an endangered population, the species could go extinct, so BAD
C. Genetic variation ensures that different animals in a species have different traits to help them survive. So GOOD
how would mutations that completely ablate [remove/destroy] the function of the androgen receptor impact the phenotypic development of humans with xy chromosomes?
Patients with mutations that entirely abolish the androgen receptor's function and affect the phenotypic development of persons with XY chromosomes will manifest as phenotypically female.
Dose-Sensitive Sex Reversal Locus on Chromosome X, Gene 1 (DAX1), also known as Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 0, Group B, Member 1 (NR0B1), is a transcription factor that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and primarily functions as a transcriptional repressor.
Male-to-female sex reversal is associated with duplication of the DAX1/NROB1 gene because external genital differentiation ranges are unknown.
The XX males who are SRY-positive have two X chromosomes, one of which contains genetic material from the Y chromosome, making them phenotypically male but genetically female. Males and females differ by having one X and one Y chromosome in each diploid cell of their bodies.
The DAX1 protein may have a direct or indirect impact on how gonadal hormones regulate the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
The complete question is:
How would mutations that completely ablate the function of the androgen receptor impact the phenotypic development of humans with XY chromosomes?
(A). Patients would appear phenotypically female.
(B). Patients would appear phenotypically male with underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics.
(C). Patients would appear phenotypically male, but cannot produce sperm.
(D). Patients would express both male and female secondary sex characteristics.
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charles darwin studied the relationship between the adrenal medulla and emotions. which chemical, produced in the adrenal medulla, causes the fight or flight response?
Answer: adrenaline, noradrenaline
Explanation:
Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which of the following processes?
The majority of the electrons extracted from glucose by cellular respiration are used in these processes: "reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle" and "producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria". Hence, the correct answer is E.
Electrons from glucose move progressively down the electron transport chain towards oxygen in cellular respiration, going through lower and lower energy levels and releases of energy at every step. Cellular respiration's purpose is to harness that energy into a form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.
The citric acid cycle is a sequence of chemical processes that remove high-energy electrons and then utilize them to make ATP in the chain of electron transport. Each cycle generates one adenosine triphosphate molecule or its equivalent.
The mitochondria create the majority of the adenosine triphosphate formed during glucose metabolism via oxidative phosphorylation. This is a complicated mechanism driven by the proton gradient formed by mitochondrial respiration across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
This question should be provided with answer choices, which are:
A. Reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.B. Producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.C. Driving substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis.D. The second and third answers are correct.E. The first two choices are correct.Since A and B are correct, the answer that is true is E.
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what name is given to the process in which a stanrd of dna is used as a template for the manufacture of a
Transcription is the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA
A form of single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis is known as messenger RNA (abbreviated as mRNA). During transcription, mRNA is created from a DNA template. The purpose of mRNA is to transport protein information from DNA in a cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm, or watery interior, of the cell. There, the machinery responsible for making proteins reads the sequence of the mRNA and converts each three-base codon into an amino acid that belongs in a protein chain.
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Why did it take 4 billion years of Earth history for multicellular organisms to evolve and diversify to the point of the Ediacara biota?
Does vegetative reproduction promote or discourage genetic variations? Why or why not?
Vegetative or clonal reproduction discourages the genetic variations because clonal reproduction shows negligible genetic variation as it forms clones of its parents and no significant DNA variation takes place in this case.
What is genetic variation?
The word "genetic variety" refers to the differences in the DNA sequence that make up each of our genomes. Whether it's our skin color, hair color, or even the shape of our faces, genetic variety is what gives each of us our individuality.
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Which combination of environmental conditions would give you the highest concentration of air pollutants?.
When the weather is constant and there is little breeze, the concentration of air contaminants is highest.
Which three factors cause the most air pollution?Air pollution is frequently caused by household combustion appliances, automobiles, industrial operations, and forest fires. Particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide are among the pollutants that pose the greatest threat to human health.
What elements raise the amount of air pollution in the atmosphere?The chemical processes that take place in the atmosphere to generate photochemical smog from other pollutants depend heavily on temperature and sunlight (solar radiation). Favorable circumstances may result in higher smog concentrations.
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explain why 37oc is the optimal incubation temperature for enzyme activity (i.e. what is the significance of using that temperature in the experiment)?
Answer:
These experiments indicate that incubation at 37 degrees C prior to separation improves the quality of leukocyte- and platelet-depleted red cells.
A patient with a poor diet showing symptoms of diarrhea, confusion, and discoloration of the skin suggests a possible.
A patient with a poor diet showing symptoms of diarrhea, confusion, and discoloration of the skin suggests a possible niacin deficiency.
What happens in niacin deficiency?A severe niacin deficiency causes pellagra which is a condition that causes dark, sometimes scaly rash on skin areas exposed to sunlight; bright redness of the tongue and constipation/diarrhea.
Pellagra defines systemic disease as resulting from a marked cellular deficiency of niacin and it is characterized by 4 "D's" that are as :diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.
Nicotinamide is used to treat niacin deficiency because nicotinamide does not cause flushing, itching, burning, or tingling sensations, unlike nicotinic acid.
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in the united states, approximately 45 percent of the population has type o blood. these people are called universal donors since their blood can be used in transfusions to people of any blood type. if you were to run a simulation, how would you label?
Answer:
nooooo
Explanation:
yeaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa