identify which stage of cell signaling is directly altered by the cholera toxin: reception, transduction, or response? explain your answer. (3) b. will the other two stages still be normal in the cells exposed to the cholera toxin, or are they abnormal as well? explain. (3) c. explain why the movement of salts out of the intestinal cells and into the middle of the intestinal tract causes the movement of water to follow. (2)

Collagen and ground substance are organic components of the bone matrix. Collagen and ground substance make up about 25% of bone mass. However, collagen is the most important organic component. Type I collagen, which is synthesized by osteoblasts and osteocytes, accounts for approximately 90% of the organic component of the bone matrix.

The ground substance is the bone matrix's nonfibrillar organic component that occupies the space between the collagen fibrils and hydroxyapatite crystals. Glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans are found in the ground substance of bone matrix. The organic component of the bone matrix aids in tension opposition, while the inorganic component aids in compression opposition.

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Type 1 collagen is the primary substance contained in the organic portion of bone tissue.

The bone matrix's inorganic component is dreamed up of salt crystals, the majority of which are calcium phosphate. In order to create crystals of hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate ions and calcium hydroxide interact. During the calcification process, more salts and ions are incorporated into the crystals.

Bone is a living, developing tissue primarily composed of collagen. Calcium phosphate is a material that gives the structure strength and hardens it, and collagen is a polymer that offers a flexible framework. Collagen and calcium work together to produce bone flexible and strong enough to endure stress.

Because the inorganic phase is more powerful in compression than tension, cortical and trabecular bones are both stronger in compression than tension. the ductility and flexibility of the organic phase.

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False. The bulk of steroid hormones (lipid-soluble), such as testosterone and estrogen, will be generated from cholesterol molecules, although other water-soluble hormones, such as thyroid hormone and some catecholamines, are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.

The gonads and adrenal glands typically generate the natural steroid hormones from cholesterol. Lipids are the hormones in these forms. Since they are fat-soluble, they can cross cell membranes and then bind to nuclear or cytosolic steroid hormone receptors, depending on the steroid hormone, to cause cellular changes. The majority of steroid hormones are carried in the blood, attached to particular carrier proteins like corticosteroid-binding globulin or sex hormone-binding globulin. In the liver, various "peripheral" tissues, and the target tissues, further conversions and catabolism take place.

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It is false that All steroid hormones are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.

The organic compound with both an amino (-NH2) and a carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional group is an amino acid. One of the cell's 20 amino acids is tyrosine. Tyrosine is a hormone precursor and is non-essential, meaning that the body can synthesize it on its own.

It is not true. Although the amino acid tyrosine is used to make some hormones that dissolve in water, like thyroid hormone and some catecholamines, the majority of steroid hormones that dissolve in lipids, like testosterone and estrogen, are made from cholesterol molecules.

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Today was a pretty intense day. I went for a run in the morning and my body went through some interesting interactions between different systems.

First, my skeletal system provided support and movement as I ran, while my muscular system helped to generate the force needed to move my legs and arms. My integumentary system also played a role, protecting my skin from the sun's rays and absorbing sweat to help regulate my body temperature.

As I ran, my circulatory system kicked into high gear, pumping oxygen-rich blood to my muscles to help them perform better. My respiratory system was also working hard, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide to help my body maintain a steady supply of oxygen.

After my run, I was pretty hungry and my digestive system got to work breaking down the breakfast I ate. My excretory system also came into play, getting rid of waste products like urea and other toxins through my urine.

Finally, my nervous system helped me to coordinate all of these different systems, and my endocrine system helped to regulate my body's internal environment and balance hormones like adrenaline and insulin.

It's amazing to think about how all of these systems work together to keep our body running smoothly. I really appreciate the inter connectedness of the body, and how different systems rely on each other to function.

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I felt revived and invigorated when I woke up today. I could feel my skeletal system supporting my weight as I stood up as I got out of bed. As I took a shower.

My muscular system assisted in producing the force required to move my arms and legs while my skeletal system first supplied stability and movement while I ran. My heart rate increased as I ran, pushing oxygen-rich blood to my muscles to enhance their efficiency. My respiratory system was exerting itself as well. After my run, I was quite hungry, and my stomach started dissolving the meal I had. Additionally, my excretory system was at work, allowing me to eliminate wastes like urea and other poisons through my urine. It's incredible to consider how these many systems function together, and my nervous system assisted me to coordinate them all.

