In the Periodic Table below, shade all the elements for which the neutral atom has an outer electron configuration of ms2nd2, where n and m are integers, and =m+n1.
The elements that have an outer electron configuration of ms2nd2 are located in the d-block of the periodic table and include some of the transition metals and lanthanides.
What is the periodic table?To determine which elements in the periodic table have this outer electron configuration, you can look at the position of the d-block elements in the table. The d-block elements are located in the middle of the table and include the transition metals. These elements have partially filled d orbitals, which can accommodate up to 10 electrons.
Elements in the d-block with an atomic number of 21 through 30 (scandium through zinc) have an outer electron configuration of d10s2 and do not fit the ms2nd2 configuration. However, elements in the d-block with an atomic number of 39 through 48 (yttrium through cadmium) have an outer electron configuration of d10s2p1 and can have the ms2nd2 configuration by removing the single electron in the p orbital. Elements in the d-block with an atomic number of 57 through 80 (lanthanum through mercury) also have the possibility of having an outer electron configuration of ms2nd2.
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A sample with the phase diagram below starts at room temperature (25oC) and 1 atm. What phase change would the sample go through if it was cooled to 80 K?
a)Condensation (gas to liquid)
B)Fusion (solid to liquid)
C)Deposition (gas to solid)
D)Vaporization (liquid to gas)
E)Sublimation (solid to gas)
F)Freezing (liquid to solid)
Answer: C)Deposition (gas to solid)
Explanation: According to the phase diagram, at room temperature (25°C) and 1 atm, the sample is in the gas phase. As the temperature decreases to 80 K, it falls below the sublimation curve. T he sublimation curve represents the conditions at which a substance can change directly from a solid to a gas or from a gas to a solid without passing through the liquid phase.
Since the sample is in the gas phase at room temperature, cooling it to 80 K would cause it to go through the process of deposition, where the gas particles directly transform into a solid without first becoming a liquid. This is indicated by the section of the phase diagram below the sublimation curve.
A student mixes 100. mL of 0.25 M HCl(aq) with 200. mL of 0.50 M HClO4(aq) and then dilutes the mixture with distilled water to a total volume of 500. mL. The [H3O+] in the final solution is closest to
(A) 0.0025 M
(B) 0.12 M
(C) 0.25 M
(D) 0.75 M
Answer:
The answer is B: 0.0025 M
According to molar concentration and dilution concept, the [H₃O+] in the final solution is closest to 0.05 M.
What is molar concentration?Molar concentration is defined as a measure by which concentration of chemical substances present in a solution are determined. It is defined in particular reference to solute concentration in a solution . Most commonly used unit for molar concentration is moles/liter.
The molar concentration depends on change in volume of the solution which is mainly due to thermal expansion. Molar concentration is calculated by the formula, molar concentration=mass/ molar mass ×1/volume of solution in liters.
In terms of moles, it's formula is given as molar concentration= number of moles /volume of solution in liters.In case of 2 solutions concentrated and diluted it is calculated as, M₁V₁=M₂V₂ substitution gives M₂=0.25×100/500=0.05
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im struggling
What quantity of heat (in kJ) would be required to convert 13.4 g of ice to water at 0.00 °C? (∆Hfus = 6.01 kJ/mol for water)
Around 80.5 KJ
Multiply Heat of Fusion and Mass to get the q value.
pls help!!!
a compound is found to be 51.39% carbon, 8.64% hydrogen, and 39.97% nitrogen. it has a molecular molar mass of 140.22 g/mol. what is the molecular formula.
show work pls!!