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Sociobiology. The process through which populations of living things adapt and change is known as natural selection.

A population's members are naturally varied, which means that they are all distinctive in some ways. This variety indicates that some people have characteristics that are more environment-appropriate than others. The idea was straightforward but effective: those who are most adapted to their settings had a higher chance of surviving and procreating. There will inevitably be a selection of people with the most favourable variations as long as there is some variation between them and that variation is heritable. Natural selection was able to explain the evolution of life with such force that it was accepted as a scientific hypothesis. Since then, biologists have seen several instances of how natural selection affects evolution.

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A framework of thought in which human behaviour is thought to be the result of natural selection and biology is known as sociobiology.

social Darwinism, the principle that human companies and races are concern to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in vegetation and animals in nature.

natural selection is the technique thru which populations of residing organisms adapt and change. people in a populace are certainly variable, meaning that they may be all exclusive in a few ways. this variation way that a few people have trends higher applicable to the environment than others.

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Things like straight and curly hair and thick and thin brows are examples of alleles. Blonde and curly hair have different traits (color and type), and they are both influenced by various genes. Things like straight and curly hair and thick and thin brows are examples of alleles. A big nose and an oval face, on the other hand, are two unique features that are controlled by two different genes in males.

Disorders or inherited qualities are handed down through an animal's genetic code. The animal's lengthy DNA molecule, which is found in all of its cells, has this genetic information (see handout "Genetic Basics: Understanding DNA"). There are many genes in the DNA. An inherited trait is expressed via a gene, which is a specific DNA sequence.The gene, for instance, can affect a person's eye color, coat color, and other physical traits.The DNA is organized into a structure inside each cell called a chromosome. There are hundreds or thousands of distinct genes on each chromosome. Within a cell, chromosomes are present in pairs. Each gene is present in two copies in each cell (alleles).

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Answer: D. Glycoproteins

Explanation: In cell-cell recognition, receptors on the cell surface of one cell bind to glycoproteins on the cell surface of another cell, allowing the two cells to communicate.

the rate of firing of the postsynaptic neuron depends on the amount of both excitation and inhibition

A postsynaptic neuron is a neuron that receives signals from other neurons at specialized structures called synapses. Synapses are the site of communication between neurons, where one neuron (the presynaptic neuron) releases chemical neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. This binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron can either excite or inhibit the neuron, altering the likelihood that it will fire an action potential. The postsynaptic neuron then integrates the incoming signals from multiple.

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Energy is transferred from pigment to pigment inside of photosystem II when light is absorbed by one of the numerous pigments inside.

This process continues until the reaction center is reached. An electron's energy is raised there, where it is transmitted to P680. An acceptor molecule receives the high-energy electron, which is then exchanged for an electron from water.

We breathe in by saying O 2 start text, O, stop text, start subscript, 2, and end subscript synthesis of ATP. As it moves through an electron transport chain, the high-energy electron expends energy.

H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript ions are pumped into the nucleus from the stroma by some of the energy generated.

Therefore, Energy is transferred from pigment to pigment inside of photosystem II when light is absorbed by one of the numerous pigments inside.

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Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a parasitic flatworm disease caused by schistosomes or blood flukes. Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, or S. japonicum cause the majority of human infections

Answer:

lungs

Explanation:

Option 3 is Correct. Ecologists have not put out the argument that greater environmental homogeneity in the tropics over temperate regions explains greater species diversity there.

Pest outbreaks, landslides, insect outbreaks, windstorms, and fires are a few examples of ecological disturbances. As a result, the community reacts to a variety of disturbances, and moderate disturbance levels improve the species diversity of the community.

According to the notion, smaller, more remote islands contain fewer plant and animal species. The opposite is also accurate. The richness and quantity of plant and animal species are greater on larger, less isolated islands. One method for biodiversity conservation is the eradication of invasive species. The native species they have adversely harmed will be able to reclaim their ecological niches as a result.

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Correct Question:

which of the following is not a hypothesis proposed by ecologists to explain increased species diversity in the tropics? group of answer choices

1. increased time since perturbation in the tropics over temperate regions

2. increased productivity in the tropics over temperate regions

3. increased environmental homogeneity in the tropics over temperate regions

4. increased favorable environments in the tropics over temperate regions 5. increased speciation rates and decreased extinction rates in the tropics over temperate regions

Increased environmental homogeneity in the tropics over temperate regions is not a hypothesis proposed by ecologists to explain increased species diversity in the tropics.

Ecogeography is the name of the branch of biology that deals with the global distribution of species and their corresponding environments. Being near the equator, receiving sufficient rainfall, high rainfall, and experiencing humid weather are just a few of the characteristics of tropical regions.

Thus, the presence of a plentiful supply of water and solar radiation allows for the growth of photosynthetic plants in the tropical zone.

Because of the year-round consistency of the tropical environment, which promotes the growth and development of a greater variety of plants and animals, the tropics are home to more species than temperate regions. This is because resources like light, moisture, and warmer temperatures are more readily available.

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A strange experiment can help to show the differences between scar tissue and normal skin tissue. If you were to throw flour on the man in the photo, the flour would stick to the man's chest everywhere but on his scar and a possible explanation for this is the collagen present on the surface.

This is referred to as the main structural protein in the body's various connective tissues and it helps to make tissues strong and resilient, able to withstand stretching.

In injuries, it is present and coils itself tightly so as to prevent foreign substances from sticking to prevent blood loss and infection which is why it was chosen as the correct choice.

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Isidro will observe that (c) The rock does not change at all.

Sedimentary rocks cannot be created from the components of igneous rock. Isidro makes a weekly trip to the same park. Numerous unique rock formations may be seen throughout the park. Nothing will alter the rock in any way.

Sedimentary and igneous rock is transformed into metamorphic rock inside the Earth by heat, pressure, and melting. Strong heating causes hot liquid rock (magma) to break through the Earth's surface and solidify as igneous rock.

This rock is worn and eroded throughout time, restarting the cycle. Rocks of various sorts are produced by energy from various sources. Energy from the sun weathers rocks into smaller bits while energy from the Earth melts rock into liquid form.

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It's unlikely that the rock will change very much. In most cases, the alteration of rocks proceeds quite slowly. Therefore, the correct option is “The rock is not likely to change very much”. The rock cycle describes how rocks change from one form to another.

Rocks of all sizes and forms can be found all around us. Rocks are always changing with time and never stay the same. A fundamental idea in geology known as the "rock cycle" describes the lengthy changes that occur over the course of geologic time. Rocks continually undergo a variety of chemical and physical reactions as well as recycling. There are three basic sorts of rocks. As an igneous rock forms as molten lava cools, for instance.

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The correct option is B ; Adrenal glands produce hormones that work with the sympathetic nervous system and produce hormones "fight and flight" response.

It is a small gland that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. These hormones help control heart rate, blood pressure, and other important body functions. There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. Also called suprarenal gland. The adrenal glands are two triangular-shaped organs that measure about 1.5 inches in height and 3 inches in length. They are located on top of each kidney. Their name directly relates to their location.

Each adrenal gland is made up of two distinct parts:

The adrenal cortex is the outer part of the gland that produces hormones that are vital to life, such as cortisol (which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure).

The adrenal medulla is the inner part of the gland that produces non essential (that is, we don’t need them to live) hormones, such as adrenaline (which helps our body react to stress).

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Answer: DNA

Explanation: DNA is pivotal to our growth, reproduction, and health.

the system of plants, animals, fungi, and other organisms in a lake interacting with each other and with the water, soil, and other nonliving components of their environment is an example of an ecosystem.

The quick response is, tremendously diversified! Ecosystems can differ in almost every conceivable biotic or abiotic trait, in addition to size.

There are ecosystems that are marine, freshwater, and terrestrial (found on land). Since the oceans and the living things they support cover 75% of the planet's surface, ocean ecosystems are the most prevalent on the planet. Only 1.8% of the surface of the Earth is covered by freshwater environments, making them the rarest. The remaining portion of the planet is covered by terrestrial ecosystems.

Based mostly on climate, terrestrial ecosystems can be further divided into broad divisions known as biomes. Tropical rain forests, savannas, deserts, coniferous forests, deciduous forests, and tundra are a few examples of terrestrial biomes. The map below demonstrates how many different biomes there are on Earth.

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The process is happening when we drop a human cell into pure water in a petri dish, water molecules will pass into the cell membrane is osmosis.

Osmosis is the spontаneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through а selectively permeаble membrаne, in the direction thаt tends to bаlаnce the solute concentrаtions on the two sides, from а region of high wаter potentiаl (region of lower solute concentrаtion) to а region of low wаter potentiаl (region of higher solute concentrаtion).