The molecular formula of the compound, given that it contains 51.39% carbon, 8.64% hydrogen, and 39.97% nitrogen is C₆H₁₂N₄
How do i determine the molecular formula?To obtain the molecular formula, we must first determine the empirical formula. Details on how to obtain the empirical formula is given beloww:
Carbon (C) = 51.39%Hydrogen (H) = 8.64%Nitrogen (N) = 39.97%Empirical formula =?Divide by their molar mass
C = 51.39 / 12 = 4.283
H = 8.64 / 1 = 8.64
N = 39.97 / 14 = 2.855
Divide by the smallest
C = 4.283 / 2.855 = 1.5
H = 8.64 / 2.855 = 3
N = 2.855 / 2.855 = 1
Multiply through by 2 to express in whole number
C = 1.5 × 2 = 3
H = 3 × 2 = 6
N = 1 × 2 = 2
Thus, we can conclude that the empirical formula is C₃H₆N₂
Finally, we shall determine the molecular formula. Details below
Empirical formula = C₃H₆N₂Molar mass of compound = 140.22 g/molMolecular formula =?Molecular formula = empirical × n = mass number
[C₃H₆N₂]n = 140.22
[(12×3) + (1×6) + (14×2)]n = 140.22
70n = 140.22
Divide both sides by 70
n = 140.22 / 70
n = 2
Molecular formula = [C₃H₆N₂]n
Molecular formula = [C₃H₆N₂]₂
Molecular formula = C₆H₁₂N₄
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40 grams of KCl are dissolved in 100 mL of water at 45C.
How many additional grams of
KCI are needed to make the solution saturated at 80 C?
40 grams of KCl are dissolved in 100 mL of water at 45C. 5g of additional grams of KCI are needed to make the solution saturated at 80 C as the solubility of KCl is 45g/ml
A uniform combination of a number of solutes within a solvent is referred to as a solution. One frequent illustration of a Solution is adding sugar cubes into your cup of tea and coffee. Solubility is the quality that makes sugar molecules more soluble.
In water, potassium chloride (KCl) dissolves. Its water solubility, like that of all other solutes, depends on temperature. The solubility of a salt increases as the solvent's temperature rises. This is fairly simple to experience with sugar. 40 grams of KCl are dissolved in 100 mL of water at 45C. 5g of additional grams of KCI are needed to make the solution saturated at 80 C as the solubility of KCl is 45g/ml.
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What happens when a solid is dissolved into a liquid?
.
CHALLENGE The circles below represent of the large circle, and multiply it by 30. That Earth and the moon. Measure the diameter would be the correct distance from Earth to the moon at this scale. Draw the two circles in the space provided. Use the correct distance you found.● = Earth ●=moon
To draw the two circles, we would need to draw a smaller circle with a diameter of 2,532.5 miles (representing the moon) and a larger circle with a diameter of 75,974.4 miles (representing the Earth) that is 30 times larger than the smaller circle.
What is the explanation for the above response?If we assume that the larger circle represents the Earth, then the diameter of the Earth would be 30 times the diameter of the smaller circle representing the moon. Let's say that the diameter of the smaller circle is x. Then the diameter of the larger circle (Earth) would be 30 times x or 30x.
To find the correct distance from Earth to the moon at this scale, we need to know the actual distance from Earth to the moon, which is approximately 238,855 miles or 384,400 kilometers. If we divide this distance by the scale factor of 30, we get:
238,855 miles / 30 = 7,961.8 miles
Therefore, the diameter of the smaller circle (moon) would be approximately 7,961.8 miles / π = 2,532.5 miles (rounded to one decimal place). And the diameter of the larger circle (Earth) would be 30 times that or 75,974.4 miles
So, to draw the two circles, we would need to draw a smaller circle with a diameter of 2,532.5 miles (representing the moon) and a larger circle with a diameter of 75,974.4 miles (representing the Earth) that is 30 times larger than the smaller circle.
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Liquid octane CH3CH26CH3 will react with gaseous oxygen O2 to produce gaseous carbon dioxide CO2 and gaseous water H2O. Suppose 6.9 g of octane is mixed with 42.2 g of oxygen. Calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide that could be produced by the chemical reaction. Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
The maximum mass of carbon dioxide that could be produced from 6.9 g of octane and 42.2 g of oxygen is 21.3 g, rounded to 2 significant digits.
What is Octane?
Octane is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula [tex]C_{8} H_{18}[/tex] It is an organic compound belonging to the alkane group, which means it consists of only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms bonded together by single covalent bonds. Octane is a colorless liquid with a molecular weight of approximately 114 g/mol and is commonly used as a component in gasoline or fuel for internal combustion engines.
From the balanced equation, we know that 1 mole of octane reacts with 12.5 moles of oxygen to produce 8 moles of carbon dioxide. Therefore, 0.0605 mol of octane would require 0.0605 mol x 12.5 = 0.75625 mol of oxygen to fully react.
Since we have only 1.32 mol of oxygen, which is in excess compared to the 0.75625 mol required by octane, oxygen is the excess reactant, and octane is the limiting reactant.
Now, we can use the stoichiometry of octane to carbon dioxide to calculate the maximum mass of carbon dioxide produced:
From the balanced equation, we know that 1 mole of octane produces 8 moles of carbon dioxide.
Molar mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) = 44.01 g/mol
Maximum moles of carbon dioxide produced from octane = 0.0605 mol x 8 = 0.484 mol
Maximum mass of carbon dioxide produced from octane = 0.484 mol x 44.01 g/mol = 21.3 g
Remember to round the final answer to 2 significant digits as requested.
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If the volume of a gas at -40°C is double to 80 L what is the final temperature in degrees Celsius?
The final temperature is -160°C
To solve this problemWe can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas:
(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂
Where
P₁, V₁, and T₁ are the initial pressure, volume, and temperature of the gas, and P₂, V₂, and T₂ are the final pressure, volume, and temperature of the gasIn this case, we can assume that the pressure of the gas is constant, since it is not given in the problem statement. So we can simplify the equation to:
(V₁/T₁) = (V₂/T₂)
Where
V₁ and T₁ are the initial volume and temperature V₂ and T₂ are the final volume and temperatureWe are given that the initial volume (V₁) is 80 L and the final volume (V₂) is twice that, or 160 L. We are also given that the initial temperature (T₁) is -40°C. To find the final temperature (T₂), we can plug these values into the equation:
(V₁/T₁) = (V₂/T₂)
(80 L)/(-40°C) = (160 L)/T₂
Simplifying:
-2 L/°C = (160 L)/T₂
Multiplying both sides by -1°C/2 L (the reciprocal of -2 L/°C):
1/2 = (T₂)/(160 L) x (-1°C/2 L)
1/2 = -T₂/320
Multiplying both sides by -1 to isolate T₂:
-1/2 = T₂/320
T₂ = -160°C
Therefore, the final temperature is -160°C.
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Question 4 of 10
How much energy is required to vaporize 2 kg of gold? Use
the table below and this equation: Q = mLvapor
Substance
Aluminum
Copper
Gold
Helium
Lead
Mercury
Water
Latent Heat
Fusion
(melting)
(kJ/kg)
400
207
62.8
5.2
24.5
11.4
335
Melting
Point
(°C)
660
1083
1063
-270
327
-39
0
Latent Heat
Vaporization
(boiling) (kJ/kg)
1100
4730
1720
21
871
296
2256
Boiling
Point
(°C)
2450
2566
2808
-269
1751
357
100
It requires 10.15 kilojoules of energy.
What is vaporization?The term "vaporisation" (or "evaporation") often refers to the transformation of a liquid's condition into a vapour phase below its boiling point. The phrase, however, can also refer to the process of removing a solvent, independent of the temperature used.
What is energy?When a body moves to exert force, it is said to be exerting work. Energy is the capacity to accomplish work. Energy is something we always need, and it can take many different forms.
If the gold is present in the liquid state, you only have to determine the latent heat of vaporization, or lvap. The empirical data for gold is 330 kJ/mol.
Q = mlvap
Q = (2 kg)(1 kmol/197 kg)(1,000 mol/1 kmol)
Q = 10.15 kJ
It needs an energy of 10.15 kilojoules
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Round to 2 significant
figures.
5,249
5,250. The number was rounded up from 5,249 because the last digit, 9, is greater than or equal to 5.
What is rounded up?Rounding up is a mathematical operation that involves increasing a number to its nearest whole number. It is commonly used when dealing with money, measurements, or statistics. When rounding up, the number is increased to the next highest whole number. For example, if a number is 6.7, it would be rounded up to 7. Rounding up is often used when dealing with exact measurements or estimates to simplify the calculations. It can also be used to make the results of a calculation easier to understand. In the case of money, rounding up can be used to round a number to the nearest dollar. This prevents dealing with fractional amounts of money. Rounding up can also be utilized in statistical analysis, such as in the calculation of mean or median. This simplifies the data and prevents dealing with fractions or decimals.
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Calculate the concentrations of all species in a 0.510 M NaCH3COO (sodium acetate) solution. The ionization constant for acetic acid is a=1.8×10−5.