In the case above, a human cell isа region of high wаter potentiаl and pure water is а region of low wаter potentiаl. It makes water molecules will pass into the cell membrane, causing the cell to swell or sometimes even burst if it has no active mechanism to expel the water.

Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full options were

a. metabolism

b. diffusion

c. osmosis

d. cellular respiration

Thus, the correct option is D.

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1) The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm, which is most commonly used to denote the entire upper limb appendage but technically only refers to the upper arm area, whereas the lower "arm" is termed the forearm. Note that the Bat's forearm is used to flap it's wings. This is significantly different from how the human forearm is used.

2) i) Yes, they all share a common ancestor.

ii ) All of the creatures you mentioned, including humans, turtles, bats, and whales, had a common ancestor in the animal kingdom. They are all vertebrates, which means they have a backbone and an internal skeleton, and they are all members of the superphylum Deuterostomia. The evolutionary path that led to each of these species branching from a shared ancestor, however, would be distinct.

For example, bats and whales have a common ancestor that is distinct from humans and turtles.

The three-domain concept established by Carl Woese in 1990 is the tree of life that most taxonomists now accept.

The initial, most ancient, and most fundamental division of the tree of life, according to this, is into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea are ancient single-celled creatures that were formerly thought to live solely in harsh environments such as salt lakes, but are now known to be exceedingly ubiquitous.

However, it turns out that global shared ancestry has never been thoroughly investigated. Instead, the scientific community has universally accepted it to be accurate.

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Answer:

Elodea

Explanation:

They are correct.

This comes in two varieties: A female flower, also known as a pistillate flower, is one that has no stamens. A flower without a pistil is referred to as a male flower, staminate flower, or a male flower.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels make up the majority of flowers' constituent parts. The flower's male and female parts are the stamens and carpels, respectively. The majority of flowers have both male and female parts, making them hermaphrodites. The primary reproductive organ of the plant is the flower. It has four whorls, and the pistil and corolla are located in two of the outer whorls. In order to draw pollinators, which aid in the transport of pollen, flowers are beautiful and come in a variety of colours and shapes.

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If you hold a hot cup of cocoa is expected the heat flows from the cup to your hand and some of the heat will flow from your hand to the outside air.

In general heat moves from hot objects to colder objects this process continues until both objects reach the same temperature in case all the objects involved are inanimate.

In this situation, it is expected heat moves from the cup (hot object) to your hand, moreover, some of this heat will escape to the cold air.

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Homologous chromosomes in meiosis separate, resulting in cells with one allele of each gene; similar to Mendel's law of segregation for autosomal alleles.

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes (chromosomes that carry the same genes) pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. Then, during the first meiotic division, the homologous chromosomes separate and are distributed to different daughter cells.

As a result, each daughter cell receives one copy of each gene (one allele) from each parent. This process is similar to Mendel's law of segregation, which states that during the formation of sex cells (gametes), the two alleles of a gene separate and are distributed to different gametes. This is also the case for autosomal alleles, which are located on non-sex chromosomes. In both meiosis and Mendel's law, alleles are separated and distributed independently of one another, thus ensuring genetic diversity in the offspring.

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Answer:

Porosity and permeability are two properties that describe the characteristics of a rock or soil that affect the flow of fluids through it.

Porosity refers to the amount of open space, or pores, within a rock or soil. It is typically expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the rock or soil and it is a measure of the ability of the rock or soil to hold a fluid.

Permeability, on the other hand, refers to the ability of a rock or soil to allow a fluid to flow through it. It is a measure of the ease with which a fluid can move through the pores of a rock or soil and it is usually measured in units of length squared (such as square feet or square meters).

Permeability affects the flow of groundwater because it determines how easy it is for water to move through the pores of the rock or soil. If a rock or soil has high permeability, water can flow through it easily and quickly. If a rock or soil has low permeability, water will have a hard time flowing through it and will move slowly.

In general, high permeability rocks and soils are considered to be good aquifers, while low permeability rocks and soils are not good aquifers. Therefore, permeability plays a crucial role in determining how much water can be stored and how fast it can be recovered from an aquifer.

The feeding relationships between organisms can be either of the following:

The complex interactions that occur between organisms when they choose, consume, and regulate food is known as a feeding relationship.

Five different types of interactions can be used to describe how organisms interact in feeding relationships:

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The type of cell division reduces the quantity or total mass of dna in a cell compared to the parent cell in G2 is meiosis.