[Na+]=
[OH−]=
[H3O+]=
[CH3COO−]=
[CH3COOH]=
The concentrations of all species in a 0.510 M NaCH₃COO (sodium acetate) solution: [Na+]= 0.510 M , [OH-]= 1.8x10⁻⁵ M , [H₃O+]= 1.8x10⁻⁵ M , [CH₃COO-]= 0.510 M and [CH₃COOH]= 0.510 - (1.8x10⁻⁵) = 0.50982 M.
What is concentration?Concentration is the ability to focus your attention on a single task or thought for a prolonged period of time. It involves being able to ignore distractions and to be able to work through any difficulties or obstacles that may arise. Concentration is an important skill to master in order to achieve success in any endeavor, whether it be academic, professional, or personal. Good concentration can help you to stay focused, organized, and productive. When you are able to concentrate, you can take in the information needed to make better decisions and solve problems. Concentration is a skill that can be developed with practice, such as by setting goals, breaking down tasks into smaller, manageable pieces, and avoiding distractions.
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Which of the following represents beta decay
OA. Tc-TC+y
O B.
B. 14Gd→ 144Sm+ He
O C. 160Eu+e→ 169 Sm
62
O D.
D.
63
164Gd→ ¹6 Tb + e
160
65
The correct answer that represents beta decay is
D. 164Gd → 164Tb + e, What happens in beta decayIn beta decay, a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton, and an electron (or beta particle) and an antineutrino are emitted from the nucleus.
In this case, a neutron in the 164Gd nucleus is converted into a proton, and an electron is emitted from the nucleus, resulting in the production of 164Tb.
Option A is not a valid representation of any known type of radioactive decay.
Option B represents alpha decay, in which an alpha particle is emitted from the nucleus.
Option C represents electron capture, in which an electron is captured by the nucleus.
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6. What is the pH of a 0.25 M solution of NH4Cl? [Kb(NH3) = 1.8 10–5
The Ammonium Chloride solution at 0.25 M has a pH of 2.67.
Why is the pH of Ammonium Chloride below 7?As a result, the weak basic (Chlorine) in the solution is overpowered by the conjugate acid (Ammonium cation), making the solution mildly acidic. According to the equation pH =log[Hydrogen ion], an acidic solution has a pH lower than 7. Aqueous ammonium chloride solution has a pH that is less than 7.
Ammonium cation + Water ⇌ Nitrogen trihydride + Hydronium ion
Kb = [Nitrogen trihydride][Hydronium ion] / [Ammonium cation]
[Nitrogen trihydride] = [Hydronium ion] = x
[Ammonium cation] = 0.25 - x
Kb = [Nitrogen trihydride][Hydronium ion] / [Ammonium cation]
1.8 × 10–5 = x² / (0.25 - x)
1.8 × 10–5 = x² / 0.25
x² = 4.5 × 10–6
x = 2.12 × 10–3
pH = -log[Hydronium ion] = -log(2.12 × 10–3) = 2.67
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Please help me
Define acid.
Mention four products of destructive distillation of coal.
In a tabular, highlight two differences between diamond and graphite.
List four types of salt.
Outline two physical properties of a base.
A 2.6 mol sample of N2 is held in a 4191 mL balloon at 89.9 atm. What temperature (in Celcius) is the gas at? Answer to one decimal place.
To convert to Celsius, we subtract 273.15 from the Kelvin temperature, giving us a final answer of 42.1°C.
What is temperature?Temperature is a physical quantity that measures the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system. It is an important parameter for understanding the behavior of matter and the underlying physical processes at work. Temperature is measured in units such as degrees Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), Kelvin (K), or Rankine (°R). Temperature affects the rate at which chemical reactions occur and the movement of particles in solids, liquids, and gases.
The ideal gas law states that PV = nRT,
where n is the number of moles,
P is the pressure,
V is the volume, R is the ideal gas constant (8.314 J/molK), and
T is the temperature in Kelvin.
Rearranging the equation, we get T = (PV)/(nR).
Plugging in our values, we get T = (89.9 atm * 4191 mL)/(2.6 mol * 8.314 J/molK) = 115.2 K.
To convert to Celsius, we subtract 273.15 from the Kelvin temperature, giving us a final answer of 42.1°C.
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2AI + 6HCI=2AlCl3 + 3H₂
3. Aluminum reacts with HCI to produce aluminum chloride (AICI3) and hydrogen gas (H₂).
Calculate the number of moles of HCI required to react with 0.62 moles of Al.
3.0 moles of [tex]Al[/tex] can fully react with hydrogen chloride to produce 4.5 moles of [tex]H_{2}[/tex]. Thus, 0.93 moles will be produced by 0.62 moles of [tex]Al[/tex].
STOICHIOMETRYBased on this inquiry, how does aluminum react with hydrogen chloride to produce aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas[tex]Al +6HCl= AlCl_{3} +3H_{2}[/tex]According to this equation, 3 moles of hydrogen gas are produced during the reaction of 2 moles of aluminum ([tex]Al[/tex]).As a result, 3 moles of aluminum will result in 3 3 2 = 4.5 moles of hydrogen gas.As a result, the entire reaction of 3.0 moles of [tex]Al[/tex]with hydrogen chloride can produce 4.5 moles of [tex]H_{2}[/tex].The proportion of reactants to products before, during, and after chemical processes is known as stoichiometry.For more information on stoichiometry kindly visit to
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The volume of a sample of oxygen is 200.0 mL when the pressure is 3.000 atm and the temperature is 37.0 C. What is the new temperature if the volume increases to 400.0 mL and the pressure decreases to 2.000 atm?
Answer:
140.3 *C
Explanation:
(P1 * V1) / T1 = (P2 * V2) / T2
where P1 = 3.000 atm, V1 = 200.0 ml, T1 = 37.0°C + 273.15 = 310.15 K, P2 = 2.000 atm, V2 = 400.0 ml.
Substituting these values into the formula gives:
(3.000 atm * 200.0 ml) / 310.15 K = (2.000 atm * 400.0 ml) / T2
Solving for T2 gives:
T2 = (2.000 atm * 400.0 ml * 310.15 K) / (3.000 atm * 200.0 ml)
T2 ≈ 413 K or 140°C.
Calculate the cell potential, Ecell, for the following reaction at 298k.
Co(s)+2Ag+(0.010M)=Co+2(0.015M)+2 Ag(s)
To calculate the cell potential, Ecell, for the given reaction at 298K, we need to use the Nernst equation. The Nernst equation relates the cell potential to the standard cell potential, temperature, and the concentrations of the reactants and products. The Nernst equation is given as follows:
Ecell = E°cell - (RT/nF) ln(Q)
where,
Ecell = cell potential
E°cell = standard cell potential
R = gas constant (8.314 J/K.mol)
T = temperature (298 K)
n = number of electrons transferred in the balanced redox reaction
F = Faraday constant (96,485 C/mol)
Q = reaction quotient
The given reaction is a redox reaction, which involves the transfer of two electrons from Co to Ag+. The balanced half-reactions are as follows:
Co(s) → Co2+(aq) + 2 e-
Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag(s)
The standard reduction potentials for these half-reactions are:
Co2+(aq) + 2 e- → Co(s) E°red = -0.28 V
Ag+(aq) + e- → Ag(s) E°red = +0.80 V
The overall standard cell potential can be calculated by subtracting the standard reduction potential of the anode from that of the cathode:
E°cell = E°red,cathode - E°red,anode
= +0.80 V - (-0.28 V)
= +1.08 V
Now we need to calculate the reaction quotient Q using the concentrations of the reactants and products. According to the given information, [Ag+] = 0.010 M and [Co2+] = 0.015 M.
Q = ([Co2+][Ag+]^2)/([Ag+]^2)
= ([0.015][0.010]^2)/([0.010]^2)
= 0.015 M
Substituting the values in the Nernst equation, we get:
Ecell = E°cell - (RT/nF) ln(Q)
= 1.08 - (8.314 x 298 / (2 x 96485)) ln(0.015)
= 0.829 V
Therefore, the cell potential, Ecell, for the given reaction at 298K is 0.829 V.
For the reaction: N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) + 2NH3(g) AH = -76.4 KJ/mol. Determine the heat energy when 5.0g of hydrogen burns.
Answer:
-191 kJ
Explanation:
The given reaction is:
N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) → 2NH₃(g) ΔH = -76.4 kJ/mol
From the balanced equation, we can see that the stoichiometric ratio between hydrogen (H₂) and ammonia (NH₃) is 3:2. This means that 3 moles of hydrogen react to produce 2 moles of ammonia.