Cell division is a process when a cell divides into two or more. Cell division is carried out for reproduction or self-multiplication in unicellular living things as well as for cell growth and repair for other living things such as humans, animals and plants. The process of cell division is divided into three types namely amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis.

Meiosis is the division to produce gametes, namely ova and sperm. Meiosis will produce 4 daughter cells that have half the chromosomes of the parent cell. The number of chromosomes owned by daughter cells is n or is called haploid. Therefore, meiotic division is called reduction division because it reduces the total DNA of the cell compared to its parent in the G2 phase, namely before cell division where the cell prepares the enzymes and proteins needed for cell division.

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The process of converting the instructions from Nucleic Acid "language" to protein "language" is called Translation.

The translation is the process of switching from the language of proteins to the languages of nucleic acids (nucleotides) (amino acids). The process by which the protein strand is created from the mRNA molecule is known as translation.

The process by which information contained in mrna Molecule (mRNA) guides the addition of peptide acids during polypeptide synthesis is known as translation in the context of genomics.

A cell must first translocate material from DNA to mRNA through transcription in order to produce protein molecules. This mRNA is then used as a blueprint for protein assembly during a process known as translation.

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The process of converting the instructions from Nucleic Acid "language" to protein "language" is called Translation. The translation is the process of switching from the language of proteins.

to the languages of nucleic acids (nucleotides) (amino acids). The process by which the protein strand is created from the mRNA molecule is known as translation.The process by which information contained in mrna Molecule (mRNA) guides the addition of peptide acids during polypeptide synthesis is known as translation in the context of genomics. A cell must first translocate material from DNA to mRNA through transcription in order to produce protein molecules. This mRNA is then used as a blueprint for protein assembly during a process known as translation.The translation is the process of switching from the language of proteins.

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True triangular shaped glandular tissue located at the top of the kidney that secretes hormones related to the stress response.

Adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are small, triangular-formed glands located on pinnacle of both kidneys. Adrenal glands produce hormones that help modify your metabolism, immune system, blood stress, reaction to stress and other critical functions.

Anatomy of the adrenal gland. There are two adrenal glands, one on pinnacle of each kidney. The outer part of every gland is the adrenal cortex and the inner element is the adrenal medulla.

when it comes to the body's stress reaction, the adrenal glands are the stars of the show.

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It is true that, authentically triangular glandular tissue that secretes hormones involved in the stress response is found on top of the kidney.

The summit of each kidney is home to a tiny gland with a triangle shape known as an adrenal gland or suprarenal gland. The hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands affect a number of vital bodily processes, including immunological function, blood pressure, stress response, and metabolism.

structure of the adrenal gland. On each kidney's apex, there are two adrenal glands. Each gland has an inner and an exterior component called the adrenal medulla and cortex, respectively. The adrenal glands are the main performers when it comes to the body's response to stress.

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c. leaves. The leaf is the component of the plant that contributes most to photosynthesis. Their architecture and cells are tailored to absorb light and permit gas exchange with the surrounding atmosphere.

A minor percentage of photosynthesis occurs in the stems and is both a light independent and light dependent process that mostly occurs in the leaves. In the presence of sunshine, plants manufacture food through a process called photosynthesis. Usually, leaves are where this process takes place. Some plants use modified plant components including roots, stems, petioles, etc. to perform photosynthesis. In opuntia, the photosynthetic organ is the stem.

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There is a 50% probability that each daughter will be colorblind and a 50% chance that she will carry the gene.

Based on these findings, we would predict that 50% of their sons would have red-green color blindness, whereas none of their daughters would (although 50% of these daughters would be carriers for the allele).

A newborn typically has two X chromosomes (XX), while a male has one X and one Y chromosome (XY). However, a kid with Klinefelter syndrome is born with an additional copy of the X chromosome (XXY). The X chromosome, which is found in everyone, is not a "feminine" chromosome. A Y chromosome indicates that the person is a guy.

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The probability of having a colorblind son and colorblind daughter will be 0% and 0% respectively for both.

Colorblindness is a recessive X linked disease. Since males have only one X chromosomes, they are hemizygous for the disease and they show symptoms if the recessive allele is present on the single chromosome.

In the given question, male is colorblind([tex]X^{c} Y^[/tex]), which means he carries the recessive gene for the disease and the female has no recessive alleles (XX). Since male offspring receives X chromosome from the mother therefore, no male child will carry the gene and hence probability is 0%. And since every female child receives one X chromosome from the father, therefore all the females will be carrier but will not suffer from the disease.

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