To determine the heat energy when 5.0 g of hydrogen (H₂) burns, we need to follow these steps:
Step 1: Calculate the moles of hydrogen (H₂)
Using the molar mass of hydrogen (H₂), which is 2 g/mol, we can calculate the moles of hydrogen (H₂) in 5.0 g of hydrogen:
Moles of H₂ = Mass of H₂ / Molar mass of H₂
Moles of H₂ = 5.0 g / 2 g/mol
Moles of H₂ = 2.5 mol
Step 2: Use the stoichiometry of the reaction
Based on the stoichiometry of the reaction, we know that 3 moles of hydrogen (H₂) react to produce 2 moles of ammonia (NH₃), and the enthalpy change (ΔH) is -76.4 kJ/mol.
Step 3: Calculate the heat energy
The heat energy for 2.5 moles of hydrogen (H₂) can be calculated using the given enthalpy change (ΔH) and the stoichiometry of the reaction:
Heat energy = Moles of H₂ x ΔH
Heat energy = 2.5 mol x -76.4 kJ/mol
Heat energy = -191 kJ (rounded to three significant figures)
So, the heat energy when 5.0 g of hydrogen (H₂) burns is -191 kJ (rounded to three significant figures), and the negative sign indicates that the reaction is exothermic, releasing heat.
What is eutectic temperature
The eutectic point is the lowest temperature at which the liquid phase is constant at a particular pressure.
What does the word "eutectic" mean?A melting composition known as a eutectic consists of at least two components that melt and freeze at the same rates. The components combine during the crystallisation phase, operating as a single component as a result.
What are eutectic pressure and temperature?The eutectic is the system's lowest melting point under its own pressure; it has a matching temperature called the eutectic temperature and produces the eutectic liquid as a result. In terms of composition, eutectic liquids are located between the system's solid phases.
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At 25 ∘C
, the equilibrium partial pressures for the reaction
A(g)+2B(g)↽−−⇀C(g)+D(g)
were found to be A=5.63
atm, B=5.00
atm, C=5.47
atm, and D=5.63
atm.
What is the standard change in Gibbs free energy of this reaction at 25 ∘C
?
The standard change in Gibbs free energy of the reaction at 25 ∘C is -1.69 kJ/mol.
What is standard change?
To find the standard change in Gibbs free energy of the reaction, we need to use the following equation:
ΔG° = -RT ln(K)
where ΔG° is the standard change in Gibbs free energy, R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol·K), T is the temperature in Kelvin (25 °C = 298 K), and K is the equilibrium constant.
To find K, we need to use the equilibrium partial pressures:
K = (PC × PD) / (PA × PB²)
where PA, PB, PC, and PD are the equilibrium partial pressures of A, B, C, and D, respectively.
Substituting the values, we get:
K = (5.47 atm × 5.63 atm) / (5.63 atm × (5.00 atm)²)
K = 0.6176
Now we can calculate the standard change in Gibbs free energy:
ΔG° = -RT ln(K)
ΔG° = -(8.314 J/mol·K) × (298 K) × ln(0.6176)
ΔG° = -1,690 J/mol or -1.69 kJ/mol
Therefore, the standard change in Gibbs free energy of the reaction at 25 ∘C is -1.69 kJ/mol.
What is free energy?
Free energy, also known as Gibbs free energy, is a thermodynamic quantity that represents the amount of energy in a system that is available to do work at a constant temperature and pressure. It is denoted by the symbol G and is expressed in units of joules (J) or calories (cal).
In simple terms, free energy is the energy that can be used to do work. It is defined by the equation:
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
where ΔH is the change in enthalpy (heat content) of the system, ΔS is the change in entropy (disorder) of the system, and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin.
If ΔG is negative, the reaction is spontaneous and can proceed without the input of external energy. If ΔG is positive, the reaction is non-spontaneous and requires energy input to proceed. If ΔG is zero, the system is at equilibrium.
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Draw both enantiomers of the following compound
Enantiomers rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions, and this property is used to distinguish between them in a process called optical rotation.
What are the enantiomers of a compound?Enantiomers are pairs of molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
They are isomers, meaning they have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in their three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in space.
Enantiomers exhibit identical physical and chemical properties, except for their interaction with plane-polarized light (a type of light that oscillates in a single plane).
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The oxides SO2 and N2O5 will form what acids?
2. A student prepared a 0.500 M solution of an unknown acid, and measured the pH as 3.56 at 25°C. (a) What is the acid dissociation constant of this unknown acid? (b) What percentage of acid is ionised in this solution
To solve this problem, we can use the following equation that relates the pH of a solution to the acid dissociation constant (Ka) and the concentration of the acid:
pH = -log[H+]
where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.
(a) To find the Ka of the unknown acid, we need to first find the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. We can do this by taking the inverse of the pH and converting it to a concentration:
[H+] = 10^(-pH) = 10^(-3.56) = 2.17 × 10^(-4) M
What is the acid dissociation constant of this unknown acid?The acid dissociation constant (Ka) can then be calculated using the equation:
Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]
where [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base of the acid and [HA] is the concentration of the undissociated acid. Since we don't know the values of these concentrations, we need to use the fact that the solution is 0.500 M to make an assumption about the degree of dissociation (α) of the acid:
α = [A-]/[HA]
Since the solution is not extremely dilute, we can assume that the degree of dissociation is small and that the concentration of the undissociated acid is approximately equal to the initial concentration of the acid. Therefore, we can write:
[A-] ≈ 0.500α
[HA] ≈ 0.500 - 0.500α
Substituting these expressions into the equation for Ka, we get:
Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] ≈ ([H+][A-])/0.500α
≈ ([H+]/Ka)(0.500α)/(1-α)
Solving for Ka, we get:
Ka ≈ H+/0.500α
Substituting the values we have calculated, we get:
Ka ≈ (2.17 × 10^(-4))(1-α)/(0.500α) = 4.37 × 10^(-5)
Therefore, the acid dissociation constant of the unknown acid is approximately 4.37 × 10^(-5).
(b) To find the percentage of acid that is ionized in the solution, we can use the equation:
α = [A-]/[HA] = 10^(-pKa + pH)/(1 + 10^(-pKa + pH))
where pKa is the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant. Substituting the values we have calculated, we get:
α = 10^(-(-4.36) + 3.56)/(1 + 10^(-(-4.36) + 3.56)) ≈ 0.008
Therefore, the percentage of acid that is ionized in the solution is approximately 0.8%.
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To solve this problem, we can use the following equation that relates the pH of a solution to the acid dissociation constant (Ka) and the concentration of the acid:
pH = -log[H+]
where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.
(a) To find the Ka of the unknown acid, we need to first find the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. We can do this by taking the inverse of the pH and converting it to a concentration:
[H+] = 10^(-pH) = 10^(-3.56) = 2.17 × 10^(-4) M
What is the acid dissociation constant of this unknown acid?The acid dissociation constant (Ka) can then be calculated using the equation:
Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA]
where [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base of the acid and [HA] is the concentration of the undissociated acid. Since we don't know the values of these concentrations, we need to use the fact that the solution is 0.500 M to make an assumption about the degree of dissociation (α) of the acid:
α = [A-]/[HA]
Since the solution is not extremely dilute, we can assume that the degree of dissociation is small and that the concentration of the undissociated acid is approximately equal to the initial concentration of the acid. Therefore, we can write:
[A-] ≈ 0.500α
[HA] ≈ 0.500 - 0.500α
Substituting these expressions into the equation for Ka, we get:
Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] ≈ ([H+][A-])/0.500α
≈ ([H+]/Ka)(0.500α)/(1-α)
Solving for Ka, we get:
Ka ≈ H+/0.500α
Substituting the values we have calculated, we get:
Ka ≈ (2.17 × 10^(-4))(1-α)/(0.500α) = 4.37 × 10^(-5)
Therefore, the acid dissociation constant of the unknown acid is approximately 4.37 × 10^(-5).
(b) To find the percentage of acid that is ionized in the solution, we can use the equation:
α = [A-]/[HA] = 10^(-pKa + pH)/(1 + 10^(-pKa + pH))
where pKa is the negative logarithm of the acid dissociation constant. Substituting the values we have calculated, we get:
α = 10^(-(-4.36) + 3.56)/(1 + 10^(-(-4.36) + 3.56)) ≈ 0.008
Therefore, the percentage of acid that is ionized in the solution is approximately 0.8%.
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Consider the reaction described by the chemical equation shown.
C2H4(g)+H2O(l)⟶C2H5OH(l)Δ∘rxn=−44.2 kJ
Use the data from the table of thermodynamic properties to calculate the value of Δ∘rxn
at 25.0 ∘C.
Δ∘rxn= ? J⋅K−1
Calculate Δ∘rxn.
Δ∘rxn= ? kJ
In which direction is the reaction, as written, spontaneous at 25 ∘C
and standard pressure?
reverse
both
neither
forward
The direction of the reaction, as written, spontaneous at 25 ∘C and standard pressure is reverse.
What is the direction of the reaction?
To calculate the value of Δ∘rxn at 25.0 ∘C, we can use the equation:
Δ∘rxn(T2) = Δ∘rxn(T1) + ΔH∘(products) - ΔH∘(reactants)
where;
T2 is the desired temperature (25.0 ∘C), T1 is the standard temperature (usually 25 ∘C), ΔH∘(products) is the enthalpy change of formation of the products, and ΔH∘(reactants) is the enthalpy change of formation of the reactants.Using the data from the table of thermodynamic properties, we can look up the enthalpy change of formation values for C2H4(g), H2O(l), and C2H5OH(l):
ΔH∘f(C2H4(g)) = 52.26 kJ/mol
ΔH∘f(H2O(l)) = -285.83 kJ/mol
ΔH∘f(C2H5OH(l)) = -277.69 kJ/mol
Substituting these values into the equation, we get:
Δ∘rxn(25.0 ∘C) = -44.2 kJ + (-277.69 kJ/mol) - (-52.26 kJ/mol)
Δ∘rxn(25.0 ∘C) = -44.2 kJ - (-277.69 kJ/mol) + 52.26 kJ/mol
Δ∘rxn(25.0 ∘C) = -44.2 kJ + 277.69 kJ/mol + 52.26 kJ/mol
Δ∘rxn(25.0 ∘C) = 233.23 kJ/mol
So the value of Δ∘rxn at 25.0 ∘C is 233.23 kJ/mol.
In which direction is the reaction, as written, spontaneous at 25 ∘C and standard pressure?
Since the value of Δ∘rxn at 25.0 ∘C is positive (233.23 kJ/mol), the reaction as written is not spontaneous at this temperature and standard pressure. The correct answer is "reverse."
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What is true of spontaneous reactions?
O They are indicated by a negative change in Gibbs free energy.
O They have a positive value of AS.
O They are instantaneous.
O They always release heat.
Help 20pts
Question 5(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(07.02 LC)
The substances below are listed by increasing specific heat capacity value. Starting at 30.0 °C, they each absorb 100 kJ of thermal energy. Which one do you expect to increase in temperature the least?
a) Cadmium, 0.230 J/(g °C)
b) Sodium, 1.21 J/(g °C)
c) Water, 4.184 J/(g °C)
d) Hydrogen, 14.267 J/(g °C)
Component form of the vector v is as follows: 4 3 1.5 1 Using the standard basis vectors I and j), express the vector w as follows: 3 two 1 4 pp . 1 3 w 3.5 C. V plus w= d. Determine the vector v's magnitude
What does "vector" mean?
Latin word for "carrier" is "vector." Point A is transported to point B by vectors. The orientation of the vectors AB is the direction in which point A is moved in relation to point B, and the amplitude of the vector is the width of the line connecting the two locations A and B. The terms Euclidean vectors and spatial vectors are also used to refer to vectors.
A vector space is what?
A vector space, also known as a linear space, is a collection of things called vectors that can be added to and multiplied ("scaled") by figures called scalars in the fields of mathematics, physics, and engineering.
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Which sub atomic particles are similar in size
Answer:
Neutrons and Protons
Explanation:
Different elements can have subatomic particles of varying sizes. The size of an atom is defined by the size of its electron cloud, which is composed of electrons, and the size of its nucleus, which is composed of protons and neutrons. The atomic number and subsequently the identity of an element are determined by the number of protons in the nucleus. The quantity of protons and neutrons in the nucleus determines its size. The quantity of electrons in the electron cloud and the energy levels they are located at define its size. The size of atoms can differ depending on the element due to differences in the amount of protons, neutrons, and electrons.